离体草鱼肠道对亮氨酸和酪氨酸的吸收与利用

采用同位素示踪和肠道离体灌流方法,研究了草鱼离体肠道对亮氨酸(Leu)、酪氨酸(Tyr)的吸收转运与利用。实验结果表明:当Leu浓度从1.0mmol/L增加到5.0mmol/L、10mmol/L时,肠道吸收转运的速度表现出“高浓度抑制”效应,运输到肠道外的比例为83%、66%和35%;合成肠道蛋白质的比例为2%、5%和13%;肠道组织内游离形式的比例为9%、28%和49%;其他形式的比例为6%、1%和3%。Tyr浓度从0.5mmol/L增加到1.5mmol/L、2.5mmol/L时,肠道对Tyr的吸收转运速度也随之增加,运输到肠道外的比例为52%、55%和55%;合成肠道蛋白质的比例为17%、15%和16%:肠道组织内游离形式的比例为7%、10%和16%;其他形式的比例为24%、20%和13%。肠道在吸收转运Leu和Tyr的同时,也利用它们合成蛋白质的和其他方面,Leu的吸收利用受灌流试验氨基酸浓度影响较大、而Tyr受影响较小;随着肠道内灌流的试验氨基酸浓度增加,吸收转运到肠道外的比例下降、留存于肠道内的比例增加,肠道合成的蛋白质绝对量也增加。       

东北地区蒙古栎群落区系成分

根据吴征镒、王荷生区系分析方法, 分析了东北地区蒙古栎群落中２６１ 种维管植物的区系成分, 其中温带成分占４７－４７ ％ , 东亚成分占４２－０２ ％ , 中国特有成分占１０－５１ ％ （ 世界分布不统计在内） 。并分析了种所在属的分布区类型, 温带分布属占９０－３％ 。还分别分析了蒙古栎群落的乔木层、灌木层、草本层以及层间植物的区系成分。     

四川自贡蜥脚类一新属

记述了产自四川省自贡市的一具蜥脚类幼年个体材料。根据枢椎极短而高,颈神经棘低、上缘平直、前后延长,背神经棘呈横宽的板状,中部颈肋的前突分叉等特征将它命名为一新属新种——张氏大安龙Daanosaurus zhangi gen.etsp.nov.,并将它归入巧龙亚科Bellusaurinae。     

Concepts of classic and modern biogeography: Contribution of Russian entomologists

The main stages and ways of development of insect biogeography in Russia are discussed. Three general research programs (studies of ranges, zones, and regions) are described. The role of the regional approach in biogeography is characterized. Some problems related to studies of insect ranges are evaluated, and the need for creating practical range maps is emphasized. The relationships between the insect distribution patterns and the life zones are discussed. The specific features of zonation in insect biogeography are noted. Special attention is paid to establishing the zones with unified population distribution patterns within a species range. The role of geozoological investigations and opportunities of modern information technologies are characterized relative to evaluation of general patterns of insect assemblage distribution. The problems of regionalization in insect biogeography are discussed. Three main approaches (intuitive, a priori, and a posteriori) are determined. Some advantages of using population and assemblage distribution patterns in regionalization are emphasized. The role and possibilities of insect biogeography studies for in the field of reconstruction of past and long-term forecasting are characterized.     

SD大鼠与巴马小型猪的皮肤组织学比较

目的研究及观察SD大鼠和巴马小型猪皮肤的正常比较组织学。方法取SD大鼠和巴马小型猪不同部位的皮肤进行石蜡切片、HE染色,光学显微镜观察。结果两种动物的皮肤组织学结构在以下方面存在着显著差异：1.SD大鼠的毛囊成簇分布,平均3～9成群,而巴马小型猪的毛囊较稀少;2.SD大鼠表皮较薄,没有透明层,基底细胞缺乏异质性,真皮与表皮连接面平坦,没有皮钉;而在巴马小型猪皮肤表皮和真皮连接区,有上下交错的表皮皮钉和真皮乳头;3.SD大鼠的真皮结构相对松散,真皮血管系统不发达,而巴马小型猪皮肤的真皮网织层和乳头层交界的地方,水平分布着很多的浅表小静脉和小动脉丛,这种血管分布的方式与人类皮肤中的血管分布极为类似;4.SD大鼠的汗腺只局限于足垫的皮肤,汗腺上皮只有一种细胞类型,腺细胞呈立方形或矮柱状,胞核圆形,导管短而弯曲,由两层上皮细胞组成。而巴马小型猪皮肤的汗腺是顶泌汗腺,分布于真皮和脂肪相接的真皮深层,分泌部为粗管,管腔大,盘曲成团。腺细胞呈立方形或扁平,胞核圆形或长梭形。腺细胞与基膜之间也有肌上皮细胞。导管较细而直,开口于毛囊上段。     

