Cd-K双重处理对水稻幼苗生长和Cd吸收转运的影响及相关转运通道分析

以水稻( Oryza sativa Linn.)高 Cd 积累品种‘T 优705’(‘T You 705’)和低 Cd 积累品种‘湘早籼24’(‘Xiangzaoxian 24’)为实验材料,采用水培法对不同浓度Cd(0.0和2.7μmol·L-1 Cd)和K(0、30和60 mmol·L-1 K)处理条件下2个品种幼苗的相对生长量、根系和地上部的Cd含量及其亚细胞分布特征进行了比较,并分析了添加离子通道活性抑制剂TEA和LaCl3后幼苗根系和地上部的Cd和K含量;在此基础上,比较了NSCCs(非选择性阳离子通道)和K专性通道对2个品种幼苗根系和地上部Cd和K吸收贡献率的影响。结果表明：与Cd单一处理组(2.7μmol·L-1 Cd)相比, Cd-K双重处理组(2.7μmol·L-1 Cd-30 mmol·L-1 K和2.7μmol·L-1 Cd-60 mmol·L-1 K)2个品种幼苗的相对生长量显著提高,而幼苗根系和地上部的Cd含量显著下降;随K浓度的提高,2个品种幼苗根系细胞壁和细胞液中的Cd含量显著下降,但细胞壁中Cd含量的分配比例增大而细胞液中Cd含量的分配比例则减小。在含2.7μmol·L-1 Cd和30 mmol·L-1 K的培养液中分别添加5 mmol·L-1 TEA或0.2 mmol·L-1 LaCl3后,2个品种幼苗根系和地上部的Cd和K含量均显著下降,其中,LaCl3处理组的根系Cd含量降幅高于TEA处理组,但LaCl3处理组的根系K含量降幅则低于TEA组。 NSCCs对品种‘T优705’幼苗根系和地上部Cd吸收的贡献率显著低于品种‘湘早籼24’幼苗,而K专性通道对品种‘T优705’幼苗根系K吸收和地上部Cd吸收的贡献率则显著低于品种‘湘早籼24’幼苗。研究结果显示：添加外源K可缓解Cd对水稻幼苗生长的抑制作用,并通过提高细胞壁与Cd的结合能力来降低细胞液中Cd的积累,以此减弱幼苗对Cd的吸收和转运能力;幼苗体内的K和Cd均可通过K专性通道和NSCCs转运,其中,K吸收和转运主要通过K专性通道完成,而Cd吸收和转运主要通过NSCCs完成。此外,品种‘T优705’可能具有多种离子通道参与Cd的吸收和转运,而品种‘湘早籼24’主要依赖NSCCs参与Cd的吸收和转运,且后者对K的吸收和积累强于前者。     

NaCl胁迫对萝卜幼苗叶片生理特征及根尖细胞核形态的影响

对0.00(对照)～0.50 mol·L-1NaCl处理48 h后萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率进行了测定,并观察了根尖细胞核形态变化和胁迫后幼苗生长的恢复状况.测定结果表明:经0.05 mol·L-1NaCl处理后,叶片的叶绿素含量和净光合速率均高于对照(0.00 mol·L-1 NaGl);而用0.10～0.50mol·L-1NaCl处理后,叶绿素含量和净光合速率均随NaCl浓度的提高逐渐降低且与对照差异显著,其中,经0.35 ～ 0.50 mol·L-1 NaCl胁迫处理后叶片净光合速率降至0.00μmol·m-2·s-1.随NaCl浓度的提高,MDA含量和相对电导率呈先快速上升而后逐渐下降的趋势,且均与对照差异显著;其中,经0.30 mol·L-1 NaCl处理后MDA含量最高,经0.40 mol·L-1NaCl处理后相对电导率最高.观察结果显示:经0.05～0.25 mol·L-1NaCl处理后根尖细胞核由规则的圆形向各种不规则形状转变,染色质出现不同程度的浓缩,表现出不同程度的程序性细胞死亡特征;经0.30 ～ 0.50 mol·L-1NaCl处理后则出现中空细胞与部分正常细胞并存的现象.经0.05和0.10 mol·L-1 NaCl处理后,萝卜幼苗可恢复正常生长,且株高与对照无明显差异;而经0.25 ～ 0.50 mol·L-1 NaCl处理后,幼苗均较难恢复正常生长,且随NaCl浓度的提高,幼苗出现枯萎、糜烂现象.研究结果显示:低浓度NaCl处理不仅对萝卜幼苗的生长、生理代谢及细胞核形态结构没有明显伤害反而有一定的促进作用,而高浓度NaCl胁迫可导致萝卜幼苗不可逆伤害.     

