Geographic distribution and origin of the chloroplast T/C‐type in Quercus mongolica var. crispula in northeastern Japan

In order to investigate the historical expansion of common oaks (Quercus sect. Prinus) in the northeastern part of Japan, the relation between the chloroplast haplotypes (I and II) in Quercus mongolica var. crispula and the chloroplast types (T‐ and C‐type) were examined. Complete linkage between haplotype II and chloroplast C‐type was found. The chloroplasts examined in the oak species collected from Sakhalin and Primorski Krai, Russia, and Harbin, China were all T‐type. This suggests that the T to C mutation had occurred in haplotype II in Japan. Neither of haplotype I nor haplotype II was found outside Japan, suggesting both occurred in Japan independently from an ancestral haplotype VI. Haplotype I, which has been known only in Mount Hayachine within Honshu, is distributed southward to the Kanto district, where refugia might have occurred during glaciations.     

Unveiling the origin of Quercus serrata subsp. mongolicoides found in Honshu,Japan, by using genetic and morphological analyses

Quercus mongolica is a tree found in temperate deciduous forests in east Asia. In Japan, Q. mongolica var. crispula is commonly found; moreover, an oak whose morphology is similar to that of Q. mongolica var. mongolica of the Asian continent has been found in certain areas of Honshu and Hokkaido. Recently, the oak found in Honshu was described as Q. serrata subsp. mongolicoides (QSM). However, genetic comparison between this oak and Q. mongolica var. mongolica of the Asian continent has not been performed; the origin of QSM is thus unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the origin of QSM by conducting nuclear microsatellite (nSSR), chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and leaf morphology analyses for the three taxa, as well as other congeners. The cpDNA variation overlapped among the three taxa, suggesting low discrimination ability for these taxa. Although morphological congruency was found between QSM and Q. mongolica var. mongolica, results of nSSR analyses showed that QSM contained a genetic admixture of Q. mongolica var. mongolica of the Asian continent and Q. mongolica var. crispula of Japan, bolstering an admixture hypothesis. The nSSR and cpDNA analyses suggested that Q. mongolica var. crispula can be the progenitor of Q. mongolica var. mongolica and harbors the ancestral cpDNA haplotypes. Therefore, we concluded that QSM might have been created by an admixture that likely occurred within Japan between Q. mongolica var. crispula and putative relict Q. mongolica var. mongolica, which might have diverged in or around Japan from Q. mongolica var. crispula during the late Pleistocene.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Tripterygion delaisi

We isolated 49 microsatellite loci from a genomic library of Tripterygion delaisi×anthosoma enriched for CA and GA repeats. Ten loci were screened in 30 individuals with high numbers of alleles per locus (averaging 15.5 ± 2.86) and observed heterozygosity (averaging 0.765 ± 0.052). No deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations were detected. These highly polymorphic markers will be useful in determining the spatial patterns of genetic diversity between and within subspecies of Tripterygion delaisi.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from Robinia pseudoacacia L

Microsatellite markers were isolated from Robinia pseudoacacia L. using an enrichment method. Eleven of the 23 primer pairs designed successfully amplified unambiguous and polymorphic single loci among 39 individual R. pseudoacacia L. from northeastern Japan. The observed and expected heterozygosities of the 11 microsatellite markers ranged from 0.333 to 0.821 and from 0.489 to 0.867, respectively. The polymorphisms observed at the 11 microsatellite loci are useful genetic data for forest ecological studies involving R. pseudoacacia L.     

东北地区蒙古栎群落区系成分

根据吴征镒、王荷生区系分析方法, 分析了东北地区蒙古栎群落中２６１ 种维管植物的区系成分, 其中温带成分占４７－４７ ％ , 东亚成分占４２－０２ ％ , 中国特有成分占１０－５１ ％ （ 世界分布不统计在内） 。并分析了种所在属的分布区类型, 温带分布属占９０－３％ 。还分别分析了蒙古栎群落的乔木层、灌木层、草本层以及层间植物的区系成分。     

Detection and features of wetwood in Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata

To elucidate the location of water in wetwood, variations in moisture content within a tree of Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata were observed macroscopically by determination of moisture content and by soft x-ray photography. Then the typical wetwood, which had been precisely located by such macroscopic analysis, was examined further by cryo-scanning electron microscopy. The moisture content varied considerably within the tree trunk, and typical wetwood was detected in limited regions of the heartwood. The distribution of the wetwood did not always correspond to the discoloration of the wood. In the wetwood, almost all the lumina of vessels and fibers were filled with water, while the lumina of ray and axial parenchyma cells were often cavitated. Intercellular spaces produced by deformation of cell walls and radial shakes were filled with water. In addition, tyloses were collapsed and torn in the wetwood, and they did not block the vessel lumina. These results suggest the possibility that vessels and fibers might serve as effective pathways for the accumulation of water in the wetwood.     

