MEF2A基因突变对血管平滑肌细胞增殖迁移及其表型的影响

目的:观察肌细胞增强因子2A(MEF2A)基因突变对血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖迁移及其表型的影响。方法:分别将野生型(WT)MEF2A质粒(WT组)、21个核苷酸缺失突变型(△21,显性负突变)MEF2A质粒(△21组)以及MEF2A siRNA(siRNA组)转染进人主动脉血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC),通过溴化噻唑基蓝四唑(MTT)法和Millicell小室观察各组VSMC的增殖和迁移变化,免疫印迹(Western blotting)检测各组VSMC之间MEF2A蛋白、平滑肌α肌动蛋白(α-SM-actin)、SM22α、骨桥蛋白和丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路表达差异。结果:MEF2A△21组和MEF2A siRNA组的VSMC增殖增加,迁移数量增多;同时此两组中α-SM-actin和SM22α表达减少,骨桥蛋白表达增加;磷酸化p38和ERK1/2表达也明显增强。结论:MEF2A基因显性负突变及沉默可使VSMC向合成型转化,其增殖和迁移能力增加。而p38和ERK1/2MAPK信号通路可能参与MEF2A基因介导的血管平滑肌细胞表型转化。     

SM22α在血管平滑肌细胞中的作用

平滑肌22α(SM22α)是平滑肌细胞(VSMC)骨架相关蛋白,通过与肌动蛋白的作用参与VSMC骨架重构,是近年发现的一种VSMC分化标志物,其表达具有平滑肌组织特异性和细胞表型特异性.血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)表型转化是动脉粥样硬化、高血压等血管重塑性疾病的共同病理生理过程.VSMC表型转化过程中平滑肌特异基因的表达变化和细胞骨架的重构是当前研究的热点问题之一.本文就SM22α的结构特征及其在VSMC中的作用机制进行综述.     

血管损伤的新靶点：平滑肌22 alpha

血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cell,VSMC)表型转化是血管损伤性疾病动脉粥样硬化、高血压和血管成形术后再狭窄等的共同病理生理过程.平滑肌22 alpha (smooth muscle 22 alpha, SM22α) 是一种VSMC分化标志物,其表达具有平滑肌组织特异性和细胞表型特异性. 该蛋白不仅作为一种肌动蛋白细胞骨架相关蛋白参与VSMC骨架组构和收缩调节,它还参与VSMC的增殖、炎症和氧化应激等进程. 本文就SM22α 的结构特征及其在VSMC血管损伤中的作用机制进行综述.     

绞股蓝总苷对高脂血症大鼠血管平滑肌细胞表型的影响

研究绞股蓝总苷对高脂诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞表型的影响及可能的分子机制。采用高脂饲料喂饲建立高脂大鼠模型,观察绞股蓝总苷对血脂各成分的影响,血管平滑肌细胞超微结构及血管表型标志物表达的影响。结果显示,绞股蓝总苷能降低大鼠血脂水平并抑制血管平滑肌细胞超微结构发生去分化表型改变;增加高脂大鼠动脉分化标志蛋白SM-actin的表达,降低细胞增殖蛋白PCNA的表达。说明绞股蓝总苷能有效抑制高脂诱导的大鼠平滑肌细胞去分化,机制可能与抑制MCPIP1的表达有关。     

shRNA靶向干扰COX-2抑制人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤及其血管生成

目的:探讨重组干扰质粒pshRNA-COX-2对人肝癌细胞Hep3B裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长和肿瘤血管生成的抑制作用。方法:重组干扰质粒pshRNA-COX-2转染Hep3B细胞并筛选后,RT-PCR和Western blot检测COX-2mRNA和蛋白表达,RT-PCR检测VEGFmRNA表达。将被成功转染的Hep3B细胞种植于裸鼠皮下,测量肿瘤大小,4周后处死裸鼠,免疫组织化学法检测肿瘤组织中COX-2蛋白表达和肿瘤微血管密度(MVD)。结果:与未转染细胞相比,干扰组COX-2mRNA和蛋白表达抑制率分别为65.3%和52.8%(P<0.05),干扰组VEGFmRNA表达抑制率为56.5%(P<0.05)。干扰组瘤体大小明显小于阴性组和空白组(P<0.01)。干扰组COX-2得分和MVD均明显低于阴性组和空白组(P<0.01)。结论:pshRNA-COX-2通过抑制COX-2表达明显抑制人肝癌细胞Hep3B裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长和肿瘤血管生成。     