Pb、Cd单一及复合胁迫对花菖蒲幼苗生长及部分生理指标的影响

采用液体培养法研究了Pb、 Cd单一胁迫及Pb-Cd复合胁迫(500 mg·L-1Pb、 25 mg·L-1Cd、 500 mg·L-1Pb-25 mg·L-1Cd)对花菖蒲(Iris ensata Thunb. var. hortensis Makino et Nemoto)幼苗生长和部分生理指标的影响.结果显示,在500 mg·L-1Pb单一胁迫条件下,花菖蒲幼苗地上部分(叶片)和地下部分(包括根茎和根系)的干质量及耐性指数与对照差异不显著(P>0.05);而在25 mg·L-1Cd单一胁迫和500 mg·L-1Pb-25 mg·L-1Cd复合胁迫条件下,幼苗地上部分和地下部分的干质量及耐性指数显著下降(P<0.05), 其中耐性指数分别仅为0.86和0.79.在500 mg·L-1Pb单一胁迫条件下,叶片中的光合色素(包括叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素)含量和地下部分的丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于对照,地上部分的MDA含量显著低于对照,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性则与对照差异不显著;在25 mg·L-1Cd单一胁迫条件下,叶片中的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著低于对照,类胡萝卜素含量和地上部分的MDA含量以及地上部分和地下部分的POD活性均显著高于对照,而地下部分的MDA含量与对照差异不显著;在500 mg·L-1Pb-25 mg·L-1Cd复合胁迫条件下,叶片中的光合色素含量均显著低于对照,地上部分和地下部分的MDA含量和POD活性均显著高于对照,其中MDA含量分别是对照的1.7和2.7倍、POD活性分别是对照的2.5和3.4倍.研究结果表明,花菖蒲幼苗对500 mg·L-1Pb单一胁迫具有一定的耐受性;在复合胁迫条件下Pb和Cd具有协同作用,对花菖蒲幼苗的生长和代谢有显著的抑制作用.     

外源水杨酸对镉胁迫甜瓜幼苗生长与光合气体交换和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以甜瓜品种‘哈密绿’为试验材料,采用基质栽培方式,研究了10~200μmol·L-1外源水杨酸(SA)对镉胁迫(100mg·L-1 Cd2+)下甜瓜幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以探讨外源SA调控Cd2+胁迫伤害的可行性。结果显示:Cd2+胁迫能显著影响甜瓜幼苗的生长和相关光合指标。适宜浓度外源SA能不同程度缓解甜瓜幼苗所受Cd2+胁迫伤害,并以100μmol·L-1 SA处理效果最好,其显著促进了幼苗生长,提高了叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs),以及PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ天线转化效率(Fv′/Fm′)、实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP)和光化学反应能量(P);显著降低了初始荧光(F0)、非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)、天线热耗散能量(D)和非光化学反应耗散能量(E)。研究表明,外源SA缓解甜瓜幼苗Cd2+胁迫伤害具有剂量效应,以100μmol·L-1 SA的效果最好,有利于甜瓜幼苗在Cd2+胁迫下光合作用的维持,提高光合电子传递效率和对光能的捕获与转换,降低Cd2+胁迫对植物的损伤,从而促进生长。     

