不同畦长灌溉对小麦耗水特性及产量的影响

在2009-2010和2010-2011年小麦生长季,设置10、20、40、60、80和100 m 6个畦田长度,研究不同畦长对小麦耗水特性及产量的影响.结果表明： ≤80 m畦长处理下,随畦长的增加,灌水量逐渐增加,灌水量占总耗水量的比例增加,土壤贮水消耗量减少,小麦拔节至开花期的耗水量和生长季总耗水量均减少,开花期0～200 cm各土层土壤含水量增加,土壤供水能力提高,籽粒产量和水分利用效率逐渐提高.与80 m畦长处理相比,<80 m畦长处理的灌水量少,上层土壤含水量低,促使小麦吸收更多的深层贮水,总耗水量增加,不利于节水;而100 m畦长处理的灌水量、土壤贮水消耗量和总耗水量均增加,由于一次性灌水量过多且灌溉水分布不均匀,导致小麦千粒重降低,籽粒产量和水分利用效率显著下降,也不利于节水高产.     

根瘤菌对土壤铜、锌和镉形态分配的影响

以湖南郴州红壤和河北巩义褐土为供试土壤。制备Cu、Zn、Cd污染土壤。接种大豆根瘤菌(Rhi-zobium fredii)HN01,用连续提取法浸提土壤中不同形态的重金属．结果表明。褐土接种根瘤菌后固相结合态Zn总量降低10％。专性吸附态、氧化锰结合态和有机结合态Zn减少达9％～26％．红壤中结合态Zn的总量变化不显著,但专性吸附态和氧化锰结合态Zn含量显著减少。交换态Zn含量显著增加．褐土中接种根瘤菌抑制了Cu向土壤溶液的释放,固相结合态Cu总量增加18％,可交换态、专性吸附态、氧化锰结合态和有机结合态的Cu增加20％～54％．接种根瘤菌对土壤中Cd的溶解没有明显的抑制或促进作用,但改变了红壤中各形态Cd的含量高低顺序．Cd污染红壤中可交换态和有机结合态Cd含量分别增加22％和11％,专性吸附态和氧化锰结合态Cd分别减少14％和29％．根瘤菌对不同类型重金属及不同土壤中重金属形态影响的差异主要与土壤pH降低有关．     

Some Approaches to the Selective Isolation of Actinomycetes of the Genus Actinomadura from Soil

Some approaches to the selective isolation of actinomycetes of the genus Actinomadura from soil are described. The approach that involves the thermal treatment of soil samples and their plating onto Gauze 1 medium with the antibiotics nystatin, nalidixic acid, and rubomycin provides for an increased amount of actinomaduras isolated from the soil actinomycete complex and for a decreased amount of streptomycetes.     

精氨酸氨化方法的干扰因素分析

精氨酸氨化方法的干扰因素分析林启美（中国农业大学土壤和水科学系,北京１０００９４）ＴｈｅＩｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｉｎｇＦａｃｔｏｒｓｏｆＡｒｇｉｎｉｎｅＡｍｍｏｎｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎＭｅｔｈｏｄ．ＬｉｎＱｉｍｅｉ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＳｏｉｌａｎｄＷａｔｅ...     

降雨量和降雨时间共同调控黄河三角洲典型盐沼湿地土壤碳矿化

研究降雨格局(如降雨量和降雨时间)对滨海盐沼湿地土壤碳矿化的影响,对于深入理解土壤碳的稳定性和积累机制具有重要意义。本研究选取远离海岸且不受潮汐影响的黄河三角洲原生盐地碱蓬盐沼湿地为对象,通过野外原状土柱的控制试验,分析土壤碳矿化(CO₂和CH₄通量)在不同时期(干旱期和湿润期)对降雨事件的响应。结果表明: 降雨时间和降雨量对土壤CO₂通量的影响存在交互作用。在干旱期,大降雨事件显著降低了土壤CO₂通量;而湿润期的降雨事件对土壤CO₂通量没有显著影响,这可能与盐沼湿地的水盐运移有关。降雨量、降雨时间及其交互作用均对土壤CH₄通量没有显著影响。降雨时间和降雨量对CH₄/CO₂比率均没有显著影响,但是相关分析表明随着土壤含水量和盐分的升高,CH₄/CO₂比率呈升高趋势。随着降雨量的增加,土壤含水量和土壤盐分都显著增加,且两因素呈现显著的正相关关系。因此,未来该地区降雨体系改变将可能通过调控土壤水盐运移等条件对该滨海湿地土壤碳矿化和碳汇功能产生深远影响。     

