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1.
Rate equations and kinetic parameters were obtained for various reactions involved in the bacterial oxidation of pyrite. The rate constants were 3.5 μM Fe2+ per min per FeS2 percent pulp density for the spontaneous pyrite dissolution, 10 μM Fe2+ per min per mM Fe3+ for the indirect leaching with Fe3+, 90 μM O2 per min per mg of wet cells per ml for the Thiobacillus ferrooxidans oxidation of washed pyrite, and 250 μM O2 per min per mg of wet cells per ml for the T. ferrooxidans oxidation of unwashed pyrite. The Km values for pyrite concentration were similar and were 1.9, 2.5, and 2.75% pulp density for indirect leaching, washed pyrite oxidation by T. ferrooxidans, and unwashed pyrite oxidation by T. ferrooxidans, respectively. The last reaction was competitively inhibited by increasing concentrations of cells, with a Ki value of 0.13 mg of wet cells per ml. T. ferrooxidans cells also increased the rate of Fe2+ production from Fe3+ plus pyrite.  相似文献   

2.
Kinetic data of ferrous iron oxidation by Thionacillus ferrooxidans were determined. The aim was to remove H2S (<0.5 ppm) from waste gas by a process proposed earlier. Kinetic data necessary for industrial scale-up were investigated in a chemostat airlift reactor (dilution rate 0.02–0.12 h–1; pH 1.3). Due to the low pH, ferric iron precipitation and wall growth could be avoided. The maximum ferrous iron oxidation rate of submersed bacteria was 0.77 g 1–1 h–1, the maximum specific growth rate about 0.12 h–1 and the yield coefficient was found to be 0.007 g g–1 Fe2+. The specific O2 demand of an exponentially growing, ironoxidizing batch culture was 1.33 mg O2 mg–1 biomass h–1. The results indicate that a pH of 1.3 has no negative influence on the kinetics of iron oxidation and growth. Correspondence to: W. Schäfer-Treffenfeldt  相似文献   

3.
Growth of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on Formic Acid   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
A variety of acidophilic microorganisms were shown to be capable of oxidizing formate. These included Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 21834, which, however, could not grow on formate in normal batch cultures. However, the organism could be grown on formate when the substrate supply was growth limiting, e.g., in formate-limited chemostat cultures. The cell densities achieved by the use of the latter cultivation method were higher than cell densities reported for growth of T. ferrooxidans on ferrous iron or reduced sulfur compounds. Inhibition of formate oxidation by cell suspensions, but not cell extracts, of formate-grown T. ferrooxidans occurred at formate concentrations above 100 μM. This observation explains the inability of the organism to grow on formate in batch cultures. Cells grown in formate-limited chemostat cultures retained the ability to oxidize ferrous iron at high rates. Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activities in cell extracts indicated that T. ferrooxidans employs the Calvin cycle for carbon assimilation during growth on formate. Oxidation of formate by cell extracts was NAD(P) independent.  相似文献   

4.
Of 100 strains of iron-oxidizing bacteria isolated, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans SUG 2-2 was the most resistant to mercury toxicity and could grow in an Fe2+ medium (pH 2.5) supplemented with 6 μM Hg2+. In contrast, T. ferrooxidans AP19-3, a mercury-sensitive T. ferrooxidans strain, could not grow with 0.7 μM Hg2+. When incubated for 3 h in a salt solution (pH 2.5) with 0.7 μM Hg2+, resting cells of resistant and sensitive strains volatilized approximately 20 and 1.7%, respectively, of the total mercury added. The amount of mercury volatilized by resistant cells, but not by sensitive cells, increased to 62% when Fe2+ was added. The optimum pH and temperature for mercury volatilization activity were 2.3 and 30°C, respectively. Sodium cyanide, sodium molybdate, sodium tungstate, and silver nitrate strongly inhibited the Fe2+-dependent mercury volatilization activity of T. ferrooxidans. When incubated in a salt solution (pH 3.8) with 0.7 μM Hg2+ and 1 mM Fe2+, plasma membranes prepared from resistant cells volatilized 48% of the total mercury added after 5 days of incubation. However, the membrane did not have mercury reductase activity with NADPH as an electron donor. Fe2+-dependent mercury volatilization activity was not observed with plasma membranes pretreated with 2 mM sodium cyanide. Rusticyanin from resistant cells activated iron oxidation activity of the plasma membrane and activated the Fe2+-dependent mercury volatilization activity of the plasma membrane.  相似文献   

