The identity of the European and Mediterranean species of Lithobiidae (Chilopoda) described by K. W. Verhoeff and now represented by material preserved in the British Museum (Natural History)

The status of the 15 European and Mediterranean species and subspecies of Lithobiidae described by Verhoeff which are represented by material in the Verhoeff Collection of Myriapoda in the British Museum (Natural History) is evaluated. It is concluded that Lithobius fasciatus graecus is a junior synonym of Eupolybothrus litoralis (L. Koch), Polybothrus cerberus brentanus a junior synonym of Eupolybothrus tridentinus (Fanzago) and Lithobius pachypus a junior synonym of Hessebius barbipes (Porat); Lithobius corcyraeus and Lithobius forjicatus calamatanus are both junior synonyms of Lithobius viriatus Sseliwanoff; Lithobius pusillus var. parvus and Lithobius audax jaqueti are both junior synonyms of, and Lithobius borisi a subspecies of, Lithobius erythrocephalus C. L. Koch; Lithobius leostygis and Lithobius herzegowinensis are both valid species of Eupolybothrus Verhoeff; and Lithobius forjicatus parietum, Lithobius erythrocephalus cerberi, Lithobius acuminatus cassinensis and Lithobius trebinjanus are all valid species of Lithobius Leach. The status of Lithobius vosseleri is still undecided. The specimens of all but the well-known species are fully described and, where appropriate, lectotypes are selected.     

The type specimens and identity of the species described in the genus Lithobius by F. Meinert, and now preserved in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen University (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha)

The 32 species described by Meinert in the genus Lithobius which are represented by type material in t h e Zoological Museum, Copenhagen University, are redescribed from that material. It is concluded that 17 of these species are valid, one is a subspecies of Lithobius forficants (L.) and 12 are junior synonyms: two are junior homonyms, but both are also synonyms of described species.     

A new species of Oniscus Linnaeus, 1758 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from northern Spain, with a revised key to members of the genus

Oniscvs ancarenisis from the Sierra de Ancares in northern Spain is described as new. The genus Oniscus now contains four species: ancarensis sp. nov. , asellus Linnaeus, lusitanus Verhoeff and simoni Budde-Lund. The distribution of these species is figured and discussed, and a key is given for their determination.     

A taxonomic study on the leafhopper genus Scaphoidella vilbaste (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from China

All six species of the leafhopper genus Scaphoidella Vilbaste from China are reviewed. Among them, two new species, S. undosa sp. nov. and S. acaudata sp. nov., are described; two new combinations, Scaphoide. unihamata (Li et Kuoh) comb. nov. and Scaphoidella wideaedeaga (Wang et Li) comb. nov. are proposed; and two new synonyms are revealed, Scaphoideus inermis Cai et He (2001) syn. nov. as a junior synonym of Scaphoidella unihamata (Li et Kuoh 1993) and Scaphoideus multipunctus Li et Dai (2004) syn. nov. as a junior synonym of Scaphoidella stenopaea Anufriev (1977). A key is given to separate all six Chinese species, and illustrations of genitalia are provided.     

泥盆纪双壳类假似栗蛤属(PseudonuculanaPojeta,ZhangandYang,1986)之修订

对Nuculoidea resupina Guo, 1985、Pseudonuculana zhaoi Pojeta, Zhang and Yang, 1986和Skyphoconcha beichuanensis Liu and Gu, 1988这3个种进行比较后, 确定了它们的同物异名关系, 确认船形蛤属(Skyphoconcha Liu and Gu)是假似栗蛤属(Pseudonuculana Pojeta, Zhang and Yang)的次异名。澄清了此属的韧带性质, 并对其属征进行修订。鉴于其无弹体窝, 外套线完整, 现将它改归至小帽蛤亚科(Cucullellinae)。根据“国际动物命名法规”第四版, 作为首异名的Nuculoidea resupina Guo, 虽享有优先权, 却不可以被引证为本属的模式种; 原始指定的模式种Pseudonuculana zhaoi仍保持其模式种携名者的地位不变。     

Revision of Tipula (Yamatotipula) stackelbergi Alexander (Diptera, Tipulidae), and a short discussion on subspecies among crane flies