下调窖蛋白-1表达抑制小鼠肝癌H22细胞侵袭能力

窖蛋白-1在不同肿瘤中发挥作用不同. 本研究以小鼠肝癌细胞H22为研究对象 ,观察下调窖蛋白-1表达对H22细胞侵袭能力的影响,并探讨其可能的分子机制. 利用RT－PCR和Western印迹法检测了窖蛋白-1在H22及小鼠正常肝细胞IAR20中的 表达.结果显示,窖蛋白 1在H22中的表达高于其在IAR20中的表达,提示窖蛋白 -1高表达可能与H22细胞恶性表型有关. RNA干扰和凝集素印记实验结果显示,窖 蛋白-1－siRNA能够有效抑制窖蛋白－1mRNA和蛋白表达,并抑制细胞表面N－聚糖 β1,6GlcNAc分支形成. Transwell细胞迁移和侵袭实验结果显示,与未转染组和 siRNA 对照组比较,转染窖蛋白-1 siRNA的H22细胞迁移和侵袭数目明显减少. 本研究证明,下调窖蛋白－1表达可抑制H22细胞表面N 聚糖β1,6GlcNAc分支形 成,从而抑制细胞迁移和侵袭能力.     

SM22α在细胞骨架组构及血管重塑中的作用

血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）表型转化是动脉粥样硬化、高血压和血管成形术后再狭窄等血管重塑性疾病的共同病理生理过程。VSMC表型转化过程中平滑肌特异基因的表达变化和细胞骨架的组构是当前研究的热点问题之一。平滑肌22α（SM22α）是近年发现的一种VSMC分化标志物,其表达具有平滑肌组织特异性和细胞表型特异性,该蛋白作为一种肌动蛋白细胞骨架相关蛋白参与VSMC骨架组构和收缩调节。本文就SM22α的结构特征及其在VSMC骨架组构和血管重塑中的作用机制进行综述。     

酸化环境对血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖的影响及姜黄素对此的作用

探讨姜黄素对缺血缺氧引起细胞外环境酸化下血管平滑肌增殖的影响及可能机制。在pH 6.9的环境下体外培养大鼠胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC),分别以姜黄素、PCTX-1等处理细胞,并设置空白对照组;采用Western-Blot法测定ASICS 1a蛋白及磷酸化ERK1/2蛋白表达,CCK-8法测定各处理组对VSMC增殖影响。结果显示pH 6.9组显著刺激VSMC的ASICS 1a和ERK1/2磷酸化表达,并促使VSMC增殖;而姜黄素显著抑制大鼠胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞上ASICS 1a及细胞内磷酸化ERK1/2蛋白表达,从而抑制VSMC增殖。在缺血缺氧所致酸化环境下,大鼠胸主动脉血管平滑肌上的ASIC 1a表达增多,引起细胞内ERK1/2磷酸化,从而对血管平滑肌的增殖进行调控,而姜黄素则表现出抑制作用。     

Ghrelin抑制H2O2诱导的肺泡上皮A549细胞中IL-8的产生

目的:通过细胞培养的方法,初步研究了生长激素释放肽Ghrelin在氧化应激相关的肺泡上皮细胞炎症反应中的作用.方法:首先是用双氧水(H2O2)刺激A549细胞建立肺泡上皮细胞炎症反应模型,分别加入不同浓度的Ghrelin及普通培养基培养A549细胞,用酶联免疫吸附技术(ELISA)从蛋白水平检测上清液中IL-8的含量,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应技术(RT-PCR)检测炎性细胞因子IL-8mRNA的表达.结果:H2O2可以使A549细胞IL-8蛋白的释放及IL-8mRNA的表达明显升高(P＜0.05),而用Ghrelin干预后IL-8的释放及IL-8mRNA的表达被抑制,明显低于单纯H2O2刺激的模型组(P＜0.05),且随着浓度的增加Ghrelin的这种抑制作用逐渐增强.结论:分别从蛋白水平和基因水平证明了Ghrelin能够抑制H2O2诱导的肺泡上皮A549细胞中IL-8的产生,由此推测Ghrelin可能能够抑制以COPD、支气管哮喘为代表的氧化应激相关的肺部炎症反应.     