5.
The kinetics of formate metabolism in Methanobacterium formicicum and Methanospirillum hungatei were studied with log-phase formate-grown cultures. The progress of formate degradation was followed by the formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase assay for formate and fitted to the integrated form of the Michaelis-Menten equation. The Km and Vmax values for Methanobacterium formicicum were 0.58 mM formate and 0.037 mol of formate h−1 g−1 (dry weight), respectively. The lowest concentration of formate metabolized by Methanobacterium formicicum was 26 μM. The Km and Vmax values for Methanospirillum hungatei were 0.22 mM and 0.044 mol of formate h−1 g−1 (dry weight), respectively. The lowest concentration of formate metabolized by Methanospirillum hungatei was 15 μM. The apparent Km for formate by formate dehydrogenase in cell-free extracts of Methanospirillum hungatei was 0.11 mM. The Km for H2 uptake by cultures of Methanobacterium formicicum was 6 μM dissolved H2. Formate and H2 were equivalent electron donors for methanogenesis when both substrates were above saturation; however, H2 uptake was severely depressed when formate was above saturation and the dissolved H2 was below 6 μM. Formate-grown cultures of Methanobacterium formicicum that were substrate limited for 57 h showed an immediate increase in growth and methanogenesis when formate was added to above saturation.  相似文献   

6.
A model of growth and substrate utilization for ferrous-iron-oxidizing bacteria attached to the disks of a rotating biological contactor was developed and tested. The model describes attached bacterial growth as a saturation function in which the rate of substrate utilization is determined by a maximum substrate oxidation rate constant (P), a half-saturation constant (Ks), and the concentration of substrate within the rotating biological contactor (S1). The maximum oxidation rate constant was proportional to flow rate, and the substrate concentration in the reactor varied with influent substrate concentration (S0). The model allowed the prediction of metabolic constants and included terms for both constant and growth-rate-dependent maintenance energies. Estimates for metabolic constants of the attached population of acidophilic, chemolithotrophic, iron-oxidizing bacteria limited by ferrous iron were: maximum specific growth rate (μmax), 1.14 h−1; half-saturation constant (Ks) for ferrous iron, 54.9 mg/liter; constant maintenance energy coefficient (m1), 0.154 h−1; growth-rate-dependent maintenance energy coefficient (m′), 0.07 h−1; maximum yield (Yg), 0.063 mg of organic nitrogen per mg of Fe(II) oxidized.  相似文献   

7.
The oxidation of either ferrous iron or sulfur by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was selectively inhibited or controlled by various anions, inhibitors, and osmotic pressure. Iron oxidation was more sensitive than sulfur oxidation to inhibition by chloride, phosphate, and nitrate at low concentrations (below 0.1 M) and also to inhibition by azide and cyanide. Sulfur oxidation was more sensitive than iron oxidation to the inhibitory effect of high osmotic pressure. These differences were evident not only between iron oxidation by iron-grown cells and sulfur oxidation by sulfur-grown cells but also between the iron and sulfur oxidation activities of the same iron-grown cells. Growth experiments with ferrous iron or sulfur as an oxidizable substrate confirmed the higher sensitivity of iron oxidation to inhibition by phosphate, chloride, azide, and cyanide. Sulfur oxidation was actually stimulated by 50 mM phosphate or chloride. Leaching of Fe and Zn from pyrite (FeS2) and sphalerite (ZnS) by T. ferrooxidans was differentially affected by phosphate and chloride, which inhibited the solubilization of Fe without significantly affecting the solubilization of Zn.  相似文献   