The ultrastructure of the paratympanic organ (Vitali) in Gallus domesticus: preliminary studies

The sensory epithelium of the paratypanic organ (Vitali) was studied by means of the electron microscope. Two kinds of cells are present. One type extends from the basement membrane to the surface of the epithelium; their nuclei are arranged close to the connective tissue and are surrounded by a pale cytoplasm. The distal part of these cells, which are denser and richer in organelles, possess microvilli. The cells of the second type are located above the basement membrane and are found between the upper parts of the cells of the first type. Their cytoplasm is rich in small round vesicles, free ribosomes and cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum are present especially in the infranuclear zone. The apical part contains a Golgi apparatus lysosomes and multive sicular bodies. At the apex each cell possesses a cuticular plate numerous stereocilia and one kinocilium. The stereocilia become increasingly longer from one side of the cell surface to the other and the kinocilium is situated on the side where the stereocilia are longest. Nervous fibers are present in the epithelium and are in close contact with the cells of the second type. The cells we have described are remarkably similar to the supporting and hair cells of the vestibular sensory epithelium.     

Ultrastructural studies on the hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons of the rat

Summary The general ultrastructural features of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI-rats, Brattleboro strain) are described. There is no decisively distinguishing difference between the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The neurons of both nuclei show signs of active protein synthesis. The perikarya of the neurons are markedly hypertrophic, the nuclei are large and the nucleoli prominent. In the cytoplasm there are numerous ribosomes, abundant rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and extensive Golgi complexes. However, very few neurosecretory granules are to be seen. The axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract are likewise enlarged and the paucity of neurosecretory granules is a striking feature also in the area of the tract. The majority of nerve endings in the posterior pituitary of DI-rats are devoid of neurosecretory granules. Microvesicles are abundant in the nerve endings and there are findings which suggest that microvesicles are involved either in endoor exocytosis. The signs of active protein synthesis and the concomitant paucity of neurosecretory granules are interpreted to imply transportation of the secretory proteins in an extragranular phase. The possible mode of release of the secretory proteins from the nerve endings and the role of microvesicles therein are discussed.This study has been supported by grants from the Finnish Cultural Foundation and the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation. The collaboration of Professors Antti Arstila and Tapani Vanha-Perttula is gratefully acknowledged.The Brattleboro-rats were kindly provided by Dr. Heinz Valtin, to whom we express our thanks.     

Mutations of small heat shock proteins and human congenital diseases

The structure and properties of different members of a large family of small heat shock proteins (sHsp) playing an important role in cell homeostasis are described. Participation of the N-terminal domain in formation of large oligomers and chaperone activity of sHsp is analyzed. The structure of the α-crystallin domain of sHsp is characterized and the role of this domain in sHsp dimerization and chaperone activity is discussed. The properties of the C-terminal region of sHsp are described, and its participation in formation of large oligomers and chaperone activity are analyzed. The data from the literature on HspB1 and HspB3 mutations are presented, and involvement of these mutations in development of certain neurodegenerative diseases is discussed. Mutations of HspB4 are described and data on involvement of these mutations in development of cataract are presented. Multiple effects of HspB5 mutations are analyzed, and data are presented indicating that mutations of this protein are accompanied by development of different congenital diseases, such as cataract and different types of myopathies. The data on HspB6 and HspB8 mutations are presented, and feasible effects of these mutations on proteins structure are analyzed. Probable mechanisms underlying sHsp mutation-induced development of different congenital diseases are discussed.     

白鲜营养器官解剖结构及其与白鲜碱的积累关系

应用植物解剖学、组织化学及植物化学方法对白鲜营养器官根、茎、叶的结构及其生物碱的积累进行了研究。结果显示:(1)白鲜根的次生结构以及茎和叶的结构类似一般双子叶植物;白鲜多年生根主要由周皮、次生韧皮部、维管形成层以及次生木质部组成,根次生韧皮部中可见大量的淀粉、草酸钙簇晶、韧皮纤维以及油细胞;茎由表皮、皮层、维管组织和髓组成;叶由表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织和叶脉组成;在茎和叶初生韧皮部的位置均分布有韧皮纤维,在叶表皮上分布有头状腺毛和非腺毛;在茎和叶紧贴表皮处分布有分泌囊。(2)组织化学分析结果显示:在白鲜多年生根中,生物碱类物质主要分布在周皮、次生韧皮部、维管形成层和木薄壁细胞中;在茎中,生物碱主要分布在表皮、皮层、韧皮部、木薄壁细胞及髓周围薄壁细胞中;在叶中,生物碱主要分布在表皮细胞、叶肉组织和维管组织的薄壁细胞;此外在分泌囊和头状腺毛中亦含有生物碱类物质。(3)植物化学结果显示,秦岭产白鲜根皮/白鲜皮、根木质部、茎和叶中白鲜碱含量分别为0.041%、0.012%、0.004%和0.002%,其中木质部中白鲜碱含量和其他部分地区白鲜皮中白鲜碱含量类似。研究表明,在秦岭产白鲜营养器官中,除根皮/白鲜皮外,在根木质部亦含有大量的白鲜碱,且在茎和叶中亦含有一定的白鲜碱,具有潜在的开发利用价值。     

