基于重叠延伸PCR法的定点突变技术

目的:建立一种高效而经济的定点突变方法。方法:采用重叠延伸PCR定点突变技术,引物设计时引入目的突变,以前两次PCR产物为模板,进行第三次PCR,即可获得突变后的目的DNA片段。将此片段连入pMDTM18-T载体后测序验证突变结果。结果:DNA测序表明,待突变位点已由ATTGG突变为ATTTT。结论:成功实现了目的位点的定点突变,重叠延伸PCR法是一种高效且经济的定点突变方法。     

干种子高质量总RNA的快速提取方法

高效快速提取高质量的种子RNA是种子分子生物学研究的基础。现有的提取方法难以高效快速地从种子中得到高质量的总RNA。本试验有机地将改进SDS法和异硫氰酸胍法相结合,采用改进的酸性SDS提取液、不溶性PVPP(聚乙烯聚吡咯烷酮)阻止酚类氧化、KAc去除多糖、异丙醇沉淀RNA,可以高效地从0.01～0.1g水稻、大豆、蚕豆、芸豆、花生等干种子中提取到高质量总RNA。此法提取的总RNA,能够满足分子生物学研究的要求,可以进行反转录和RT-PCR反应,用于基因表达研究,并为从具相似成分的其他物种干种子提取总RNA提供参考方法。     

一种简便快速的单引物PCR定点突变方法

为了解决在一些特殊位点上利用Quick Change方法进行定点突变时会在突变位点处额外插入引物序列导致突变失败的问题,对Quick Change法进行了改良。改良方法为:合成在突变位点处点突变的一对反向互补引物,分别进行单引物PCR扩增,将两种扩增产物混合,变性复性后加入Dpn I进行酶切,酶切产物转化大肠杆菌DH5α,抗性筛选阳性克隆进行测序验证。利用此法成功突变紫穗槐二烯合酶(amorpha-4,11-diene synthase,ADS)基因中多个利用常规方法突变均因引入额外引物而无法成功的特殊位点,证明此方法实践上可行,而且也可以避免插入额外引物序列,这也从侧面证明额外引物插入的原因是双引物同时反应。     

一种有效的花瓣总RNA的提取方法

利用CTAB法以富含花青素类物质的紫蓝色花瓣为材料提取总RNA,经紫外光谱分析A260/A280比值为1.9~2.0,A260/A230比值约为2.0;电泳检测到了28S、18S和5S rRNA清晰的条带;通过RT-PCR扩增出了目的基因的cDNA片段,说明分离的总RNA能去除色素干扰,纯度和反转录活性较高符合RNA相关实验的要求,是一种经济、有效的花瓣总RNA的提取方法。     

优化重叠PCR法进行单链抗体基因扩增和点突变

利用重叠PCR技术扩增单链抗体基因或位点突变是抗体文库构建或稳定表达的关键和难点,国内外文献未见其方法学的系统报道.以不同VH、VL和Linker基因为拼接模板进行重叠PCR,针对影响重叠PCR扩增的拼接类型,引物设计,反应条件等进行优化.结果表明两段重叠连接比三段更容易实现,且扩增效果好;引物的互补序列长度一般应大于15 bp,且在18～24 bp 时扩增效果最好;退火温度在52～60℃,Mg2+浓度在1.5～2.5 mM时对拼接的效果影响较小;直接或间接使用拼接模板均可以实现重叠PCR的扩增.利用优化策略,首次构建了抗除虫菊酯的scFv基因文库并引入抗XAC糖蛋白scFv基因的点突变,为除虫菊酯抗体文库构建和抗XAC重组抗体的稳定表达奠定了基础.     

一种快速提取小麦叶片总RNA的方法

从植物组织中提取高质量的RNA是进行植物分子生物学研究的必要前提和关键.同种植物不同器官的组织由于组成分的差异,提取RNA的方法也存在不同的难点.在苯酚法和氯化锂沉淀法的基础上,改进并提出了一种适合小麦叶片总RNA的快速提取方法,消除了蛋白质、DNA、多糖、多酚等污染.该方法提取的小麦叶片总RNA,完整性好、纯度高,可用于RT-PCR、N orthern杂交、RACE等实验操作,而且简单经济、快速、实验结果稳定,重复性好,还适合富含多糖和脂质的植物组织总RNA的提取.     

Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Active Site Residues Reveals Plasticity of Human Butyrylcholinesterase in Substrate and Inhibitor Interactions

Abstract: In search of the molecular mechanisms underlying the broad substrate and inhibitor specificities of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), we employed site-directed mutagenesis to modify the catalytic triad residue Ser¹⁹⁸, the acyl pocket Leu²⁸⁶ and adjacent Phe³²⁹ residues, and Met⁴³⁷ and Tyr⁴⁴⁰ located near the choline binding site. Mutant proteins were produced in microinjected Xenopus oocytes, and K_m values towards butyrylthiocholine and IC₅₀ values for the organophosphates diisopropylfluorophosphonate (DFP), diethoxyphosphinylthiocholine iodide (echothiophate), and tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) were determined. Substitution of Ser¹⁹⁸ by cysteine and Met⁴³⁷ by aspartate nearly abolished activity, and other mutations of Ser¹⁹⁸ completely abolished it. Tyr⁴⁴⁰ and Leu²⁸⁶ mutants remained active, but with higher K_m and IC₅₀ values. Rates of inhibition by DFP were roughly parallel to IC₅₀ values for several Leu²⁸⁶ mutants. Both K_m and IC₅₀ values increased for Leu²⁸⁶ mutants in the order Asp < Gln < Lys. In contrast, cysteine, leucine, and glutamine mutants of Phe³²⁹ displayed unmodified K_m values toward butyrylthiocholine, but up to 10-fold decreased IC₅₀ values for DFP, iso-OMPA, and echothiophate. These findings add Tyr⁴⁴⁰ and Phe³²⁹ to the list of residues interacting with substrate and ligands, demonstrate plasticity in the active site region of BuChE, and foreshadow the design of recombinant BuChEs with tailored scavenging properties.     

Synthesis of Recombinant P48 of Mycoplasma agalactiae by Site Directed Mutagenesis and its Immunological Characterization

Contagious agalactia caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae is an economically important disease of sheep and goats and has been prevalent worldwide including India. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the membrane protein P48 of M. agalactiae for specific diagnosis of disease. For this, p48 gene of the organism was amplified by PCR and subjected to site directed mutagenesis to convert three TGA codons to TGG’s and, subsequently, cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pPRO EX HTb. Purified recombinant P48 protein reacted to anti-P48 serum in western blotting, which confirmed its immunogenic nature. Furthermore, the immune-blotting of the cell lysates from various Indian isolates of M. agalactiae against anti-P48 serum resulted in a single band at ～ 48 kDa among all isolates, indicating the conserved nature of P48 antigen in M. agalactiae. Also, the cross reactivity of P48 antigen among various Mycoplasma spp. was checked by western blotting which revealed reactivity only with M. agalactiae and M. bovis. Hence, this antigen could be exploited to differentiate M. agalactiae from other pathogenic Mycoplasma species except M. bovis. However, the inability of P48 to distinguish M. agalactiae from M. bovis does not downgrade the significance of P48 as the two species are usually host specific.     

Repeat cDNA synthesis and RT-PCR with the same source of RNA

A simple method has been developed that enables reextraction of RNA from an RNA-cDNA mixture. The reextracted RNA was converted to cDNA followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thus, cDNA synthesis (followed by PCR) was carried out two times on the same source of RNA. The method has been applied to 40 RNA samples of diverse tissue origin with a success rate of 100%. Thus, the method offers more versatile use of small but valuable RNA sources than currently possible.     

异硫氰酸胍法快速提取二球悬铃木组织总RNA的研究

针对二球悬铃木组织中多酚物质含量较高的特点,采用异硫氰酸胍法从二球悬铃木花序和叶片中提取到质量高、完整性好的总RNA,28S rRNA的亮度约为18S rRNA的2倍,通过RT-PCR克隆到二球悬铃木中与拟南芥Leafy基因同源的部分编码区。高质量的RNA为Northern杂交和利用同源序列法克隆二球悬铃木的相关基因提供了前提条件。     

Perspective on Mutagenesis and Repair: The Standard Model and Alternate Modes of Mutagenesis

ABSTRACT

The basic ideas of replication, mutagenesis, and repair have outlined a picture of how point mutations occur that has provided a valuable framework for theory and experiment, much as the Standard Model of particle physics has done for our concept of fundamental particles. However, alternative modes of mutagenesis are being defined that are changing our perspective of the “Standard Model” of mutagenesis, requiring an expanded model. The genome is now envisioned as being in dynamic equilibrium between a multitude of forces for mutational change and forces that counteract such change. By maintaining a delicate balance between these forces, cells avoid unwanted or excessive mutations. Yet, cells allow mutagenesis to occur under certain conditions. We can define an emerging paradigm. Namely, mechanisms exist that can direct point mutations to specific designated genes or regions of genes. In some cases, this is achieved by specific enzymes, and in other cases high mutability is programmed into the sequence of certain genes to help generate diversity. In yet additional cases, general mutability is increased under stress, and selective forces allow the recovery of favorable mutants.     

