Ways of increasing the effectiveness of antibacterial therapy in newborns

Ways for increasing antibiotic therapy efficacy in newborns are discussed. They are the following: consideration of the structure of the antibiotic use, improvement of infection diagnosis, the use of computers in epidemiological supervision of antibiotic resistance, the use of "old" antibiotics in new dosage forms, pharmacokinetic monitoring. The data on the frequency of the antibiotic use in newborns in maternity hospitals, at home and in neonatal departments as well as on diagnosis and treatment of chlamydiosis in newborns are presented. Requirements to the computer programs on control of antibiotic resistance are described. With the account of the requirements an original epidemiological program for personal computers was developed. The results of the pharmacokinetic monitoring of the use of sisomicin and amikacin are presented as well.     

Evaluation of the effectiveness of antibacterial substances in treating an experimental form of bubonic plague in monkeys]

The modelling of glandular plague and selection of the conditions for estimating the efficacy of new antibacterials for the treatment of the infection were performed on hamadryads (baboons). The experiments showed that the average LD50 of the culture of a highly virulent strain of Yersinia pestis on its subcutaneous administration to the animals was 2089 viable microbes. In 18 per cent of the episodes the experimental glandular plague in the animals was complicated by secondary plague pneumonia. Subcutaneous administration of 2 x 10(7) viable microbial cell of the plague pathogen caused acute sepsis and the animal death. The treatment of the experimental glandular plague in the hamadryads demonstrated that new antibacterials such as amikacin, netilmicin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, doxycycline, rifampicin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were not inferior in their efficacy to streptomycin and tetracycline successfully used in the therapy of patients with plague.     

Rapid evaluation of the effectiveness of antibacterial drugs in experimental tularemia

Rapid estimation of the protective effect of antibacterial drugs on Fransiella tularensis for not more than 2 days was shown possible in experiments on albino mice infected with tularemia. High efficacy of aminoglycosides (kanamycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, amikacin, netilmicin, tobramycin, sagamycin, ribostamycin and sisomicin), tetracyclines (tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline and methacycline), rifampicin, phosphomycin and oxolinic acid was determined with the recommended rapid method. Amoxycillin, ampicillin, piperacillin, carbenicillin, erythromycin, levomycetin, cefradine, cefmetazole, cefatrizine, cefoxitin, cefsulodin and bactrim (biseptol) proved to be inefficient against the tularemia causative agent.     

A rapid method of evaluation of the effectiveness of antibacterial drugs]

Efficacy of antibiotics in the treatment of experimental tularemia was studied comparatively on various biological models. It was shown that the antibiotics which proved active against the tularemia microbe in albino mice when studied by the rapid and routine methods were highly efficient in the treatment and prevention of experimental tularemia in rabbits and baboons (hamadryas). The experiments showed basic possibilities to perform rapid estimation (for at least 2 days) of drug efficacy in experimental glanders and melioidosis in golden hamsters. The rapid method developed by the authors was recommended for the use in primary estimation of the efficacy of new drugs in the treatment of tularemia, glanders and melioidosis.     

Experimental study of the effectiveness of antibacterial preparations in treating dysentery]

It was found that for successful elaboration of effective schemes for the use of antibacterial drugs in treatment of dysentery it was necessary to exploit various experimental models providing consideration of the drug toxicity and effect on the extra- and intracellular growth of the bacteria in addition to the other factors. The administration of enteroceptol for 3 days followed by furazolidon showed the best therapeutic effect in the treatment of guinea pigs with Shigella keratoconjunctivitis and Syrian hamsters with dysentery. The above drugs had low toxicity which was shown in the experiments with Hep-2 cell cultures. It was concluded that the use of the drugs with different modes of action was advisable in treatment of dysentery.     

Evaluation of the effectiveness of organ-preserving solutions]

In the experiments performed on 61 dogs dynamics of changes of morphometrical parameters of mitochondria of brush-border and cuboid cells have been studied at conservation of the kidneys for 120 h in solutions of intracellular type. Stages of structural reorganization of the mitochondria have been determined depending on duration of conservation and the solution composition. A morphometrical index of viability (Im) has been worked out, correlated with survivability of the transplant and the recipient. In every specific case it allows to estimate quantitatively whether the conserved kidney is suitable for transplantation. At Im less than 50% from the control level, the kidney is not viable, at 50% less than or equal to Im less than or equal to 60%--it is conditionally suitable for transplantation, at Im greater than 60%--it is viable. The index elaborated is practically used for a comparative estimation of the protective action of the four organ-preserving solutions of the intracellular type. The morphometrical index of viability of the conserved kidneys can be used in experimental transplantology for approbation of new solutions before their application in clinical practice.     

Leukocyte migration inhibition reaction--an index of the antibacterial effectiveness of stimulants of the body's nonspecific resistance

The presence of correlation between the protective action of prodigiosane and yeast RNA and the character of reaction in the direct capillary variant of the leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) test, made with the blood of mice immunized with tularemia vaccine, has been revealed. The possibility and expediency of using the LMI test for evaluating the effectiveness of the stimulators of the nonspecific anti-infective resistance of the body has been shown.     

Evaluation of the effectiveness of a new cryopreservation system based on a two-compartment vial for the cryopreservation of cell therapy products

Background aimsSuccessful cell cryopreservation and banking remain a major challenge for the manufacture of cell therapy products, particularly in relation to providing a hermetic, sterile cryovial that ensures optimal viability and stability post-thaw while minimizing exposure to toxic cryoprotective agents, typically dimethyl sulfoxide (Me₂SO).MethodsIn the present study, the authors evaluated the effectiveness and functionality of Limbo technology (Cellulis S.L., Santoña, Spain). This system provides a hermetic vial with two compartments (one for adding cells with the cryoprotective agent solution and the other for the diluent solution) and an automated defrosting device. Limbo technology (Cellulis S.L.) allows reduction of the final amount of Me₂SO, sidestepping washing and dilution steps and favoring standardization. The study was performed in several Good Manufacturing Practice laboratories manufacturing diverse cell therapy products (human mesenchymal stromal cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells, leukapheresis products, fibroblasts and induced pluripotent stem cells). Laboratories compared Limbo technology (Cellulis S.L.) with their standard cryopreservation procedure, analyzing cell recovery, viability, phenotype and functionality.ResultsLimbo technology (Cellulis S.L.) maintained the viability and functionality of most of the cell products and preserved sterility while reducing the final concentration of Me₂SO.ConclusionsResults showed that use of Limbo technology (Cellulis S.L.) offers an overall safe alternative for cell banking and direct infusion of cryopreserved cell products into patients.     

Etiology of inflammatory maxillofacial diseases and estimation of the effectiveness of antibacterial drugs in vitro]

The results of identification of 710 clinical strains of anaerobic microorganisms isolated from the pathological foci of patients with maxillofacial diseases are presented. The species composition of the microflora associations in the cases with abscesses, phlegmon, lymphadenitis, osteomyelitis and parodontitis is described. Along with a high frequency of nonsporulating anaerobes, staphylococci, microaerophilic streptococci and in the cases with parodontitis actinomycetes, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus coagulans strains (1.6-15% of the isolated strains) were first detected in cases with various forms of the disease. Two groups of the drugs effective against the anaerobes were identified by the data on the antibiotic sensitivity. The lowest MICs along with the activity broad spectrum were defined for gramicidin, levomycetin and nitazol.