Function, homology and terminology in insect wings

Abstract. The history of current systems of wing nomenclature is summarized, and the underlying principles reviewed. The homologies of wing areas are clarified, with particular reference to the functions and positions of longitudinal lines of bending in the wings. Distinction is drawn between flexion-lines, primarily aerodynamic in function, and fold-lines, which are primarily concerned with wing-folding. Of these the claval furrow - a flexion-line - and the jugal fold-line are, when recognizable, nearly constant in position, and are hence valid area boundaries and useful landmarks in vein identification. The vannal fold-line and the median flexion-line are variable in position, and hence unsatisfactory area boundaries. The nature and functioning of fold- and flexion-lines in the axilla of Locusta are described and illustrated, and names are proposed. Conflicting aspects of commonly-used systems of wing terminology are evaluated; and illustrated recommendations are put forward for consistent naming of veins, branches and wing areas.     

Anatomical and neurohistological observations on the tongue of the India goat, Capra aegagrus.

The anatomy and neurohistology of the tongue of the Indian goat, Capra aegagrus, have been described. The apex linguae is notched in the centre. The foramen caecum is found to be absent. The sublingua could not be traced. The filiform papillae are the most common and divided into three types: the simple, giant, and true filiform papillae. The true filiform papillae are the most developed of the three types. The foliate papillae are absent. There are 13--14 circumvallate papillae arranged in two rows in a V-shaped pattern. The fungiform papillae are large and could easily be seen with the naked eye. They are scattered over the entire dorsum, being in abundance at the tip. The tongue of the goat is richly innervated. On the dorsum, the lamina propria is innervated by thick nerve fibres. In the fungiform papillae quite a large number of nerve fibres could be seen. The circumvallate papillae are also abundantly provided with nerves. A few ganglion cells are found below the circumvallate papillae. Thick nerve fibres are seen across the numerous glands and their ducts. Muscle fibres and connective tissue are also richly innervated.     

青藏高原丽蝇科昆虫物种多样性初探

本文从种数、特有物种和区系构成等角度分析了青藏高原丽蝇科昆虫的物种多样性。青藏高原已知丽蝇5亚科35属120种,占中国已知种数的44.28%,其中特有种55种,占该地区总种数的45.83%;区系构成以特有种、古北界 东洋界共同种及典型的东洋界种和古北界种为主,但澳洲界、新北界、非洲界和新热带界共同种也占一定比例。文中讨论了该地区特有种丰富的原因及地质历史环境对其的影响,分析了区系构成中各种区系成分的比例及形成原因。     

Cotton embryogenesis: The sperm

Summary The sperm of cotton were observed in the pollen tube in the style. They are true cells but relatively simple in organization. The nuclei are small and each contains a single, very small nucleolus. Nuclear pores are common and heterochromatin lines the nuclear membrane. The plastids and mitochondria are so reduced in internal structure that it is impossible to separately identify them. The suggestion is put forward that only mitochondria are present in the sperm. Dictyosomes are few but appear to be producing large numbers of vesicles. Single membrane vesicles of a large range of sizes are common. ER is scarce but polysomes are numerous.     