All available type material of Tipula stackelbergi Alexander, Tipula usuriensis Alexander and Tipula subpruinosa Mannheims were examined. Tipula (Yamatotipula) stackelbergistat. rev. is elevated from a subspecies of Tipula (Yamatotipula) pruinosa Wiedemann to a valid species. Two new synonyms are proposed: Tipula usuriensissyn. n. proved to be a junior synonym of. Tipula (Yamatotipula) pruinosa and Tipula subpruinosasyn. n. a junior synonym of Tipula (Yamatotipula) freyana Lackschewitz. Tipula (Yamatotipula) stackelbergi is redescribed, male and female terminalia of Tipula (Yamatotipula) pruinosa are illustrated and discussed. Female terminalia of Tipula (Yamatotipula) freyana are described and illustrated for the first time. A key to both sexes of Tipula (Yamatotipula) stackelbergi and Tipula (Yamatotipula) pruinosa, and a key to females of Tipula (Yamatotipula) chonsaniana, Tipula (Yamatotipula) freyana and Tipula (Yamatotipula) moesta are provided. Subspecies are not uncommon among crane flies, but their ranges and traits are poorly known. An interdisciplinary approach (genetics, ecology, taxonomy) is suggested if subspecific ranks are to be used in tipuloid systematics.     

A revision of the genus Trixa Meigen （Diptera： Tachinidae）

The genus Trixa Meigen, 1824 is revised. Dexiotrix Villeneuve, 1936 and Trixella Mesnil, 1980, each of which was sometimes treated as a distinct genus, are treated as junior synonyms of Trixa Meigen. Two species from Sichuan and Yunnan, China, are described as new to science, viz. Trixa chinensis sp. nov. and T. chaoi sp. nov. T. alpina Meigen is treated as a junior synonym of T. caerulescens Meigen. T. nox (Shima) and T.pubiseta (Mesnil) are newly recorded from China. Males of T. pubiseta (Mesnil) and T.longipensis (Villeneuve) are described for the first time. Diagnoses, figures and a key to twelve species in Trixa are given.     

Neotropical Emerald moths: a review of the genera (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Geometrinae)

The classification of the Neotropical genera of the Geometrinae is reviewed and 38 genera are recognized (including one nomen dubium). Seven generic synonyms are newly established and the genus Gnathosocia is described as new. Other changes established in this work include 1 species synonym and 36 new or reinstated combinations. A key to genera, based on external features, is provided for their identification. External features and genitalia of representatives of each genus are illustrated. All the 506 known Neotropical species and subspecies of Geometrinae are catalogued and details of type material, examined extensively, are given.     

赞青尺蛾属修订及其分布格局分析（鳞翅目：尺蛾科：尺蛾亚科）

本文对赞青尺蛾属Xenozancla Warren, 1893进行研究,重新描述了属、种特征,总结了属的鉴别特征;描述了种内雄外生殖器的变化并附图,提供了成虫形态、外生殖器图。提出银尺蛾属Yinchie Yang, 1978和枣灰银尺蛾Y. zaohuiYang, 1978 分别是赞青尺蛾属Xenozancla 和赞青尺蛾X. vericolor Warren 的新异名,并为赞青尺蛾X. vericolor Warren指定了选模。同时,采用临近距离平均法（mean propinquity method）结合GIS技术绘制了赞青尺蛾属分布格局图,并据此分析了其分布格局和分布特点,结果表明：该属为亚洲东部特有属,呈西南 华北走向;它在中国华北、华中、西南地区至印度可能存在一个连续的分布区,其分布格局应属于东洋界的东南亚热带-亚热带型。     

REVIEW OF UPPERMOST FURONGIAN TRILOBITES FROM SCANIA, SOUTHERN SWEDEN, BASED ON TYPE MATERIAL

Abstract:  The Scandinavian trilobites described in the classical papers by Moberg and Möller (1898) and Moberg (1898) are reviewed, based on the original type collections. The ten species and subspecies originally described are here considered to represent 12 species and subspecies, ranging in age from the latest Furongian (late Cambrian) through the Tremadocian (Early Ordovician). Lectotypes are selected for Parabolina ( Parabolina ) acanthura (Angelin), Acerocare ecorne Angelin and Westergaardia lata (Matthew). Leptoplastus claudicans (Moberg and Möller) is regarded as a junior subjective synonym of L . stenotus Angelin. These, and lectotypes formerly only figured by hand-drawings, are illustrated by high-resolution photographs.     