蒙古栎群落叶型的分析

1　引　　言叶的大小即叶型是群落的重要外貌特征之一 ,与群落的生产率有关 ;叶子的形态与气候有密切的关系 ,一个扩展着的叶片所能达到的最大程度 ,受温度和湿度有效性的影响 ;大的叶片经常地出现于热带温暖而潮湿的气候中 ,而小的叶片则是十分干燥和寒冷地区植物的特征[1] .对于不同的群落的叶型分析 ,前人已做了一些研究 ,如对常绿阔叶林和季雨林的群落学研究[2～ 4 ] 及北方落叶林的群落学研究[5,6] .另一个与气候相关联的叶子特征是叶子的叶缘 ,有关方面的研究资料比较少 .据研究 ,在一个植物区系的双子叶乔木中全缘叶植物种的百分率 ,…     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the ant Myrmica scabrinodis

Five polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for the ant Myrmica scabrinodis using a magnetic bead hybridization selection protocol. The number of alleles per locus varied between three and six. Cross‐species amplification of four of the loci yielded positive amplification products in four Myrmica species, suggesting their general suitability for microsatellite analysis within this taxonomic group.     

Effects of Herbivory and Light Conditions on Induced Defense in Quercus crispula

Quercus crispula saplings, and the relation between defense and tolerance involving photosynthesis and growth. We conducted field experiments with herbivorous insects under two light conditions. As an induced defense, the leaf mass per area increased with herbivory regardless of the amount of light available, and the concentration of condensed tannin was significantly higher when light was plentiful. On the other hand, as induced tolerance, the photosynthetic rate decreased with herbivory under conditions of ample light. In conclusion, we found that both the availability of light and herbivory affected defense and tolerance in Q. crispula. In addition, we suggest that the interaction between defense and tolerance was noticeable when much light was available because of the photosynthetic reduction caused by herbivory. Received 21 February 2001/ Accepted in revised form 13 August 2001     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for storm-petrels

Primers were developed for 10 microsatellite loci for two species of Oceanodroma storm-petrels. Variability was tested in 27 O. castro and 22 O. monteiroi from the Azores, and 24 O. leucorhoa from Norway. At least six loci amplified reliably and were polymorphic in each species. The number of alleles per locus averaged 4.6, and observed heterozygosities averaged 0.41. Most primers also yielded polymerase chain reaction products in O. tethys, O. hornbyi and Pterodroma phaeopygia. These loci are being used to assay population genetic structure in storm-petrels.     

Isolation and characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci in the rainforest canopy tree,Syzygium sayeri (Myrtaceae)

Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from the rainforest canopy tree, Syzygium sayeri, in order to study parentage and subsequently pollen dispersal among individuals in wild populations. Screening of one natural population (n = 64) mapped in a 500 × 500 m area at Cape Tribulation, north Queensland, Australia, yielded two to 11 alleles per locus with observed levels of heterozygosity ranging from 0.07 to 0.70. One locus was significantly out of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction for multiple tests. These loci should provide a useful tool in further understanding the dispersal patterns of this species.     

降水量变化对蒙古栎落叶分解过程的间接影响

分析了在4种不同降水量条件下蒙古栎叶凋落物基质质量的变化,并应用分解袋法研究其凋落物在蒙古栎次生林内的分解过程.结果表明：与对照相比,降水量减少条件下,蒙古栎叶凋落物的初始N、P、K浓度显著升高,初始木质素浓度显著降低,凋落物分解速率大,N、P、K矿化率高,N和P固持时间缩短;降水量增加情况下,其凋落物初始N浓度显著降低、木质素浓度显著升高,N、P、K矿化率低,N和P固持时间延长.4种类型叶片凋落物的质量损失过程均符合指数降解模型,分解速率可以由凋落物木质素/N来预测.相关性分析显示,木质素浓度高、N浓度低的两种凋落物的分解速率与N浓度相关性最大;而木质素浓度低、N浓度高的两种凋落物的分解速率与木质素浓度相关性最大.说明降水量的变化显著地改变了蒙古栎叶凋落物的基质质量,进而间接地改变了凋落物的分解过程.     