二苯乙烯苷对H2O2诱导血管内皮细胞ICAM-1及VCAM-1表达的影响

目的:通过研究二苯乙烯苷(TSG)对H2O2诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞ICAM-1、VCAM-1表达的影响,探明二苯乙烯苷抗氧化保护内皮细胞的作用机制.方法:体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞,实验分为空白对照组、H2O2组、辛伐他汀组、TSG组,运用逆转录聚合酶链式反应和酶联免疫吸附试验分别检测ICAM-1及VCAM-1 mRNA与其蛋白的表达.结果:200 μmol· L-1的H2O2作用内皮细胞24h后,ICAM-1和VCAM-1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均明显上调,与空白对照组比较,差异有显著性(P＜0.01).而在200μmol· L-1的H2O2作用前用1μmol· L-1二苯乙烯苷预处理体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞4h,结果显示二苯乙烯苷能抑制H2O2诱导的内皮细胞ICAM-1、VCAM-1的mRNA和VCAM-1的蛋白水平表达,与H2O2组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.01);而ICAM-1的蛋白表达水平与H2O2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);辛伐他汀组ICAM-1和VCAM-1的mRNA及其蛋白水平表达降低,与H2O2组比较差异均有显著性(P＜0.01).实验结果表明二苯乙烯苷可抑制H2O2诱导的内皮细胞粘附分子ICAM-1、VCAM-1表达.结论:二苯乙烯苷可通过降低细胞粘附分子ICAM-1和VCAM-1的表达保护氧化应激引起的人脐静脉内皮细胞损伤.     

Stereospecific 2'-amination and 2'-chlorination of adenosine by Actinomadura in the biosynthesis of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-chloro-2'-deoxycoformycin

2'-Amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-chloro-2'-deoxycoformycin (2'-CldCF) are two nucleoside antibiotics produced by Actinomadura. The biosynthesis of these two nucleoside antibiotics has been studied by the addition of [U-14C]adenosine with or without unlabeled adenine to cultures of Actinomadura. By this experimental approach, it is possible to demonstrate that adenosine is the direct precursor for the biosynthesis of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-CldCF. These conclusions are based on the observation that the percentage distribution of 14C in the aglyconic and pentofuranosyl moieties of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-CldCF were similar to the distribution of 14C in the adenine and ribosyl moieties of the [U-14C]adenosine (i.e., 48:52) added to cultures of Actinomadura. Experimentally, the percentage distribution of 14C in the (i) adenine:2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine is 51:49; (ii) 8-(R)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d]-[1,3-diazepin-8-o1]:2 -chloro-2- beta-D-ribofuranose of 2'-CldCF is 45:55; and (iii) adenine:ribose of the adenosine isolated from the RNA of Actinomadura is 42:58. Further proof that adenosine is the direct precursor for the biosynthesis 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-CldCF was demonstrated by the addition of 75 mumol of unlabeled adenine together with [U-14C]adenosine to nucleoside-producing cultures of Actinomadura. The percentage distribution of 14C in the aglycon and the sugar moieties of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-CldCF were 46:54 and 47:53, respectively; the percentage distribution of 14C in the adenine and ribose moieties of the adenosine isolated from the RNA of Actinomadura was 51:49. These data show that the hydroxyl on C-2' of the ribosyl moiety of adenosine undergoes a replacement by a 2'-amino or a 2'-chloro group to form 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine or 2'-CldCF with retention of stereconfiguration at C-2'. Finally, Actinomadura can utilize inorganic chloride from the medium as demonstrated by the isolation of [36Cl]2'-CldCF following the addition of [36Cl]chloride to the culture medium. Mechanisms for the regioselective modification of the C-2' hydroxyl group and stereospecific insertion of the amino and chloro groups are discussed.     

