山东部分地区小兽类寄生恙螨的群落结构

用鼠笼捕捉活鼠,收集体外恙螨,分类计数,定量分析小兽类体外寄生恙螨的群落结构。探讨山东小兽类体外寄生恙螨群落结构及其与疾病的关系。结果表明,当地5种小兽类体外共有6种寄生恙螨。黑线姬鼠、大仓鼠体外寄生螨种较丰富,各有5种寄生螨。小盾纤恙螨宿主范围广,在4种小兽的体外均有发现。大仓鼠体外太平洋无前恙螨的带螨率和带螨指数最高(72．73％、52．00),临淮岗纤恙螨、泰山纤恙螨、须纤恙螨普遍寄生于黑线姬鼠、大仓鼠体外。黑线姬鼠与大仓鼠寄生螨群落多样性指数相对较高。黑线姬鼠寄生螨群落与大仓鼠的相似系数最大(39．2)。黑线姬鼠体外恙螨群落结构随季节变化而发生变化,恙螨群落的丰富度和多样性指数以冬季(12～2月)最低,春、秋季较高。     

小盾纤恙螨自然感染流行性出血热病毒的研究

小盾纤恙螨自然感染流行性出血热病毒的研究张云,胡云龙,赵学忠,吴光华,姜克俭（南京军区军事医学研究所,南京２１０００２）（陕西省预防医学研究所,西安７１００５４）关键词小盾纤恙螨,自然感染,叮刺传播,流行性出血热病毒小盾纤恙螨［Ｌｅｐｔｏｔｒｏｍｂｉ...     

肾综合征出血热病毒在恙螨体内增殖的动态观察

取饲养的小盾纤恙螨幼虫和若虫．每20d为一批制成无菌滤液接种Vero-E6细胞测定HFRSV滴度,动态观察HFRSV在螨体内的增殖情况,并用PCR技术检测恙螨幼虫和若虫体内HFRSV－RNA。结果如下：小盾纤恙螨幼虫期除60d一批外,其余各批均在不同时间内测出HFRSV滴度,3批若虫中亦有2批测出HFRSV滴度并检测到HFRSV－RNA。结果为小盾纤恙螨作为HFRS的传播媒介提供了进一步的证据。     

条纹纤恙螨若虫和成虫的形态

条纹纤恙螨Leptotrombidium(Leptotrombidium) striatum 由 Nadchatram 等(1964)首先在东南亚发现。通过调查证实,条纹纤恙螨在我国上海、江苏及安徽数量甚多,而且发现它的季节高峰与已确认的恙虫病媒介小盾纤恙螨 L.(L.) scutellaris(Nagago,1921)相似。为了探索条纹纤恙螨的生物学特性以及与疾病的关系,作者首先对其生活史进行了研究,并首发现了它的若虫和成虫,随即对其形态进行了观察。本文就条纹纤恙螨的若虫和成虫的形态描述如下。     

上海嘉定县五种恙螨季节消长的观察

恙螨已证实是传播恙虫病的媒介。近些年来,国内外已注意到恙螨和流行性出血热的关系。Traub(1954)在南朝鲜三个流行性出血热地区调查后,认为苍白恙螨(Trombicula(L.)pallida)消长曲线与出血热流行高峰相符合,并提出须恙螨(T.(L.)palpalis)和田宫新恙螨(T·(N.)tamiyai)也是值得注意的可疑媒介。为了探讨恙螨与流行出血热等病的关系,对于恙螨季节消长的研究是十分必要的。 本文对五种恙螨的季节消长进行了观察,兹将结果报道于后。     

青海省纤恙螨属三新种（蜱螨亚纲：恙螨科）

本文描述采自青海的纤恙螨属Ｌｅｐｔｏｔｒｏｍｂｉｄｉｕｍ Ｎａｇａｙｏ ｅｔ ａｌ,１９１６,三个新种;巴颜纤恙螨Ｌ．（Ｌ．）ｂａｙａｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。,川纤恙螨Ｌ．（Ｌ．）ｈｕａｎｇｃｈｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,乌兰纤恙螨Ｌ．（Ｌ．）ｗｕｌａｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．模式标本均保存在青海省地方病防治研究所。     

温州纤沙螨新种记述

1955～1957年在浙江温州地区永嘉和青田等县进行恙虫病(沙螨热)调查中,采集到一些纤沙螨,其中有一种标本的量度特征与富士纤沙螨的原始描述及多种日本文献所记述者基本一致,曾定为“富士恙螨”(温廷桓,1957)。1957年在青田县高湖乡调查中,认为此种与富士纤沙螨形态近似而有差异,生态与传病意义亦有不同,分离到恙虫立克次体,故定名“高湖恙虫”(杨哲生等,1958)。但其种征描述未正式发表,不符《国际动物命名法规》第13条,故为无效名。长期以来,由于未能与日本的富士纤恙螨标本对照,因之该种的命名未能确定。     