胰腺癌及癌旁组织中提取RNA样品的方法优化及鉴定

摘要 目的：优化胰腺癌及癌旁组织总RNA的提取方法,为胰腺相关疾病的发病机制研究提供高质量的实验样本。方法：采用组织块分离剪碎、RNase清洗及抑制等方法对胰腺癌及癌旁组织进行预处理,液氮研磨及trizol-氯仿抽提的方法提取组织RNA。通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳及生物分析仪鉴定RNA的完整性。使用等量RNA作为逆转录模板,以oligo dT引物对信使RNA（message RNA, mRNA）进行逆转录;以茎环结构引物对微小RNA（microRNA, miRNA）进行逆转录。通过定量PCR的方法检测mRNA及miRNA的表达水平。结果：相较于常规方法,优化方法提取的RNA样品降解程度低,完整性较高。相对于胰腺癌组织,癌旁组织RNA更易降解,mRNA的表达水平出现降低趋势;但miRNA的表达在胰腺癌及癌旁组织中无明显差异。结论：胰腺癌及癌旁组织的预处理可降低RNA降低程度,可为RNA的表达检测提供高质量的实验样本,增加实验准确度。     

用改良CsCl密度梯度离心法提取石蒜叶片和鳞茎总RNA

石蒜[Lycoris radiata（L’Her．）Herb．]是重要的药用植物,其次生代谢产物加兰他敏（galantamine）在临床上的应用非常广泛,是治疗阿尔茨海默氏病的首选药物之一。尽管有关加兰他敏化学合成途径已有许多报道,但由于纯化学合成的成本太高,目前仅限于实验室合成,尚不能用于工业化生产。提高石蒜本身的加兰他敏含量是获得加兰他敏最为经济和环保的方法。因此,研究加兰他敏生物合成的分子机制对于提高其含量具有重要意义。     

淡水育珠蚌外套膜提取总RNA的改良方法

通过对Trizol法加以改进,提取淡水珍珠蚌外套膜组织中的总RNA。经预处理后,在异丙醇沉淀RNA时加入高浓度的盐溶液,用75%的酒精2次洗涤RNA。用紫外分光光度法和1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定所提取的RNA。结果表明,改良法获得的总RNA完整、纯度高,改良Trizol法是一种从淡水育珠蚌外套膜组织中提取总RNA的高效、便捷、可靠的方法。     

日本结缕草总RNA提取和mRNA分离方法的优化

介绍了分别以日本结缕草根部、叶部、匍匐茎等为材料的总RNA提取的改良步骤,质量和浓度检测及其注意事项,并采用Promega公司的Poly ATract Systems Ⅲ(Z5300)试剂盒进行mRNA分离,尽管这一方法成熟可行,但仍存在洗脱体积较大,常需先沉淀浓缩后才能进行后续试验(如cDNA合成),在制备少量mRNA时回收率较低等问题。据此,对mRNA分离方法作了改良,介绍了mRNA分离的优化步骤,通过增加体系形成了一种更适合于日本结缕草mRNA分离的方法,从而为日本结缕草的分子生物学研究提供基础资料。结果证明所提取的总RNA和mRNA完整,质量较高,并应用到日本结缕草cD-NA文库的构建。     

航天诱变凤仙花总RNA的提取及RT-PCR初探

目的：为研究凤仙花的突变性状,克隆相关突变基因,探讨了凤仙花总RNA的提取方法,并利用RT—PCR克隆花色调控基因。方法：对加拿大BBI和日本TaKaRa公司提供的RNA提取试剂盒进行实验比较并适当改良,提取高质量的凤仙花总RNA。结果：提取到较高质量的凤仙花总RNA,克隆了其花色调控基因。结论：用改进的方法提取的总RNA质量较好,能用于基因克隆等相关实验。     

一种新型的油樟叶片总RNA提取方法

以油樟叶为试材,比较Trizol法、皂土法、CTAB法、Tris-SDS-异硫氰酸胍法等传统方案提取总RNA,发现效果都不理想.本文针对油樟叶片富含油脂、多酚、多糖的特点,开创性地使用了一种改良的总RNA提取流程:首次增加预处理液、乙酸乙酯抽提来减少油脂、多酚和多糖对裂解液粘稠度的影响,提取过程中使用二氯甲烷代替三氯甲烷增加对疏水性杂质的清除效果,使用混合型高盐溶液多次脱糖,结果表明使用改良的新型方法获得的油樟叶片总RNA条带清晰无明显降解,测得的A260/A280和OD260/OD230均在2.0左右,产物得率约580 μg/g,通过RT-PCR扩增出了油樟18S rRNA基因序长为113bp的特异条带,说明这种改良的新型方法获得的RNA完整性、纯度和产率都远高于常规RNA提取方法,研究探索出一种新型油樟叶片总RNA的提取方法.     

从血液中提取总RNA的一种快速高效方法

血液中含有大量的RNA酶 ,可引起RNA的降解 .防止RNA酶的降解 ,是保证所得RNA片段完整的关键 .目前提取RNA的方法较多 ,但有些方法尚不能完全防止RNA降解 .将TRIZOL方法稍加改进 ,将TRIZOL与异硫氰酸胍联用提取血液淋巴细胞总RNA .琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果表明 ,其 2 8SRNA与 18SRNA的比值为 2∶1,优于单独使用其中任何一种试剂者 .此方法同样适用于从其它细胞中提取RNA .