长白山主要类型森林土壤大孔隙数量与垂直分布规律

利用张力入渗仪测量和计算了长白山自然保护区中4种主要类型土壤(暗棕色森林土、棕色针叶林土、山地生草森林土和山地苔原土)中半径范围分别在≥0.5mm、0.25～0.5mm和0.1～0.25mm的大孔隙数量与分布,并探讨了大孔隙的存在对土壤饱和渗水量的影响.结果表明:暗棕色森林土中大孔隙数量随土壤深度的增加而减少,自地表向下至40cm以内土层的变化较快,在40cm以下土层内的变化较慢;棕色针叶林土和山地苔原土中大孔隙数量随土壤深度的增加而增加;山地生草森林土中大孔隙数量随土壤深度的变化不大.大孔隙占土壤体积的比例虽然很小,却对土壤饱和渗水量的传导起到了重要作用.     

壤中流和土壤解冻深度对黑土坡面融雪侵蚀的影响

融雪侵蚀是东北黑土区土壤流失的一种重要形式,而目前有关壤中流和土壤解冻深度对融雪径流侵蚀的影响研究较少。本研究采用室内模拟试验,设计两个融雪径流量(1和4 L·min^-1)和两个土壤解冻深度(5和10 cm),以及有、无壤中流处理,分析壤中流和土壤解冻深度对黑土区坡面融雪侵蚀的影响。结果表明: 1)壤中流处理下坡面融雪径流深度和侵蚀量分别是无壤中流处理的1.1～1.2倍和1.3～1.9倍。两个融雪径流量下,当土壤解冻深度由5 cm增加到10 cm时,无壤中流处理下坡面融雪径流深度和侵蚀量分别增加10.0%～13.5%和15.4%～37.1%;而有壤中流处理下坡面融雪径流深度增加6.5%～8.5%,融雪侵蚀量则无显著变化。2)坡面细沟发育受壤中流、土壤解冻深度和融雪径流量的综合影响,各处理下细沟侵蚀量占坡面融雪侵蚀量的72%以上。3)壤中流发生使坡面径流流速和径流剪切力分别增加20.3%～23.2%和37.0%～51.3%,Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数减少9.0%～21.4%,从而增加了坡面融雪侵蚀量;且壤中流发生促进了坡面细沟发育,其细沟侵蚀量较无壤中流处理增加43.6%～69.9%,也导致坡面融雪侵蚀量增加。无壤中流条件下,土壤解冻深度加剧坡面融雪侵蚀的主要原因是随着土壤解冻深度的增加,坡面径流侵蚀能力和可蚀性物质来源增加,导致融雪径流侵蚀量增加。此外,土壤解冻深度对壤中流条件下细沟形态发育也有明显的影响,土壤解冻深度为5 cm时,细沟横向加宽作用显著;而土壤解冻深度为10 cm时,细沟下切侵蚀作用更显著。本研究加深了对黑土区融雪侵蚀机理的认识,可为水蚀模型的研发提供理论指导。     