樟子松乙醇提取物体外抗氧化活性研究

测定了樟子松球果、树皮、树叶、木质部4个部位提取物的总抗氧化能力、总还原力、二苯代苦味酰基（DPPH·）清除能力、羟基自由基（·OH）清除能力、超氧阴离子（O^·₂）清除能力5个指标,并以抗坏血酸（Vc）为阳性对照评价从樟子松4个部位提取的松多酚体外抗氧化活性。结果表明：（1）从樟子松树皮中提取的樟子松多酚表现出较强的抗氧化能力,在较高浓度下与抗氧化剂（Vc）相差较小;从樟子松球果中提取的樟子松多酚也表现出较强的还原力,甚至超过阳性对照抗氧化剂Vc;（2）从樟子松树皮中提取的樟子松多酚在二苯代苦味酰基（DPPH·）清除能力、羟基自由基（·OH）清除能力上均为三者之中最高的,但都不超过抗氧化剂（Vc）的抗氧化能;（3）超氧阴离子（O^·₂）清除能力。三者的清除率均为负值,说明该方法测定超氧阴离子（O^·₂）清除率存在干扰因素,无法比较三者在这一指标上的能力大小。上述结果表明樟子松乙醇提取物具有较强的抗氧化能力,可作为天然的抗氧化剂。     

Fungal Community Analyses of Endophytic Fungi from Two Oak Species,Quercus mongolica and Quercus serrata,in Korea

Fungal endophytes have been recorded in various plant species with a richness of diversity, and their presence plays an essential role in host plant protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. This study applied the Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform based on the amplification of fungal ribosomal ITS2 region to analyze fungal endophytic communities of two oak species (Quercus mongolica and Q. serrata) with different oak wilt disease susceptibilities in Korea. The results showed a total of 230,768 sequencing reads were obtained and clustered at a 97% similarity threshold into 709 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The OTUs of Q. serrata were higher than that of Q. mongolica with the number of 617 OTUs and 512 OTUs, respectively. Shannon index also showed that Q. serrata had a significantly higher level of fungal diversity than Q. mongolica. Total of OTUs were assigned into 5 fungal phyla, 17 classes, 60 orders, 133 families, 195 genera, and 280 species. Ascomycota was the dominant phylum with 75.11% relative abundance, followed by Basidiomycota with 5.28%. Leptosillia, Aureobasidium and Acanthostigma were the most abundant genera detected in Q. serrata with the average relative abundance of 2.85, 2.76, and 2.19%, respectively. On the other hand, Peltaster, Cladosporium and Monochaetia were the most common genera detected in Q. mongolica with the average relative abundance of 4.83, 3.03, and 2.87%, respectively. Our results indicated that fungal endophytic communities were significantly different between two oak species and these differences could influence responses of host trees to oak wilt disease caused by Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from Larix kaempferi

Microsatellites were isolated and characterized for Japanese larch, Larix kaempferi, a conifer species distributed in Japan. A larch genomic DNA library enriched for (AG)_n repeats was screened using the colony polymerase chain reaction method and 145 unique microsatellite containing sequences were obtained. Seventy‐two primer pairs were designed and 30 produced single‐locus products, and 19 of them were polymorphic. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.566 to 0.951. These 19 polymorphic microsatellite loci should be valuable markers for genetic studies on Japanese larch.     

樟子松受精作用和原胚的选择

樟子松发育成熟的雄配子体中的精子6月15日左右在颈卵器中上部与卵细胞结合,进行受精作用,其后,受精卵进行游离核分裂,形成8个子核时,开始形成细胞壁。它们再分裂1次,形成16个细胞的原胚。接着胚柄细胞层迅速生长、伸长,把下面的原胚送出颈卵器基部的细胞壁,进入胚乳中的溶蚀腔。原胚吸收溶蚀腔中的营养,生长发育。初期,胚的数目往往很多,但常常只有1个发育成熟。     