高湖纤恙螨生活史的研究

恙螨生活史的研究,对于进一步了解恙虫病立克次体在恙螨整个生活周期中的传播方式、研究恙虫病的感染过程和流行规律具有重要意义。本文比较详细地描述在我国浙江发现的高湖纤恙螨(Lepto-trombidium(Leptotrombidium)gaohuensis Wei et al.,1957)生活史及习性。 高湖纤恙螨的生活史分为七期:卵、次卵、幼虫、若蛹、若虫、成蛹及成虫,分述于下: 一、卵及次卵 初生卵为淡黄色,球形,大小为112.5×112.5毫微米,卵壳光裸。在28℃、相对湿度80％的条件下饲养,3—4天卵壳开始膨大,表面由光裸变为粗糙,5—8天延卵壳中轴分为两半球,一     

上海地区鼠体恙螨的调查

本文对上海地区鼠体恙螨种类和在不同环境中数量进行了调查: 1.陆地(川沙、嘉定、南汇县)和长兴岛、崇明岛恙螨指数有差别。陆地恙螨指数均高于岛屿。但陆地和长兴岛、崇明岛之间恙螨指数差别也有不同。陆地恙螨指数和形成历史达千年以上的崇明岛比较,则差别较小,而陆地恙螨指数和形成不到百年历史的长兴岛差别极大。 2.小盾恙螨在沿海边县的恙螨指数和寄生率均远较非沿海边县为高。在沿海边各县中,离海边愈近的乡镇,其指数愈高。 3.室内、外鼠恙螨种类比较,与氏螯齿恙螨明显的分布于居宅室内附近的家鼠体上。而居中恙螨、高山真棒恙螨和温氏五甲恙螨在褐家鼠等鼠体上未曾发现。从恙螨的数量来看,室外鼠体上恙螨指数远较室内鼠体为高,故认为室外鼠是恙螨的主要宿主。其中特别黑线姬鼠是本地恙螨的主要宿主。 4.根据冬季竹林和非竹林恙螨数量的比较来看,竹林恙螨指数远远高于非竹林。从恙螨种类来看,在竹林内恙螨指数较高的螨种是于氏恙螨和须恙螨。 5.除竹林外,坟堆内所捕到的鼠恙螨指数也较高。其中指数较高的螨种有于氏恙螨、萨氏背展恙螨、小盾恙螨和须恙螨。从各种作物来看,以甘薯田、稻田、甘蓝田、胡萝卜田内捕到的黑线姬鼠恙螨指数较高;麦田、油菜田和无作物田为最低。     

橘全爪螨春季高峰发生程度与气象因素的关系

本文探讨了橘全爪螨高峰发生程度与气象因素及天气过程的关系。结果表明：春季高峰由２次连续的高峰组成,且第二次高峰大于第一次高峰;第一次高峰发生在４月下旬到５月中旬,其发生程度主要受 ３月 ２０日～ ４月 ３０日气象因子和天气过程的影响,即日均温度≥ １２℃,降雨≤ ２ｍｍ、相对湿度（ＲＨ）≤８５％,持续时间越长发生程度越重;第二高峰发生在５月下旬至６月中旬,主要受５月１１日～６月 １０日气象因子和天气过程的影响,即日均温度 ２０～ ３０℃、降雨≤ １０ｍｍ的持续时间越长该螨的发生程度越严重。说明重庆地区橘全爪螨春季高峰严重发生的主要因素是在相应的时间内降雨少、气温变幅低,积温多和特定气象因子组合的天气持续过程。     

ISOLATION OF RICKETTSIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI FROM TROMBICULID MITES (ACARI:TROMBICULIDAE) IN FEIXIAN COUNTY, SHANDONG PROVINCE, CHINA

Abstract  Investigations on trombiculid mites and isolation of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi therefrom were carried out in Feixian County, Shandong Province. A total of 11 762 trombiculid mites, consisting of 5 species from two genera, were collected from 352 rodents (including 247 Apodemus agrarius , 80 Cricetulus triton , 23 Rattus noruegicus , 2 Crocidura suaveolens ), and Walchia pacifica was the most predominant (36.73%), followed by Leptotrombididium linhuaikonense (24.04%), L. scutellare (21.65%), L. palpale (13. 57%), and L. taishanium (3. 96%). L. scutellare was found from September to December with a remarkable peak in November, whereas L. palpale occurred from October to April (the second year) with peak in December. L. linhuaikonense was found from May to November, with peak in August. W. pacifica appeared from April to December with peak in July. R. tsutsugamushi was isolated from L. scutellare, L. palpale, L. linhuaikonense and W. pacifica . The main serotypes of R. tsutsugamushi isolated from the chigger mites were of the Gilliam type, but Karp type also existed in L. linhuaikonense . These results indicate that the surveyed area has a high probability of occurrence of tsutsugamushi disease, and L. scutellare, L. palpale, L. linhuaikonense and W. pacifica may serve as the vectors in this area. It is suggested that L. scutellare is the most important vector which has caused the endemic of this disease in Feixian County.     