Cu和丹皮酚磺酸钠处理对凤丹根系生长、丹皮酚含量及H+-ATPase活性的影响

采用水培法,研究了Cu单一处理及Cu与EGTA和丹皮酚磺酸钠(SPS)复合处理对凤丹(Paeonia suffruticosa ‘Feng Dan’)幼苗根长、根系中Cu和丹皮酚含量的影响,并研究了Cu和SPS单一及复合处理对幼苗根系离体质膜和液泡膜微囊H+-ATPase活性的影响.结果显示:经5μmol·L-1Cu处理后凤丹幼苗根长和丹皮酚含量均略高于对照但总体上差异不显著;经10、20和30 μmol·L-1 Cu处理后,幼苗根长和丹皮酚含量总体上均低于对照,且随Cu浓度增加和处理时间延长,降幅增大.与10 μmol·L-1Cu单一处理相比,10 μmol·L-1Cu- 10μmol·L-1EGTA和10 μmo1.L-1Cu-10 μmol·L-1 SPS复合处理均可以使根系中Cu含量显著降低、丹皮酚含量显著提高;其中,10μmol·L-1Cu-10 μmol·L-1EGTA处理组幼苗根系中Cu含量的降低幅度最大,而10 μmol·L-1 Cu-10 μmol·L-1SPS处理组幼苗根系中丹皮酚含量的增加幅度最大且显著高于对照.与对照相比,经5、10和20μmol · L-1 Cu单一处理后丹凤根系离体质膜和液泡膜微囊H+-ATPase活性均降低,且随Cu浓度提高降低幅度增大;而经0.1、0.2、0.5和1.0μmol·L-1SPS单一处理总体上可使膜微囊H+-ATPase活性逐渐增加;与10 μmol·L-1Cu单一处理相比,10 μmol·L-1Cu与0.1、0.2和0.5 μmol·L-1SPS复合处理均可使膜微囊H+- ATPase活性提高,且H+-ATPase活性均呈现随SPS浓度提高逐渐增加的趋势.研究结果揭示:较高浓度Cu胁迫对凤丹幼苗根系生长及丹皮酚合成以及质膜和液泡膜微囊H+-ATPase活性均有明显抑制作用,但添加外源丹皮酚磺酸钠对Cu胁迫伤害具有一定的缓解效应.     

水稻幼苗根对羧基化多壁碳纳米管复合镉胁迫的生长生理响应

为了探究羧基化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-COOH)复合镉(Cd)胁迫对植物生长生理的影响,采用液体培养方法,以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)为受试作物,测定了0～12.0 mg·L~(-1)MWCNTs-COOH、10μmol·L~(-1)Cd单一和复合处理水稻幼苗21天后根生长、氧化损伤、抗氧化酶活性及根中Cd含量的变化。结果表明:(1)MWCNTs-COOH单一处理,根长、根鲜重均低于对照,并表现出先升高后降低的趋势,当其浓度达到12.0 mg·L~(-1)时,较对照分别下降了9.3%和15.2%,且低于10μmol·L~(-1)Cd单一处理;而复合处理组水稻幼苗根长、根鲜重、干重皆低于对应的单一处理;(2)MWCNTs-COOH单一胁迫下,水稻根的超氧自由基(O_2~(-·))明显积累,并伴随着超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,3.0和6.0mg·L~(-1)MWCNTs-COOH处理下,SOD、POD活性最高;(3)MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd胁迫下,水稻根的SOD、POD活性大均低于单一处理组,而丙二醛(MDA)及羰基化蛋白含量均显著高于单一处理;(4)MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd后,水稻幼苗根尖细胞死亡加剧,其中,10μmol·L~(-1)Cd与12.0 mg·L~(-1)MWCNTs-COOH复合处理的根尖根冠区细胞伊文斯蓝染色最深;(5)1.5～6.0 mg·L~(-1)MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd处理水稻幼苗后,其根中Cd含量呈上升趋势,且在6.0 mg·L~(-1)浓度处理时达到最大值303.30μg·g~(-1);高浓度MWCNTs-COOH及其与Cd的复合均对水稻根产生毒性效应。     

Pb和Cd单一及复合胁迫条件下溪荪(Iris sanguinea)生长及金属离子积累特征分析

采用水培法,对Pb和Cd单一及复合胁迫(500 mg·L-1Pb、25 mg·L-1 Cd、500 mg·L-1pb-25 mg·L-1Cd)条件下溪荪(Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn.)幼苗不同部分的生长及Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu、K和Na积累状况进行了研究.结果显示:在Pb单一胁迫条件下,溪荪幼苗地下部分干质量较对照降低了18.2％,地上部分干质量和耐性指数均与对照无显著差异;在Cd单一胁迫条件下,地下部分与地上部分的干质量较对照分别降低了16.4％和14.1％,耐性指数降低了7％;在Pb-Cd复合胁迫条件下,溪荪幼苗不同部分的干质量以及耐性指数均与对照无显著差异.在Pb单一及Pb-Cd复合胁迫条件下,幼苗不同部分的Pb含量均明显高于对照,Pb单一胁迫处理组幼苗地上部分和地下部分的Pb含量分别比Pb-Cd复合胁迫处理组高19.8％和16.0％.在Cd单一及Pb-Cd复合胁迫条件下,幼苗不同部分的Cd含量均明显高于对照,Pb-Cd复合胁迫处理组幼苗地上部分和地下部分的Cd含量分别为Cd单一胁迫处理组的2.02和5.74倍.经Pb和Cd单一及复合胁迫后,幼苗不同部分的Zn、Cu和Na含量均明显高于对照,而K含量则低于对照;地上部分的Zn、K和Na含量均高于地下部分,但Cu含量在幼苗不同部分的变化趋势则有所不同.比较结果表明:Pb-Cd复合胁迫对溪荪幼苗的Pb积累有促进作用、对Cd积累有抑制作用,表现出拮抗作用;溪荪对Pb胁迫的耐性相对更强,对Pb和Cd及其他金属元素有一定的积累能力,可用于Pb污染环境尤其是湿地Pb污染环境的修复.     