8.
 The kinetics of continuous oxidation of ferrous iron by immobilized cells of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was studied in a packed-bed bioreactor. Polyurethane foam biomass support particles were used as carriers for cell immobilization. Effects of ferrous iron concentration and its volumetric loading on the kinetics of the reaction were investigated. Media containing different concentrations of ferrous iron in the range 5–20 kg m-3 were tested. For each medium the kinetics of the reaction at different volumetric loadings of ferrous iron, at a constant temperature of 30°C, were determined. With media containing 5 kg m-3 and 10 kg m-3 Fe2+, the fastest oxidation rates of 34.25 kg m-3 h-1 and 32 kg m-3 h-1 were achieved at a dilution rate of around 6 h-1, which represents a residence time of 10 min. Employing a higher concentration of ferrous iron (20 kg m-3) in the medium resulted in lower oxidation rates, with a maximum value of 10 kg m-3 h-1, indicating an inhibitory effect of ferrous iron on growth and activity of T. ferrooxidans. The reliable performance of the bioreactor during the course of the experiments confirmed the suitability of polyurethane foam biomass support particles as carriers for T. ferrooxidans immobilization. Received: 5 December 1995/Received revision: 21 April 1996/Accepted: 29 April 1996  相似文献   

9.
Flocs consisting of Anabaena and Zoogloea spp. were used as a model system for the study of planktonic phototroph-heterotroph interactions. In CO2-limited continuous culture (3.2 μmol of NaHCO3 liter−1 h−1, 1.5 μmol of glucose liter−1 h−1, pH 8.5, D = 0.026 h−1), the biomass of the phototroph increased 8.6-fold due to association. However, direct CO2 exchange accounted for only a 3.8-fold increase. When the glucose supply rate was increased to 7.5 μmol liter−1 h−1, there was a 26-fold increase in biomass. When CO2 was supplied in excess, there was no difference due to association. In batch culture, using the same medium, the specific growth rate was 0.029 h−1 for the phototroph alone and 0.047 h−1 for the phototroph in association with the heterotroph. The stimulatory effect of the heterotroph was found only under CO2-limiting conditions and was directly related to the concentration of organic matter supplied in the medium. Both the biomass and the growth rate of the Anabaena sp. were increased by association with the Zoogloea sp. Thus, dissolved organic matter may substitute for CO2 to maximize both growth rate and biomass production by phototrophs when heterotrophic bacteria are present.  相似文献   

10.
After propagation of Rhizopus javanicus in defined media containing glucose, urea, and mineral salts in deionized distilled water, the ability of the nonliving biomass to sequester cupric ion was assayed. Growth, uptake capacity (saturation uptake at >1 mM Cu2+ concentration in solution), and biosorptive yield (biomass concentration × uptake capacity) were increased by augmentation of the growth medium with mineral salts once growth was under way. In the stationary phase, the uptake capacity of mycelia, which were normally a poor biosorbent, was improved within 4 h of trace metal addition to the growth medium. Growth of the culture was inhibited by excessive concentrations (0.04 to 40 μM) of metals in the medium in the following order: Cu > Co ≥ Ni > Mn > Mo; zinc was not inhibitory at 40 μM, and chromium was stimulatory at 0.53 μM but slightly inhibitory at higher levels. Iron and potassium phosphate stimulated growth at levels of 0.53 and 40 mM, respectively. When R. javanicus was propagated in a medium with a high salt concentration, exponential growth (0.23 h−1) to a biomass concentration of >3 g/liter and a biosorptive yield of >500 μmol/liter was achieved. It is evident that the powerful biosorbent characteristics of Rhizopus biomass led to depletion of available trace minerals in suspension culture, which in turn limited growth.  相似文献   