Preparation of glycosides of 2-deoxy-2-methylamino-D-mannose, 2-deoxy-2-methylamino-D-glucose,and 2-deoxy-2-methylamino-D-galactose: observations on N-methylation of amides

Benzyl 2-[(benzyloxycarbonyl)methylamino]-2-deoxy-α-D-mannopyranoside (10) and its furanose isomer (9), the derived N-methyloxazolidinones 11 and 6, benzyl 2-[(benzyloxycarbonyl)methylamino]-2-deoxy-β-D-glucofuranoside (15) and methyl 2-deoxy-2-methylacetamido-β-D-galactofuranoside (20), were prepared from appropriate diethyl dithioacetals. They were considered the most suitable starting materials for synthesis of O-methyl-2-deoxy-2-methylamino-hexoses because of their ease of preparation and the presence of suitable blocking groups. Oxazolidinones were prepared from N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivatives of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannose by using methanolic sodium methoxide. Their use in preparation of 2-deoxy-2-methyl-amino derivatives is discussed. The Kuhn reagent was used in these syntheses for N-methylating amides. However, certain amides containing comparatively bulky substituents in the vicinity of the NH group are resistant to methylation.     

Synthesis and physicochemical properties of 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluoro-beta-D-ribofuranosyl and 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluoro-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl oligonucleotides

We present procedures for nucleoside and oligonucleotide synthesis, binding affinity (Tm) and structural analysis (CD spectra) of 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluoro-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl and 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluoro-beta-D-ribofuranosyl oligothymidylates. Possible reasons for the thermal instability of duplexes formed between these compounds and RNA or DNA targets are discussed.     

Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Amino-2-deoxy-d-arabinose and 2-Deoxy-d-ribose

An efficient method for the stereoselective synthesis of 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-arabinose and 2-deoxy-d-ribose is described.

The key step in this method was accomplished by the nucleophilic addition of methyl isocyanoacetate to 2,3-O-isopropylidene-d-glyceraldehyde with high erythro-selectivity (nearly 100%).

Subsequent intermolecular cyclization predominantly gave the desired oxazoline derivative (trans-form), in which two new chiral centers were formed. The oxazoline derivative was efficiently converted to both 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-arabinose and 2-deoxy-d-ribose.     

Convenient synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2-fluoroadenosine from 2-fluoroadenine

A convenient synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2-fluoroadenosine from commercially available 2-fluoroadenine is described. The coupling reaction of silylated 2-fluoroadenine with phenyl 3,5-bis[O-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)]-2-deoxy-1-thio-D-erythro-pentofuranoside gave the corresponding 2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine derivative (alpha/beta = 1:1) in good yield. The alpha- and beta-anomers were separated by chromatography, and then desilylated to give compounds 1a and 1b.     

Characterization of alpha 2 beta 2 and alpha 2 forms of kinesin

Bovine brain kinesin separates into two components on sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The predominant component is a heterotetramer of two 120 kDa alpha subunits and two 64 kDa beta subunits with an sedimentation coefficient of 9.6 S and a low Vm rate of microtubule-stimulated ATPase of 1.3 +/- 0.5 sec-1 at 25 degrees, pH 7.0. The minor element is a homodimer of two alpha subunits without beta subunits with a sedimentation coefficient of 6.9 S and a higher Vm rate of microtubule-stimulated ATPase of 7.0 +/- 1.9 sec-1. Microtubules stimulate the rate of release of ADP from the active site of the tetramer, but the rate of release is not fast enough to account for the rate of steady state ATP hydrolysis. Further complexity is indicated by biphasic release kinetics. In spite of the large difference in Vm ATPase rate for the two species, both drive the sliding of sea urchin axonemes over glass surfaces at the same velocity.     

Stereospecific formation of alpha-hydroxycarboxylato oxo peroxo complexes of vanadium(V). Crystal structure of (NBu4)2[V2O2(O2)2(L-lact)2] x 2H2O and (NBu4)2[V2O2(O2)2(D-lact)(L-lact)] x 2H2O

An overview of structurally characterized alpha-hydroxycarboxylatodioxo- and alpha-hydroxycarboxylatooxoperoxovanadates(V) is presented and the geometric parameters of the V2O2 bridging core are discussed. The first case of a stereospecific formation of oxoperoxovanadates(V) is reported: The crystal structures of the isomeric compounds (NBu4)2[V2O2(O2)2(L-lact)2] x 2H2O and (NBu4)2[V2O2(O2)2(D-lact)(L-lact)] x 2H2O (lact = C3H4O3(2-), the anion of the lactic acid) differ mainly in the arrangement of the V2O2 core and in mutual orientation of the V=O bonds. The complexes with achiral ligands adopt the same structural type as the complexes formed from a racemic mixture of a chiral ligand, while the structure obtained using an enantiopure L,L-hydroxycarboxylate is different.