人参毛状根培养过程中对活性氧清除能力的动态变化

采用化学发光法 ,考察了人参 (PanaxginsengC .A .Mey)毛状根培养过程中对 3种重要活性氧ROS(O2÷、OH·、H2 O2 )清除能力的动态变化 ,发现在毛状根生长对数期时对 3种ROS都有很强的清除能力 ,而在生长停滞期较低 ,符合人参毛状根生长的S型曲线 ,印证了人参毛状根的生长和衰老过程。     

不同理化因子对雪莲毛状根生长和总黄酮生物合成的影响

在 1 2MS液体培养基上研究了不同理化因子对水母雪莲毛状根生长和总黄酮生物合成的影响。实验结果表明 :氮源总浓度 (包括NH+4和NO-3)为 30mmol L ;NH⁺₄ NO^-₃比例为 5∶2 5 ;2 %蔗糖和 3%葡萄糖组合 ;0.5mg LGA₃和 0.5mg LIBA ;pH5.8;18h d的光照 (光强为 35.0.0lx) ;2.4℃ ;摇床转速为 100rmin有利于毛状根生长及总黄酮的生物合成。在此培养条件下 ,经过21d的培养毛状根生长量达到 12.8g L(DW) ,总黄酮合成量为 192.2mg L ,即总黄酮含量占毛状根干重的 15 % ,约为干重野生水母雪莲植株总黄酮含量的 2.5倍。     

重金属镉及其与锌组合对黄瓜毛状根生长及其抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了探讨利用黄瓜毛状根来修复重金属镉(Cd)污染的可能性, 研究了重金属Cd单独及其与锌(Zn)组合对黄瓜毛状根生长及其抗氧化酶SOD、POD活性变化的影响。结果表明, Cd≤10 mg/L仅在培养5~15 d间促进黄瓜毛状根生长, 使根增粗; 而Cd≥15 mg/L则抑制黄瓜毛状根生长, 浓度愈高抑制作用愈明显, 侧根变得短而细小。在供试的不同浓度Cd培养的黄瓜毛状根中, 除10 mg/L Cd外, 其余Cd浓度培养的黄瓜毛状根可溶性蛋白含量随着培养时间的延长而逐渐下降; 但其POD和SOD活性则随着培养时间的延长而逐渐升高。与对照(仅添加25 mg/L Zn)相比, 仅1 mg/L Cd+ 25 mg/L Zn组合在培养7~15 d期间促进黄瓜毛状根生长; 其余浓度Cd和25 mg/L Zn组合都抑制黄瓜毛状根的生长, 且Cd浓度愈高抑制作用越强, 侧根数目更少且短小, 侧根根尖变得肿胀; 同时, 除培养5 d外, 25 mg/L Zn和不同浓度Cd组合培养的黄瓜毛状根的生物量、POD和SOD活性均比单独添加对应浓度Cd培养的毛状根降低, 但其可溶性蛋白含量则较之明显提高。结果表明: 黄瓜毛状根具有较强的重金属Cd耐受能力, 高浓度Cd则抑制其生长; 而镉和锌组合会随着培养时间的延长而加重Cd对黄瓜毛状根生长的抑制作用。     

植物生长物质对白英毛状根生长及薯蓣皂苷元含量的影响

利用含p Ri A4质粒的农杆菌C58C1浸染白英叶片获得能在无植物生长物质培养基上自主生长的毛状根单克隆系,且毛状根中薯蓣皂苷元含量高于野生型白英植株。在液体培养基中添加不同浓度的6-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-BA)、萘乙酸(NAA)或6-BA与NAA的结合处理白英毛状根,观察其对毛状根生长的影响,并利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定毛状根中薯蓣皂苷元含量。结果表明,6-BA抑制白英毛状根的生长,且随6-BA浓度增加,抑制作用越明显,6-BA能增加白英毛状根每克干物质中薯蓣皂苷元的含量,但降低培养瓶中毛状根薯蓣皂苷元总量。NAA对毛状根的生长有促进作用,其中,经0.5 mg·L-1NAA处理的毛状根在培养30 d时干重达到同期对照的1.76倍。虽然NAA降低每克干物质中薯蓣皂苷元含量,但提高培养瓶中毛状根薯蓣皂苷元总量,薯蓣皂苷元总量最高可达0.97 mg(DW)·瓶-1,是对照整个培养过程中最大值的1.37倍。6-BA与0.5 mg·L-1 NAA的结合抑制白英毛状根的生长,同时降低每克干物质中薯蓣皂苷元的含量。     