蒙古栎林种内和种间竞争研究

蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica Fischer ex Ledebour）林是东北地区常见的典型森林类型之一。以黑龙江中央站黑嘴松鸡国家级自然保护区面积为1 hm²的蒙古栎林固定样地为研究对象，采用固定样圆法确定了竞争范围，并利用Hegyi竞争指数分析了蒙古栎林的种内和种间竞争状态。研究结果表明：蒙古栎的种内和种间竞争强度分别占总竞争强度的28.08%和71.92%，说明了蒙古栎的种内竞争强度小，竞争压力主要来自于种间。白桦（Betula platyphylla Suk.）、黑桦（Betula dahurica Pall.）、兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii（Ruprecht）Kuzeneva）数量较多，个体高大，对蒙古栎的竞争压力较大。蒙古栎种内和种间竞争强度的顺序为：白桦 > 蒙古栎 > 黑桦 > 兴安落叶松 > 山杨（Populus davidiana Dode） > 紫椴（Tilia amurensis Rupr.） > 大黄柳（Salix raddeana Laksch.）。蒙古栎的胸径与整个林分、伴生树种以及蒙古栎种内的竞争强度成幂函数关系，随着对象木胸径增大，3种竞争强度均减小。当蒙古栎胸径小于20 cm时，竞争强度较大；当胸径大于20 cm时，蒙古栎所受的竞争压力较小，并趋于稳定，通过所得的模型可以很好地预测出蒙古栎种内和种间的竞争强度。     

应用ISSR-PCR分析蒙古栎种群的遗传多样性

本研究应用ISSR标记技术对东北地区的优势树种蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)的25个种群遗传多样性进行了分析, 目的是为蒙古栎早期选择提供依据。从60条ISSR引物中筛选出10个特异性强、稳定性好的引物进行ISSR分析。共获得位点数71个, 其中多态位点数56个, 多态位点百分率为78.87%。PopGene分析结果表明: 种群的平均多态位点百分率为45.2%, Shannon表型多样性指数(I)平均值为0.25, 具有较高的遗传多样性, 种群间存在一定程度的基因流(N_m为1.3818)和遗传分化(Nei’s信息多样性指数平均值为0.1068, G_st平均值为0.2657), 种群内的基因多样度占总种群的73.43%, 种群间占26.57%, 表明蒙古栎种群的变异主要来源于种群内。结合聚类分析和地理变异规律把种群划分为两个大的种群组: 小兴安岭种群组和长白山种群组。以上结果可为栎属种质资源的保护和利用以及物种分化研究提供基础资料。     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from Asparagus acutifolius (Liliaceae)

The isolation of molecular markers in Asparagus acutifolius, a wild edible plant species, is important to characterize local ecotypes that could be cultivated and preserved. We isolated and characterized polymorphic microsatellite loci from A. acutifolius by constructing and screening an enriched DNA library. Primer pairs were designed for 12 loci. Seven primer pairs worked well during amplification reactions and were tested on a wild population from Pontecagnano (SA), Italy. These loci showed a high level of genetic variability, with the numbers of alleles identified ranging from two to five and observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.20 to 0.73.     

不同群落蒙古栎种群空间格局的地统计学分析

以蒙古栎天然次生林中的蒙古栎种群为研究对象,在吉林省汪清林业局塔子沟林场设置2块1 hm^2的处于不同演替阶段的样地(A、B).采用相邻网格调查法将每块样地划分为100个10 m×10 m的调查单元,对单元内每株林木的空间坐标进行精确定位,调查所有胸径≥1 cm的林木基本信息.采用地统计学分析的半方差函数法和分维数对蒙古栎种群各林木属性的空间异质性程度、组成、尺度、方向进行分析;运用克里格插值法对具有空间自相关的树木属性进行无偏估计并绘制分布图,分析其空间分布格局.结果表明:两块样地各林木属性的最优半方差函数以指数模型和球状模型为主,呈聚集分布,但样地A较样地B的空间自相关程度更高,空间连续性更大;两块样地内部,胸径和东西冠幅均表现出较强的空间异质性和空间自相关性.两块样地各林木属性均在南北方向上表现出较强的空间异质性.此外,样地A在西北-东南方向上也存在较强的空间异质性,而样地B则在东北-西南方向存在较强的空间异质性.两者相比,样地A的空间异质性强度更高、尺度更大.样地A中胸径和东西冠幅变异明显,而样地B中东西冠幅和南北冠幅变异明显.分维数值反映的结果与标准半方差函数值的结果基本一致.样地A各林木属性变量以斑块状和条带状分布为主,空间分布格局和变化趋势明显,而样地B各林木属性变量分布破碎,格局复杂.上述结果说明,种群属性特征、群落发育程度、空间尺度大小和空间水平方向可能影响种群的空间格局.基于地统计学的分析方法有助于定量、直观地描述种群的生长现状和发展趋势,可为东北林区大面积的蒙古栎天然次生林的可持续经营提供理论基础.