桂西北典型喀斯特区生态服务价值的环境响应及其空间尺度特征

Study on ecosystem service values (ESVs) is the bridge of understanding ecosystem and economic decision-making. To investigate the response of ESVs to ambient environment and their spatial scales is an urgent work in the process of ecological restoration and sustainable development in southwest China. Based on the previous research results, the remote images, and weather data of 31 years (1975-2005), the response of ESVs to ambient environment and their spatial scales in a typical karst area of northwest Guangxi, China were evaluated with the method of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) in this paper. The results showed that ESVs had obvious variations with changes in elevation, rocky types and soil types, and had corresponding characteristics of spatial scales. The ESVs in middle and low elevation areas were higher, but they decreased due to human activities such as deforestation. The ESVs in peak-cluster depression areas were lower, and they would increase as influenced by policies such as returning farmland to forestland. The ESVs were influenced by rocky types, showing lower values but an increasing trend in the typical karst regions while higher values but a decreasing trend in non-karst regions. The average ESVs in the west part of the study region, which is not only the main nature reserve for rare wildlife species in Guangxi, but also one of the best preserved natural vegetation regions in China, were more than 15,000 RMB Yuan ha-1,. Comparatively, the ESVs were less than 10,000 Yuan ha-1 in the middle part of the region attributed to low vegetation coverage, serious peak-cluster depression and karst rocky desertification. After about 20 years, that is from 1985 to 2005, the ecosystem conditions had been improved and the ESVs had increased in the middle and eastern part of this study region. On the contrary, in most western part, which was dominated by subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, they had been worsened, and the balance values of ESVs were negative. As for the relationships of ESVs with rocky types and soil types, lime soil and red soil were the two main soil types that contributed to ESVs (The total contribution was above 60%, and it is 63.77%,64.37%,64.56%,64.91% respectively in the four years of 1985, 1990, 2000 and 2005.). The variance contribution of intrinsic mode function (IMF) and trend (R) showed that there were obvious special sales for ESVs in this study area, and the main spatial scales were about 2.7 km, 5.5 km, and 11.6 km. The variance contribution ratio was 12.29%, 11.26%, 11.49% respectively, and the trend (R) was high (17.74%). In conclusion, this study indicated that ecosystem conditions in the typical karst area were improved owing to the application of rocky desertification control policies, such as ecological migration and returning farmland to forestland. Besides, the main spatial scales of ESVs in the study area were the interactions of terrain, physiognomy, land use / land cover and human activities.     

Dinosaurs and other tetrapods in an Early Cretaceous bauxite-filled fissure, northwestern Romania

The bauxite mine at Cornet near Oradea in northwestern Romania produced thousands of bones in an excavation in 1978, mainly from ornithopod dinosaurs and rarer pterosaurs. Bird specimens reported previously from this fauna are equivocal. The fossils are disarticulated bones in good condition which occur highly concentrated in lenses within bauxite clays, which are dated as Berriasian (earliest Cretaceous). The bauxite represents detrital material washed into deep fissures and caves formed within a karst of uplifted Tithonian (latest Jurassic) marine limestones. The bones are generally uniform in size and shape, and they are abraded, evidence for considerable transport and for winnowing of the deposit. The area was one of several islands on the northern shore of Tethys, and it was inundated by the sea later in the Early Cretaceous. There is evidence for insular adaptations in the dinosaur faunas. The ornithopod dinosaurs may include several taxa, but they are smaller on average than an assemblage of typical Wealden ornithopods, perhaps because of dwarfing on the island. In addition, sauropods are absent and theropods are barely represented in the fauna. The fauna is geographically significant since it shows relationships with western Europe and with Asia.     

重庆地区蕨类植物区系的初步研究

对重庆地区蕨类植物从科、属分布区类型进行了统计分析,同时将该区区系特征与其它几个地区进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)该区共有蕨类植物389种(含变种和变型),隶属于109属, 43科。(2)该区蕨类植物中优势科、属十分明显,其中优势科为:鳞毛蕨科、金星蕨科、水龙骨科、蹄盖蕨科、凤尾蕨科;优势属为鳞毛蕨属、耳蕨属、凤尾蕨属、铁角蕨属、卷柏属、凤丫蕨属。(3)从蕨类植物科、属分布区类型的所占比例来看,该地区区系性质以热带成分占优势,其中热带分布科22科,占总科数的75.00%;热带分布属有60属,占总属数的64.52%(剔除世界分布)。(4)本区区系成分古老,古老孑遗的科属较为丰富,但特有现象不明显。(5)该区地形、气候条件对于蕨类植物的散布和充分发育比较适宜,为其在该区的充分发育创造了极为有力的条件。(6)经对比分析和聚类分析表明:该区与临近的几个地区属的相似性系数很高,特别是与西南地区的西藏、横断山区的属相似性系数较大,表明区系上与这些地区有着广泛的联系;而与华北的内蒙古,东北的辽宁等相距较远的地区属的相似性系数较低,表明区系上联系较为疏远。     

白胸苦恶鸟消化管的组织学观察

采用石蜡切片技术对白胸苦恶鸟(Amaurornis phoenicurus)的消化道进行了组织学观察.结果表明,食管皱襞发达,黏膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,食管腺发达,颈段多于胸段,黏膜肌层为一层纵肌,厚约0.06 ～0.26 mm.肌层为一层厚约0.19～0.27mm的环肌.腺胃被覆单层柱状上皮,固有层内有单管腺和复管腺两种腺体,单管腺仅深约0.11 ～0.20 mm;复管腺厚约1.19～1.26 mm,占管壁的77.8％ ～80.4％.肌胃的类角质层发达,厚约0.16～0.24 mm.肌胃腺呈管状,与类角质层突起形成皱襞.肌层发达,由内环外纵两层平滑肌构成.肠绒毛无分支和中央乳糜管,十二指肠绒毛长而密集,空肠绒毛呈细长指状,直肠绒毛长且呈叶状.十二指肠与直肠肠绒毛内有大量致密淋巴小结,盲肠绒毛短,肠腺少.