新疆紫草毛状根的诱导及培养

将处于对数生长期(A600为0.5)的发根农杆菌MSU440、A4、R1000、15834、1025和R1601与新疆紫草子叶外植体共培养.结果表明:(1)发根农杆菌不同菌种对转化率有显著影响,供试6个菌种中只有MSU440菌株获得转化株.PCR及序列分析表明发根农杆菌Ri质粒的rolC基因已在新疆紫草毛状根基因组中整合并得到表达,转化率达4.5%.(2)子叶较真叶的不定根发生率高,且生根持续时间长.(3)在B5无铵无激素固体培养基上,毛状根分支多且根较长,达2~3 cm,毛状根鲜重月平均增殖达7~9倍,是固体培养毛状根的适宜培养基.(4)毛状根在MS无铵无激素液体培养基中培养12 d时,毛状根鲜重平均增殖达12倍,MS无铵液体培养基有利于毛状根的扩大生产.首次获得了激素自主、快速伸长生长、多分支、多根毛的新疆紫草毛状根株系,初步建立了新疆紫草毛状根诱导体系,为大规模培养、生产紫草素奠定了基础.     

三裂叶野葛毛状根的生长及其培养基营养物质的消耗变化

研究了发根农杆菌（Agrobacterium rhizogenes）ATCC15834遗传转化产生的三裂叶野葛（Pueraria phaseoloides）毛状根在液体培养过程中生长及其部分营养物质消耗的关系．结果表明：三裂叶野葛毛状根液体培养0～4d内处于生长迟滞期、8～16d为快速生长期、16d后进入生长平台期．培养基的PO4^2-、硝态氮和铵态氮在毛状根液体培养过程中被逐渐吸收和消耗,培养16d时培养基中的PO4^3-被消耗殆尽,其浓度仅为培养基起始PO4^3-浓度的0．26％;培养基的铵态氮和硝态氮则在培养20d时才消耗殆尽;而培养基中的Ca^2＋浓度在培养过程中逐渐降低．但在培养20d时仍未被完全消耗,其浓度约为起始浓度的30．5％．培养基的pH值随培养时间的延长而不断降低,培养20d后pH值由5．62降低到4．09;而毛状根的颜色也随培养基pH值的降低和培养时间的延长逐渐由白色变成浅黄色和浅褐色．该结果为今后设计合适的培养基以开展野葛毛状根的大规模液体培养来生产葛根素提供了可能性．     

中华补血草多酚提取物对自由基的清除能力

采用超声波辅助浸提—大孔树脂吸附法从中华补血草[ Limonium sinense (Girard) Kuntze]根、根茎、叶和花中获得多酚提取物,并对它们的得率和组成成分进行了初步分析;在此基础上,比较研究了不同部位多酚提取物对DPPH·、·OH和O2的清除能力.实验数据表明:中华补血草根、根茎、叶和花多酚提取物的得率分别为12.42％、5.98％、5.27％和3.98％,差异明显;多酚提取物中总酚、原花色素、黄烷醇和总黄酮含量变化幅度较大,分别为51.87％ ～61.60％、5.62％～39.47％、3.69％～12.46％和2.53％ ～35.97％;其中,总酚、原花色素和黄烷醇含量均以根多酚提取物最高,总黄酮含量以花多酚提取物最高,均与其他部位多酚提取物有显著差异.随质量浓度提高,4个部位多酚提取物对3种自由基的清除率总体上逐渐增大;其中根多酚提取物对DPPH·的清除作用最强,半数清除质量浓度(ρSC50)为38.52 μg·L-1,显著低于阳性对照芦丁和BHT(ρSC50分别为67.40和74.25 μg·L-1);花多酚提取物对·OH和O2的清除能力最强,ρSC50分别为53.51和74.00 μg·L-1,均低于芦丁;总体上,4个部位多酚提取物对DPPH·的清除能力由强至弱依次为根、根茎、叶、花,对·OH和O2的清除能力由强至弱依次为花、根、叶、根茎.结果显示:中华补血草不同部位多酚提取物均具有较强的自由基清除能力,其中,根和花多酚提取物中高含量的原花色素和黄酮类成分分别与其自由基清除能力密切相关.     