Taxonomy of Iberian Hoplia (Col., Scarabaeoidea,Hopliinae) based on mtDNA analysis

The morphology of some Hoplia species (Scarabaeoidea: Hopliinae) is so variable that parapatric populations have often been considered different species or subspecies. In this study we analyze the nucleotide sequences of a fragment of mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) of six species and two subspecies of Palaearctic Hoplia to reexamine the species limits. Based on the analysis of sequences from COI and morphological and ecological observations, we consider Hoplia freyi Baraud to be a junior synonym of Hoplia chlorophana Erichson and H. philanthus ramburi Heyden to be a junior synonym of H. philanthus philanthus (Fuessly). However, complete resolution of relationships among H. philanthus subspecies requires the addition of sequences from genes evolving faster than COI. Phylogenetic relationships among the species studied are discussed.     

A partial systematic revision of the day geckos, Phelsuma Gray, of Madagascar (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae)

Recent survey work in Madagascar has led to significant changes in the systematics of Madagascan Phelsuma. A new species from the Masoala Peninsula in northeastern Madagascar is described, which has a nostril position typical of Phelsuma from Mauritius, Reunion and Rodriguez islands. Phelsuma breviceps was rediscovered in extreme southern Madagascar and is resurrected from the synonymy of P. mutabilis. Phelsuma breviceps has fragile skin, a probable predator escape mechanism, similar to the condition found in geckos of the genera Ailuronyx and Geckokpis. Three new synonyms are recognized. Phelsuma befotahensis and P. checki are junior synonyms of P. abbotti , and P. minuthi is a junior synonym of P. lineata. Twenty species of Phelsuma occur in Madagascar, of which 16 are endemic. A checklist and identification key are provided. Conservation problems of Phelsuma in the coastal regions of Madagascar are briefly discussed.     

Some comments on the taxonomy of the species of the genus Neogrubea Dillon & Hargis, 1968 (Monogenea: Mazocraeidae) and their synonyms

The genus Asymmetria Suriano, 1975 is considered a junior synonym of Neogrubea. Similarly, the species A. symmetria Suriano, 1975 is considered to be a junior synonym of N. soni Evdokimova, 1969, and A. platensis Rey & Meneses, 1985 and possibly N. stromateae Gibson, 1976 junior synonyms of N. seriolellae Dillon & Hargis, 1968.     

Revision of the European species of the genus Trachelipus Budde-Lund, 1908 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea)

The European species of Trachelipus Budde-Lund, 1908 are revised. The generic diagnosis is extended. The species T. aegaeus (Verhoeff, 1907), T. arcuatus (Budde-Lund, 1885), T. ater (Budde-Lund, 1896), T. camerani (Tua, 1900), T. dijfkilis (Radu, 1950), T. nodulosus (C. L. Koch, 1838), T. palustris (Strouhal, 1936), T. rathkii (Brandt, 1833), T. ratzeburgii (Brandt, 1833), T. razzautii (Arcangeli, 1913), T. rhinoceros (Budde-Lund, 1885), T. squamuliger (Verhoeff, 1907), T. trilobatus (Stein, 1859), (77 troglobius Tabacaru & Boghean, 1989) and 7T vespertilio (Budde-Lund, 1896) are recognized as valid. Except for T. troglobius , redesriptions, figures and distribution maps are given. A key to species is provided. Nineteen names are new synonyms of the above mentioned ones; nine names become nomina dubia.     