纳米管和镉对蚕豆幼苗根系的毒害效应

以蚕豆幼苗为实验材料,采用水培法研究不同浓度(0、2、4、8、16 mg·L~(-1))羟基化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-OH)与10μmol·L~(-1)镉(Cd)单一和联合作用对蚕豆幼苗根系生长、生理及Cd含量的影响。结果表明:(1)单一MWCNTs-OH处理下,随着MWCNTs-OH浓度(2～8 mg·L~(-1))的增加,蚕豆的根长度增加,且■产生速率增加的同时会伴随着SOD、POD活性升高。(2)单一Cd处理的幼苗根系MDA含量和■产生速率均高于对照,其中■产生速率较对照增加了1.98倍。(3)MWCNTs-OH联合处理诱导了蚕豆根■的产生和MDA含量增加,16 mg·L~(-1) MWCNTs-OH和Cd共同作用对蚕豆幼苗根的损伤最大,会促使部分根尖细胞受损脱落,Cd含量明显下降。研究发现,低浓度MWCNTs-OH可促进蚕豆的根生长,降低Cd的毒性;高浓度MWCNTs-OH(16 mg·L~(-1))和Cd对蚕豆幼苗根的致毒性表现为协同效应。     

长药景天对重金属镉胁迫的生理及形态响应

以长药景天为实验材料,通过模拟重金属镉(Cd)污染,采用原子吸收光谱法和比色法,确定了Cd在长药景天体内积累最多的部位及长药景天对Cd(NO3)2的耐受浓度阈值;并采用半薄切片法、扫描电镜法及X射线能谱法对100μmol·L-1 Cd(NO3)2胁迫下长药景天的应答进行分析研究。结果表明:(1)Cd(NO3)2胁迫后,Cd在长药景天根、茎、叶中的分布情况为根茎叶。(2)在100μmol·L-1 Cd(NO3)2浓度处理下,长药景天能够进行正常的生理代谢,且无明显的Cd中毒现象。(3)100μmol·L-1 Cd(NO3)2处理后,长药景天根表面发生皱缩,根毛明显增多,外表皮与皮层细胞难以区分,薄壁细胞层数明显多于对照组根部皮层细胞层数,排列紧密、不规则,根部横截面积有增大趋势。(4)100μmol·L-1 Cd(NO3)2处理后,Cd在长药景天根部的分布情况为表皮皮层中柱。研究认为,长药景天能够耐受浓度为100μmol·L-1 Cd(NO3)2的胁迫,在修复土壤Cd污染方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

外源Ca2+浸种对Cd2+胁迫下红三叶种子萌发和幼苗生长及其生化特性的影响

用不同浓度Ca2 溶液浸种处理红三叶种子后、用0.1 mmol·L-1Cd2 溶液培养,探讨外源Ca2 对Cd2 胁迫下红三叶种子萌发、幼苗生长及其保护酶活性和子叶叶绿素含量的影响.结果显示:(1)0.1 mmol·L-1Ca2 浸种处理能显著缓解Cd2 胁迫的影响,可使红三叶种子发芽势、发芽指数及活力指数显著升高,全苗长、胚根长和胚根/胚芽显著增加(分别增加21.38%、44.06%和38.63%),并显著提高叶绿素含量(14.59%);(2)0.11、.0 mmol·L-1Ca2 浸种预处理均能显著提高Cd2 胁迫下红三叶幼苗子叶SOD活性(43.17%、218.95%)和POD活性(34.00%、14.28%),并显著降低其CAT活性(17.43%、29.19%)和MDA含量(21.92%、24.51%).结果表明,0.1mmol·L-1外源Ca2 浸种处理能显著缓解Cd2 (0.1 mmol·L-1)胁迫对红三叶种子萌发及幼苗生长及其保护酶活性的抑制作用,可明显提高红三叶幼苗对Cd2 胁迫的抵抗能力,缓解效果最优.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.