11.
When ferrous iron and sulfur were supplied, cells of T. ferrooxidans in a well-aerated medium started growth by oxidizing ferrous iron. After ferrous iron depletion a lagphase followed before sulfur oxidation started. During sulfur oxidation at pH-values below 1.3 (±0,2) the ferrous iron concentration increased again, although the oxygen saturation of the medium amounted to more than 95%. The number of viable cells did not increase. Thus resting cells of T. ferrooxidans, which are oxidizing sulfur to maintain their proton balance, reduce ferric to ferrous iron. The ferrous iron-oxidizing system seemed to be inhibited at pH-values below 1.3. At a pH-value of 1.8 the ferrous iron was reoxidized at once. A scheme for the linkage of iron- and sulfur metabolism is discussed.  相似文献   

12.
We compared growth kinetics of Prorocentrum donghaiense cultures on different nitrogen (N) compounds including nitrate (NO3 ), ammonium (NH4 +), urea, glutamic acid (glu), dialanine (diala) and cyanate. P. donghaiense exhibited standard Monod-type growth kinetics over a range of N concentraions (0.5–500 μmol N L−1 for NO3 and NH4 +, 0.5–50 μmol N L−1 for urea, 0.5–100 μmol N L−1 for glu and cyanate, and 0.5–200 μmol N L−1 for diala) for all of the N compounds tested. Cultures grown on glu and urea had the highest maximum growth rates (μm, 1.51±0.06 d−1 and 1.50±0.05 d−1, respectively). However, cultures grown on cyanate, NO3 , and NH4 + had lower half saturation constants (Kμ, 0.28–0.51 μmol N L−1). N uptake kinetics were measured in NO3 -deplete and -replete batch cultures of P. donghaiense. In NO3 -deplete batch cultures, P. donghaiense exhibited Michaelis-Menten type uptake kinetics for NO3 , NH4 +, urea and algal amino acids; uptake was saturated at or below 50 μmol N L−1. In NO3 -replete batch cultures, NH4 +, urea, and algal amino acid uptake kinetics were similar to those measured in NO3 -deplete batch cultures. Together, our results demonstrate that P. donghaiense can grow well on a variety of N sources, and exhibits similar uptake kinetics under both nutrient replete and deplete conditions. This may be an important factor facilitating their growth during bloom initiation and development in N-enriched estuaries where many algae compete for bioavailable N and the nutrient environment changes as a result of algal growth.  相似文献   

13.
A Janthinobacterium sp. and an actinomycete, both capable of mineralizing 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), were used to construct a consortium to mineralize DNP in nonaxenic bench-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). Average Km values for DNP mineralization by pure cultures of the Janthinobacterium sp. and the actinomycete were 0.01 and 0.13 μg/ml, respectively, and the average maximum specific growth rate (μmax) values for them were 0.06 and 0.23/h, respectively. In the presence of NH4Cl, nitrite accumulation in pure culture experiments and in the SBRs was stoichiometric to initial DNP concentration and the addition of nitrogen enhanced DNP mineralization in the SBRs. Mineralization of 10 μg of DNP per ml was further enhanced in SBRs by the addition of glucose at concentrations of 100 and 500 μg/ml but not at 10 μg/ml. Possible mechanisms for this enhanced DNP mineralization in SBRs were suggested by kinetic analyses and biomass measurements. Average μmax values for DNP mineralization in the presence of 0, 10, 100, and 500 μg of glucose per ml were 0.33, 0.13, 0.42, and 0.59/h, respectively. In addition, there was greater standing biomass in reactors amended with glucose. At steady-state operation, all SBRs contained heterogeneous microbial communities but only one organism, an actinomycete, that was capable of mineralizing DNP. This research demonstrates the usefulness of supplemental substrates for enhancing the degradation of toxic chemicals in bioreactors that contain heterogeneous microbial communities.  相似文献   