荒漠草原区土壤粒径组成对柠条根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响

柠条(Caragana korshinskii)是荒漠草原区主要的造林绿化树种,研究其根际土壤微生物和酶活性与不同土壤类型土壤粒径组成的关系有重要意义,然而土壤粒径对荒漠草原柠条根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响知之甚少,探讨土壤颗粒组分与微生物数量、土壤酶活性之间的关系,以及土壤颗粒组成对荒漠草原区固沙灌木植物柠条根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响,可为揭示荒漠草原土壤退化及生态修复提供参考。以宁夏荒漠草原区土壤粒径组成差异显著的灰钙土、红黏土、风沙土环境下栽植的柠条为研究对象,研究不同土壤颗粒组成对根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的相互关系与影响。结果表明:土壤微生物的数量表现为细菌放线菌真菌。根际土壤中的细菌、真菌数量显著高于非根际,且在3种不同类型的土壤中随着细砂粒的增多,真菌和放线菌数量逐渐降低,而细菌数量呈先增大后减小的趋势;根际与非根际土壤的蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶及过氧化氢酶活性均呈现出灰钙土红黏土风沙土的趋势,红黏土根际土壤中的脲酶活性显著高于灰钙土与风沙土;除过氧化氢酶外,土壤酶活性表现为根际高于非根际,在3种不同类型的土壤中随着细砂含量的增加,土壤酶活性均呈递减趋势。土壤颗粒组成与微生物数量之间没有明显的相关性,而与土壤酶活性之间显著相关,土壤酶活性与黏粒、粉粒呈正相关,与细砂、中砂呈负相关关系,根际土壤中酶活性更高,能够为植物及微生物提供更多的营养。     

Integral energy as a measure of soil-water availability

The available water capacity is the most commonly used parameter to quantify the amount of water readily available to plants. However, it does not directly describe the energy requirements of the plant to remove a unit amount of water from the soil at various moisture contents within the available range. We present the integral energy concept as an attempt to quantify this. It is calculated from the integral of a soil's water-retention curve. We demonstrate the calculation for different types of soil. The integral energy provides useful information regarding the amount of energy, and hence the availability of water to plants. The value appears to be more correlated with basic soil physical properties, such as clay and sand content, compared with the conventional available water capacity.     

土壤盐渍化对尿素与磷酸脲氨挥发的影响

氨挥发是肥料氮素损失的重要途径之一,肥料类型、土壤类型、肥料用量以及土壤全盐量均影响氨挥发损失率及挥发特征。本文采用通气法测定了磷酸脲和尿素两种肥料六个施肥量处理分别施入六个不同盐渍化程度（1.7、9.9、16.4、23.2、29.1、37.9 g/kg）的土壤后氨挥发累积状况和动力学特性,以及土壤氨挥发累积量与土壤电导值之间的相关性。结果表明：（1）在土壤总盐介于1.66 -37.9 g/kg的范围内,随着土壤含盐量增加,尿素与磷酸脲处理的氨挥发累积量显著增加;土壤含盐量对氨挥发速率有显著的促进作用。（2）各处理二次线性函数拟合的二项式系数a均为负值,表明：在不同盐渍化条件下肥料的挥发速率是随着时间增长而降低的;一次线性函数和Elovich 方程的斜率a随土壤含盐量增加而增大,表明：土壤盐渍化将加剧土壤的氨挥发速率。（3）土壤氨挥发累积量与电导值拟合结果符合logistic方程（︱R︱分别为0.9732,0.9815,0.965,0.9182,0.9817,0.9971︱R︱>r0.01=0.9172, n=6）,氨挥发累积量随土壤电导值呈“S”型增长。     

重茬种植西洋参对其根区土壤微生物与土壤理化性质影响

以北京产区西洋参根际土为研究对象,通过对不同重萑年限西洋参根际土与对照新土进行比较,研究重茬对西洋参根际土壤微生物及其土壤理化特性的影响。结果显示：西洋参种植第1a微生物及土壤各项理化性质指标与对照相比都戍较低水平,随着重茬年限的增加土壤理化性质与微生物都变化较大,其中重萑2a土的全钾含量较高,为对照新土的1．38倍。重茬3a土的细菌、真菌均达到高峰,分别为对照的11．26、5．94倍。放线菌含量在重茬4a土中达到高峰为对照的8．41倍。     

Stability of Lead Immobilized by Apatite in Lead-Containing Rhizosphere Soil of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa)

This study conducted plant growth experiments using a rhizobox system to understand the growth of buckwheat and hairy vetch as well as the stability of lead immobilized by hydroxyapatite (HAP) in the lead-containing rhizosphere soil. The shoot dry weight of buckwheat did not significantly differ between the lead-containing rhizosphere soil with and without HAP, whereas that of hairy vetch with rhizosphere soil without HAP was reduced. Lead was not accumulated from the rhizosphere soil to the shoots of either plant when HAP was added. The percentage of each lead fraction in sequential extraction was approximately the same through the 3 mm of rhizosphere soils from the root surface and non-planted soil, with and without the addition of HAP. For hairy vetch, the amount of water-soluble lead in the HAP-added rhizosphere soil within 3 mm thickness from the root surface did not increase. However, for buckwheat, the amount of water-soluble lead in the HAP-added rhizosphere soil 1 mm from the root surface increased to the same level as that in the non-planted soil without HAP. Our results suggest that when applying phytostabilization combined with apatite to lead-contaminated soil, the plant that cannot re-mobilize lead should be selected.     