Epidemiological characteristics of tsutsugamushi disease in Oita Prefecture, Japan: yearly and monthly occurrences of its infections and serotypes of its causative agent, Orientia tsutsugamushi, during 1984--2005.

Using indirect immunofluorescence assay, we examined the sera of 561 patients from November 1984 to February 2005 to determine the incidence of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in Oita Prefecture, Japan. The results obtained were positive in 384 individuals (68.4%). Municipalities where patients were presumed to have been infected with Orientia tsutsugamushi were Taketa City (41.7%), Oyama Town (13.5%), and Ogi Town (8.3%). Infections occurred most often in October, November, and December. A small number of cases occurred from January to May. The serotypes Kuroki (47.5%), Kawasaki (42.5%), and Karp (10.0%) were detected by genetic analysis of O. tsutsugamushi DNA extracted from the blood of 120 patients. The gene sequences of the Kuroki type were highly homologous to that of the Nishino strain. The gene sequences of the Kawasaki type were identical to that of the Kawasaki strain. The gene sequence of the Karp type was highly homologous to that of the JP-2 type. To determine the distribution of vector mites, 558 wild rodents were captured and 72010 mites attached to these rodents were collected from 1982 to 1998. Six genera and 16 species of trombiculid mites were collected. Leptotrombidium pallidum and L. scutellare, which are known to be mite vectors for tsutsugamushi disease, accounted for 20.5% and 5.9%, respectively, of all trombiculid mites collected. The geographical distribution of cases roughly coincided with the distribution of L. scutellare. In Oita Prefecture, L. scutellare is presumed to primarily transmit tsutsugamushi disease. In addition, our results also suggest that L. pallidum transmits the Karp type of the causative rickettsia in some municipalities.     

Epidemiological characteristics of tsutsugamushi disease in Oita Prefecture, Japan: Yearly and monthly occurrences of its infections and serotypes of its causative agent, Orientia tsutsugamushi, during 1984–2005

Using indirect immunofluorescence assay, we examined the sera of 561 patients from November 1984 to February 2005 to determine the incidence of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in Oita Prefecture, Japan. The results obtained were positive in 384 individuals (68.4%). Municipalities where patients were presumed to have been infected with Orientia tsutsugamushi were Taketa City (41.7%), Oyama Town (13.5%), and Ogi Town (8.3%). Infections occurred most often in October, November, and December. A small number of cases occurred from January to May. The serotypes Kuroki (47.5%), Kawasaki (42.5%), and Karp (10.0%) were detected by genetic analysis of O. tsutsugamushi DNA extracted from the blood of 120 patients. The gene sequences of the Kuroki type were highly homologous to that of the Nishino strain. The gene sequences of the Kawasaki type were identical to that of the Kawasaki strain. The gene sequence of the Karp type was highly homologous to that of the JP-2 type. To determine the distribution of vector mites, 558 wild rodents were captured and 72 010 mites attached to these rodents were collected from 1982 to 1998. Six genera and 16 species of trombiculid mites were collected. Leptotrombidium pallidum and L. scutellare , which are known to be mite vectors for tsutsugamushi disease, accounted for 20.5% and 5.9%, respectively, of all trombiculid mites collected. The geographical distribution of cases roughly coincided with the distribution of L. scutellare . In Oita Prefecture, L. scutellare is presumed to primarily transmit tsutsugamushi disease. In addition, our results also suggest that L. pallidum transmits the Karp type of the causative rickettsia in some municipalities.     

Study on vector mites of tsutsugamushi disease in Cheju Island, Korea.