中国东部和南部小檗属植物之研究

我国小檗属植物种类十分丰富,据文献记载共有200余种,主要分布于西部和南部地区。东部和南部种类虽然较少,但迄今尚未见有较全面的整理和报导,故名称亦混乱。作者在编写《广东植物志》的过程中,对这一地区(包括广西、广东、湖南、江西、安徽、江苏、浙江、福建)的小檗属进行了初步的研究,发现了一些新分类群和分布新纪录,归并了B.chekiangensis Ahrendt和B.pingjiangensis Q.L.Chen et B.M.Yang,已知这一地区共有14种,2亚种和1变种。现将结果整理成文,内容包括已知种类的检索表、产地、分布以及对部分种类的评注和讨论。文中所引证的标本,凡未加标本室缩写代号者,均存华南植物研究所标本室。     

A review of the species of Mesopolobus (Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae) associated with Ceutorhynchus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) host-species of European origin

Four species of Mesopolobus Westwood were reared as parasitoids of Ceutorhynchinae hosts in Europe during surveys in 2000-2004. An illustrated key is given to differentiate the four species, M. gemellus Baur & Muller sp. n., M. incultus (Walker), M. morys (Walker) and M. trasullus (Walker), plus M. moryoides Gibson, a parasitoid of the cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham), in North America. Pteromalus clavicornis Walker is recognized as a junior synonym of M. incultus syn. n., and Pteromalus berecynthos Walker (also a junior synonym of M. incultus) is considered a correct original spelling. For Disema pallipes F?rster (a junior synonym of Mesopolobus morys), a lectotype is designated. Mesopolobus morys is for the first time accurately associated with the seed weevil Ceutorhynchus turbatus (Schultze), a potential agent for classical biological control, of hoary cress, Lepidium draba L. (Brassicaceae), in North America. Mesopolobus gemellus is associated with another seed weevil, Ceutorhynchus typhae (=C. floralis) (Herbst), in pods of shepherd's purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Brassicaceae). Implications of the host-parasitoid associations are discussed relative to the introduction of species to North America for classical biological control of the cabbage seedpod weevil.     

Taxonomic review of Bourguyiinae,cladistic analysis,and a new hypothesis of biogeographic relationships of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest (Arachnida: Opiliones,Gonyleptidae)

The subfamily Bourguyiinae Mello‐Leitão, 1923 (Gonyleptidae) is revised, and both phylogenetic and biogeographic hypotheses are proposed. Bourguyiinae is monophyletic, and is the sister group of the remainder of the Gonyleptidae species used for analysis, except for the Metasarcinae, which collectively is the sister group of Metavononoides orientalis Mello‐Leitão, 1923 (Cosmetidae). Bourguyiinae is divided into two genera: Bourguyia (six species) and Asarcus (four species). The genus‐level synonyms proposed here are as follows: Caldasius, Styloleptes, and Stylopisthos are junior synonyms of Bourguyia; Bogdana, Cnemoleptes, and Opisthoplites are junior synonyms of Asarcus. The species synonyms proposed here are as follows: Afranius amarali Mello‐Leitão, 1934 is a junior synonym of Bourguyia albiornata Mello‐Leitão, 1923 ; Drastus hamatus Roewer, 1943 and Styloleptes conspersus Piza, 1943 are junior synonyms of Bourguyia trochanteralis Roewer, 1930 ; Asarcus corallipes Simon, 1879 , Asarcus lutescens Sørensen, 1884 , Asarcus pallidus Mello‐Leitão, 1923 , and Opisthoplites ypsilon Sørensen, 1884 are junior synonyms of Asarcus longipes Kollar in Koch, 1839 ; Asarcus nigriconspersus Soares & Soares, 1945 is a junior synonym of Asarcus ingenuus Melo‐Leitão, 1940. New species described are: Bourguyia bocaina sp. nov. (Serra da Bocaina, São José do Barreiro, São Paulo), Bourguyia vinosa sp. nov. (E.B. Boracéia, Salesópolis, São Paulo), and Asarcus putunaberaba sp. nov. (Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Alto Caparaó, Minas Gerais). Bourguyiinae is endemic to the Atlantic Rainforest in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Paraná. Based on the modified data matrix of Pinto‐da‐Rocha et al., we propose a new biogeographical hypothesis for the Atlantic Rainforest. We suggest that Bourguyiinae species were originally distributed from the coastal region of Paraná to the north of Rio de Janeiro and south‐east of Minas Gerais, with subsequent dispersals both to northern and southern areas. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 156 , 319–362.