黄土高原土壤有机碳矿化及其与土壤理化性质的关系

土壤有机碳矿化与陆地生态系统碳循环和全球气候变化密切相关。采集98个共7类黄土高原土样,通过密闭培养法对有机碳矿化动态进行分析,探讨了土壤理化性质对有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明,黄土高原地区主要土壤有机碳在培养初期日均矿化量较高,之后逐渐降低。土壤类型对黄土高原土壤有机碳矿化影响较大,不同土壤有机碳的日均矿化量、累积矿化量和矿化率具有显著或极显著的差异。褐土有机碳总矿化量最高,CO2-C达到0.252g.kg-1,风沙土最低,CO2-C仅为0.095g.kg-1。下层土壤的有机碳矿化量较上层的有所下降,但土层深度对有机碳矿化大体上无明显影响。一级动力学方程能很好模拟黄土高原土壤有机碳矿化特征。供试土壤有机碳矿化潜力(Cp)和矿化速率常数(k)值均较低,分别为0.329-0.116g.kg-1和4.55-8.57×10-5d-1。不同土壤的Cp值变异较大,而k和Cp/SOC值无明显的变异。土壤Cp与土壤总有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效钾、粘粒和粉粒含量均呈极显著的正相关,而与k、pH值和砂粒含量呈显著的负相关。研究结果对黄土高原土壤有机碳循环和土壤碳库研究具有重要的科学价值。     

旱地小麦深施磷肥对土壤水分及植株氮素吸收、利用的影响

为探明磷肥在旱地小麦生产上的作用,寻求旱地小麦最佳施磷方式,在山西省闻喜县进行了低磷(75kg·hm~(-2))、中磷(112.5 kg·hm~(-2))、高磷(150 kg·hm~(-2))3个施磷量条件下20 cm、40 cm 2个深度施磷的田间试验,研究其对旱地麦田土壤水分及植株氮素吸收、利用的影响。结果表明:增加施磷量,越冬期-孕穗期0~100 cm土层土壤蓄水量提高,且深层施磷效果较好,尤其有利于返青期土壤蓄水量提高。增加施磷量,各生育时期植株含氮率提高,各生育时期植株氮素积累量显著提高,且深层施磷效果较好,尤其开花期含氮率。增加施磷量,花前各器官氮素运转量显著提高,深层施磷叶片氮素运转量对籽粒的贡献率提高,成熟期叶片氮素积累量及其所占比例显著降低。40 cm深度施磷150 kg·hm~(-2)花后氮素积累量最高。此外,越冬-孕穗期0~100 cm土层土壤蓄水量与花前氮素运转量关系密切,尤其与叶片氮素运转量关系密切,开花期土壤水分与花后氮素积累量关系系数最大。总之,增加施磷量,有利于提高花前1 m内土壤水分,有利于促进植株氮素积累、运转,且深层施磷效果显著,尤其可促进叶片氮素转移到籽粒,有利于开花期含氮率提高,有利于花后氮素积累。最终,40 cm深度施磷150 kg·hm~(-2)可显著提高旱地小麦氮肥吸收效率、氮肥生产效率、氮素收获指数。     

黄土高原“林分自创性”有效水分供给体系的研究

在黄土高原半湿润区,对无林沟坡与林地土壤分水储量变化的多年定量测定结果表明,在蒸发潜力很大的气候条件下,在很少有植物消耗水分的荒坡近裸立地上,和在林木每年蒸腾消耗大量水分之后的林地上,若以降雨丰,欠年周期为单位计算,土壤水分的收支均保持着相对的平衡关系。     

Potential of Siderophore Production by Bacteria Isolated from Heavy Metal: Polluted and Rhizosphere Soils