Because no reference on trombiculid mites (Acarina: Trombiculidae) in Cheju Island where tsutsugamushi disease is highly endemic had been available, studies on trombiculid mites in Cheju Island were implemented during the period of August 1991-April 1992, and the results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) The species and numbers of the field rodents collected were 143 Apodemus agrarius chejuensis (92.3%), 11 Crocidura lasiura (7.1%) and 1 Micromys minutus (0.6%). From total 12,075 chiggers harvested, 9 species of 4 genera in Trombiculidae were identified. (2) The predominant species through all seasons was L. zetum (43.3%), followed by L. orientale (27.4%) and L. scutellare (26.6%). However, in autumn when the most cases of tsutsugamushi disease occur, L. scutellare was prominently predominant, having 79.8% of the collected chiggers. (3) Among 1,142 L. scutellare examined for Rickettsia tsutsugamushi by means of IFA test, 6 individuals were found positive showing 0.5% of infection rate. This is the first finding that L. scutellare is the second vector species of tsutsugamushi disease in Korea. (4) Antibody positive rate of A. agrarius chejuensis sera were 31.2% (44/139), and 1 M. minutus serum was also found positive. The seropositive rates by season were not so significantly different.     

Trombiculid mites (Acarina: Trombiculidae) from Apodemus agrarius coreae caught at Pochun-gun, Gyeonggi Province and Chinhae-City, Kyongnam Province

During October-December 1987, chigger mites infested on the striped field mice (Apodemus agrarius coreae) collected at Pochun-gun, Gyeonggi Province and Chinhae city, Kyongnam Province were identified. 1. Of 171 back-striped mice collected, chigger mites were found from 58 mice, showing 33.9% of infestation rate. 2. Total 865 chigger mites collected were classified into seven species; Leptotrombidium pallidum (4.3%), L. palpale(23.0%), L. orientalis(20.2), L. zetum(19.0%). Neotrombicula tamiyai(32.9), N. japonica(0.2%) and Euschongastia koreaensis(0.3%). Though the most dominant species in number was N. tamiyai(32.9% of the total), this species was collected at very limited locality and for a short period. Therefore, most common species in Korea seems to be L. palpale which was found at all localities throughout the whole survey period. L. pallidum which is known as the vector species of tsutsugamushi disease in Korea was collected in a very low number(4.3% of the total chiggers collected). 3. The number of chigger mites infested on a host animal showed great variations from one chigger up to 207 chiggers. The present study has shown that there may be other Leptotrombidium species mite(s) for the vector and host of tsutsugamushi disease in Korea.     

Decreased prevalence of Orientia tsutsugamushi in trombiculid mites and wild rodents in the Primorye region, Far East Russia

The isolation of Orientia tsutsugamushi was attempted from 249 rodents and approximately 14,000 trombiculid mites captured in the Primorye region, Far East Russia in 1993 and 1994, where high infection rates were recorded in both rodents and mites in the 1960s. However, no rickettsia was isolated from the samples. Low antibody titers against O. tsutsugamushi were detected in 7.1% of the rodents. These results indicate that the prevalence of O. tsutsugamushi in the Primorye region has decreased considerably in the past 30 years.     

Chigger mites of the genus Leptotrombidium: key to species and their distribution in China

Chigger mites of the genus Leptotrombidium (Acari: Trombiculidae) transmit scrub typhus, caused by Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (= R.orientalis) in South-East Asia. In China, eighty-two species of Leptotrombidium have been recorded; these are listed with the names of Provinces where they were found. Five species, L.deliense, L.insularae, L.kaohuense, L.rubellum and L.scutellare, have been implicated as Chinese vectors of scrub typhus. A brief key is given to the larvae of all but three of the Leptotrombidium mites known in China.     

辽宁省恙螨生态地理分布

辽宁省已知恙螨25种,分属于2科3亚科10属。本文依据四个不同地理景观区内恙螨的优势种、常见种和罕见种,对其生态地理分布作了讨论。(1)辽东山地及半岛丘陵区：有恙螨22种。其中东方纤恙螨为优势种;姬鼠纤恙螨、仓纤恙螨、林姬纤恙螨、皆貌纤恙螨、塔米新恙螨、鸡新棒恙螨等为罕见种.(2)辽河平原区：有恙螨8种。优势种为须纤恙螨;辽姬纤恙螨为罕见种。(3)辽西低山丘陵区：有恙螨8种。其中高丽新恙螨为优势种;凹邃合轮恙螨、膜嗜翼手恙螨等为罕见种。(4)黄土丘陵台地干草原区：有恙螨2种,均为常见种,其中脆弱无前恙螨数量较多。     

Isolation of Orientia tsutsugamushi from Leptotrombidium fuji and its characterization

In our attempts to isolate Orientia tsutsugamushi from trombiculid mites, a strain was successfully isolated from Leptotrombidium fuji collected in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. This is the first case of isolation of O. tsutsugamushi from L. fuji. A phylogenetic analysis based on the base-sequence homology of the 56-kDa type-specific antigen-gene indicated that the strain is a new type which is not closely related to any strains analyzed previously. Three strains isolated from Leptotrombidium pallidum harvested at the same area were identified as being closely related to the JP-2 type (subtype-2 of Karp type in Japan) by phylogenetic analysis.