14.
Summary Oxidation of ferrous iron by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans cells passively immobilised in polyurethane foam particles, using both repeated batches and continuous operation, was studied in a laboratory-scale reactor. Repeated batches yielded complete oxidation at higher rates than single batches, providing resident inocula for subsequent batches. In continuous operation maximum ferric iron productivities were achieved at dilution rates well above theoretical washout values. At a dilution rate of 0.31 h–1 [approximately three times the maximum specific growth rate (max)], a productivity of 1.56 kg m–3 h–1, based on total ferric iron, or 1.0 kg m–3 h–1 based on dissolved ferric iron, was achieved. In addition, cells immobilised in the foam particles retained their oxidative ability for periods of up to 6 weeks when stored in the open air and could be reused immediately.  相似文献   

15.
Summary Uranyl sulphate (0.2–0.9 mM) inhibited ferrous iron oxidation by growing cultures ofThiobacillus ferrooxidans. The addition of 5–100 mM uranium to the cultures caused immediate cessation of carbon dioxide fixation, rapid loss of viability and gradual depression of ferrous iron oxidation. Virtually no uranium was found in washed cells grown in the presence of subtoxic to toxic amounts of uranyl sulphate. Uranium-poisoned organisms appeared plasmolyzed in electron micrographs. Cultures tolerant to 5 mM UO2 2+ were develoepd by successive subculturing in increased uranium concentrations. The tolerance was maintained during subculturing in uranium-free medium. Frequency of mutants resistant to 1.0 and 1.5 mM UO2 2+ was 1 per 1.3×106 and 1 per 9.0×108, respectively. The frequency was increased in the presence of 15–150 mM nickel, zinc and manganese. In liquid cultures, bivalent cations and EDTA alleviated the toxicity of 2 mM uranyl sulphate.  相似文献   

16.
A study of the kinetics of Mn2+ oxidation catalyzed by cell extracts of two bacterial isolates (E1, Pseudomonas III [new isolate] and E4, Citrobacter freundii) isolated from the core of manganese concretions from Greek soils is presented. The reaction velocity of Mn2+ oxidation was determined from the rate of consumption of Mn2+. The oxidation of Mn2+ was followed by measuring changes in Mn2+ concentration by activation analysis and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The reaction velocity was directly proportional to cell extract concentration when the reaction time was 1 h. At longer reaction times, the relationship deviated from linearity because substrate concentration became limiting. The rate of Mn2+ oxidation increased with the Mn2+ concentration. Analysis of the results by application of the integrated Michaelis equation for determining Michaelis constants and maximal velocities either in the presence (Km = 3.33 μmol/ml and Vmax = 1.25 μmol/ml·h) or in the absence of maleate buffer (Km = 2.52 μmol/ml and Vmax = 2.04 μmol/ml·h) indicated a strong affinity between the oxidizing system and manganese. All results in this study are consistent with an enzymatic manganese-oxidizing system and give an indication of the mechanism of biological Mn2+ oxidation in soil which differs from that in the marine environment.  相似文献   

17.
Mössbauer spectra of anhydrohemoglobin establish the existence of two ferrous iron spin states in anhydrohemoglobin. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show that anhydrohemoglobin is paramagnetic and has an effective magnetic moment per iron atom of 3.5 ± 0.1 μB at low temperatures. In conjunction with the susceptibility results, the Mössbauer spectra indicate that the iron in anhydrohemoglobin is distributed between high and low spin states in roughly equal amounts.  相似文献   