Recently, heavy metals have been shown to have a stimulating effect on siderophore biosynthesis in various bacteria. In addition, several studies have found that siderophore production is greater in bacteria isolated from soil near plant roots. The aim of this study was to compare the production of siderophores by bacterial strains isolated from heavy metal-contaminated and uncontaminated soils. Chrome azurol sulphonate was used to detect siderophore secretion by several bacterial strains isolated from heavy metal-contaminated and rhizosphere-uncontaminated soils with both a qualitative disc diffusion method and a quantitative ultraviolet spectrophotometric method. Siderophore production by rhizosphere bacteria was significantly greater than by bacteria isolated from contaminated soil. The Pearson’s correlation test indicated a positive correlation between the amount of siderophore produced by bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere using the quantitative and qualitative detection methods and the amount of heavy metal in the soil. However, a significant negative correlation was observed between the amount of siderophore produced by bacteria isolated from heavy metal-contaminated soil and the amount of heavy metal (r value of ?0.775, P < 0.001).     

Oxidation of pipecolic acid in soils and in rhizosphere soil of different plants

Soil respiration was proportional to its total carbon content. Maximum respiratory activity occurred in garden soil, followed in descending order by chernozem soil, brown soil, and sand. The oxidation of pipecolic acid, as studied by the Warburg manometric technique, in different rhizosphere soils from four crops 7, 13 and 20 days after planting as well as from one crop grown in different soils, was consistently in all cases faster than that by the corresponding non-rhizosphere soils. The curves of the rate of oxygen consumption during pipecolic acid oxidation, by garden soil (whether rhizosphere or non-rhizosphere soil) as well as by chernozem rhizosphere soil of different plants at the three stages of plant growth studied contained two peaks (two phases), whereas in non-rhizosphere chernozem soil as well as in brown soil and sand (whether affected or not affected by plant roots) only one peak was attained in the curves of the rate of oxygen uptake. The rapidity with which pipecolic acid was oxidized in the rhizosphere soil differed from plant to plant and at different phases of plant growth, and also with the type of soil used for plant growing. The extent of pipecolic acid oxidation after the first and second (if it occurred) phases did not differ in the different soils, both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil, but the rate of oxygen uptake was higher in rhizosphere than in the corresponding non-rhizosphere soil. During the first phase, oxygen uptake accounted for slightly less than one-third of the total amount of oxygen required for complete oxidation of the added pipecolic acid. About two-thirds of that total amount were taken up during the both phases of oxidation.     

Nitrification inhibitors and ammonia volatilization

Summary A nitrification inhibitor applied with ammonium sulphate to bare soil and to grass increased the persistence of ammonium-N in soil and decreased the amount of nitrate-N leached from bare soil. Ammonia was volatilized more rapidly from bare soils treated with ammonium sulphate plus the inhibitor than when ammonium sulphate alone was used; the inhibitor increased the amount of ammonia volatilized from grass covered soils eight times.     

幼龄桔园套种对土壤流失的影响及其模拟研究

在幼龄桔园套种紫云英 (Ⅰ )、套种 (混播 )黑麦草和紫云英 (Ⅱ )、不套种 (Ⅲ )及套种黑麦草 (Ⅳ ) ,分析和模拟了下垫面性状和降雨与土壤流失量的关系及规律 .套种牧草使土壤流失量大大下降 ,平均侵蚀量仅为自然裸露区的 1 4.7% ;各小区 (折算成hm2 )单位降雨的土壤侵蚀量随降雨过程次序的增加而呈指数规律下降 ,土壤流失量随覆盖度指数而下降 .     

长期施肥对土壤微生物的影响及其在养分调控中的作用

为揭示长期施肥条件下土壤微生物类群及其与土壤养分的关系,对北京褐潮土定位试验田第12年的土壤微生物以及土壤养分因子进行了测定和分析．结果表明,NPK与有机肥长期配合施用能明显提高土壤各养分含量,增加土壤微生物的数量．猪粪比玉米秸秆能更好地培肥地力,创造有利于土壤微生物生长繁育的土壤生态化学环境．土壤微生物与土壤养分之间具有很好的相关性．其中,细菌、固氮菌数量与有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷含量呈显著正相关;本研究未观察到真菌、放线菌数量与土壤养分因子之间有明显的相关性．