18.
Methane Oxidation by Nitrosococcus oceanus and Nitrosomonas europaea   总被引:12,自引:6,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
Chemolithotrophic ammonium-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria including Nitrosomonas europaea, Nitrosococcus oceanus, Nitrobacter sp., Nitiospina gracilis, and Nitrococcus mobilis were examined as to their ability to oxidize methane in the absence of ammonium or nitrite. All ammonium oxidizers tested had the ability to oxidize significant amounts of methane to CO2 and incorporate various amounts into cellular components. None of the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were capable of methane oxidation. The methane-oxidizing capabilities of Nitrosococcus oceanus and Nitrosomonas europaea were examined with respect to ammonium and methane concentrations, nitrogen source, and pH. The addition of ammonium stimulated both CO2 production and cellular incorporation of methane-carbon by both organisms. Less than 0.1 mM CH4 in solution inhibited the oxidation of ammonium by Nitrosococcus oceanus by 87%. Methane concentrations up to 1.0 mM had no inhibitory effects on ammonium oxidation by Nitrosomonas europaea. In the absence of NH4-N, Nitrosococcus oceanus achieved a maximum methane oxidation rate of 2.20 × 10−2 μmol of CH4 h−1 mg (dry weight) of cells−1, which remained constant as the methane concentration was increased. In the presence of NH4-N (10 ppm [10 μg/ml]), its maximum rate was 26.4 × 10−2 μmol of CH4 h−1 mg (dry weight) of cells−1 at a methane concentration of 1.19 × 10−2 mM. Increasing the methane concentration above this level decreased CO2 production, whereas cellular incorporation of methane-carbon continued to increase. Nitrosomonas europaea showed a linear response throughout the test range, with an activity of 196.0 × 10−2 μmol of CH4 h−1 mg (dry weight) of cells −1 at a methane concentration of 1.38 × 10−1 mM. Both nitrite and nitrate stimulated the oxidation of methane. The pH range was similar to that for ammonium oxidation, but the points of maximum activity were at lower values for the oxidation of methane.  相似文献   

19.
Different strains of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans were used to catalyze the oxidative dissolution of iron pyrite, FeS2, in nine different coal samples. Kinetic variables and parametric factors that were determined to have a pronounced effect on the rate and extent of oxidative dissolution at a fixed Po2 were: the bacterial strain, the nitrogen/phosphorus molar ratio, the partial pressure of CO2, the coal source, and the total reactive surface area of FeS2. The overall rate of leaching, which exhibited a first-order dependence on the total surface area of FeS2, was analyzed mathematically in terms of the sum of a biochemical rate, ν1, and a chemical rate, ν2. Results of this study show that bacterial desulfurization (90 to 98%) of coal samples which are relatively high in pyritic sulfur can be achieved within a time-frame of 8 to 12 days when pulp densities are ≤20% and particle sizes are ≤74 μm. The most effective strains of T. ferrooxidans were those that were isolated from natural systems, and T. ferrooxidans ATCC 19859 was the most effective pure strain. The most effective nutrient media contained relatively low phosphate concentrations, with an optimal N/P molar ratio of 90:1. These results suggest that minimal nutrient additions may be required for a commercial desulfurization process.  相似文献   

20.
The ferrous iron oxidation kinetics of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in batch cultures was examined, using on-line off-gas analyses to measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide consumption rates continuously. A cell suspension from continuous cultures at steady state was used as the inoculum. It was observed that a dynamic phase occurred in the initial phase of the experiment. In this phase the bacterial ferrous iron oxidation and growth were uncoupled. After about 16 h the bacteria were adapted and achieved a pseudo-steady state, in which the specific growth rate and oxygen consumption rate were coupled and their relationship was described by the Pirt equation. In pseudo-steady state, the growth and oxidation kinetics were accurately described by the rate equation for competitive product inhibition. Bacterial substrate consumption is regarded as the primary process, which is described by the equation for competitive product inhibition. Subsequently the kinetic equation for the specific growth rate, μ, is derived by applying the Pirt equation for bacterial substrate consumption and growth. The maximum specific growth rate, μ max, measured in the batch culture agrees with the dilution rate at which washout occurs in continuous cultures. The maximum oxygen consumption rate, q O2,max, of the cell suspension in the batch culture was determined by respiration measurements in a biological oxygen monitor at excess ferrous iron, and showed changes of up to 20% during the course of the experiment. The kinetic constants determined in the batch culture slightly differ from those in continuous cultures, such that, at equal ferric to ferrous iron concentration ratios, biomass-specific rates are up to 1.3 times higher in continuous cultures. Received: 8 February 1999 / Accepted: 17 February 1999  相似文献   

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