三裂叶野葛毛状根的诱导及其固体培养和液体培养

发根农杆菌（Agrobacterium rhizogenes）ATCC15834感染三裂叶野葛(Pueraria phaseoloides)叶片外植体20 d后产生毛状根,毛状根可直接从叶片外植体叶脉处或从叶脉处产生的愈伤组织上产生。感染35d后,约85%的叶片外植体产生毛状根。毛状根能在无外源生长调节剂的 MS固体和液体培养基上自主生长。PCR扩增结果表明,发根农杆菌Ri质粒的rolB和rolC基因已在三裂叶野葛毛状根基因组中整合并得到表达。与固体培养的毛状根相比,在液体培养基中培养的毛状根不仅生长迅速,也不会形成愈伤组织。在无外源生长调节剂的液体MS培养基中培养15d的三裂叶野葛毛状根的鲜重、干重、可溶性总糖含量及细胞内活性氧(ROS)含量分别为固体培养毛状根的1.59倍、1.18倍、5.25倍和1.16倍。     

木豆毛状根生长特性及相关生理生化指标研究

木豆毛状根液体培养过程中生长特性、碳源消耗情况及次生代谢产物合成规律,为木豆毛状根规模培养提供基础数据。结果表明:木豆毛状根的生长代谢周期为25 d,其生长经历了延迟期、快速生长期以及生长平缓期;在木豆毛状根的生长周期内,木豆毛状根的生长速度和碳源的消耗存在明显的正比关系,生长速度越快,碳源消耗越多。随着生长速度趋于平缓,碳源消耗也趋于平缓。芹菜素与染料木素的含量都是随着培养时间的延长而不断增加的,到生长平缓期趋于平稳。     

褐脉少花龙葵毛状根的诱导、培养及其澳洲茄胺的产生

利用发根农杆茵的遗传转化和液体培养技术,研究了褐脉少花龙葵(solanum nigrum L.Var.Dauciforum)毛状根的诱导和离体培养及其澳洲茄胺的产生以及液体培养过程中培养基中N源和钙的消耗变化.结果表明.发根农杆菌ATCC15834感染褐脉少花龙葵叶片外植体5 d后产生毛状根.感染25d后,约90%的叶片外植体产生毛状根.毛状根能在无外源生长调节剂的MS固体和体培养基上自主生长.PCR扩增结果显示发根农杆菌Ri质粒的rilB和rolC基因已在少花龙葵毛状根基因组中整合并得到表达.所产生的毛状根能产生药用次生物质澳洲茄胺,其含量约为非转化植株根的1.3倍,达到582.05μg/g干重.少花龙葵毛状根液体培养0-5 d内处于生长迟滞期、5-15 d为快速生长期、15d后进入生长平台期.培养基的硝态氮和铵态氮在毛状根液体培养过程中被逐渐吸收和消耗,至培养15 d时铵态氮被消耗殆尽.而硝态氮仍剩余44.7%;培养基中钙的浓度在培养过程中虽逐渐降低,但在培养25d时仍未被完全消耗,其浓度约为起始浓度的43.5%.该结果为今后设计合适的培养基来规模培养褐脉少花龙葵毛状根生产药用次生物质澳洲茄胺提供了可能性.     

Evidence that the C-terminus of OprM is involved in the assembly of the VceAB-OprM efflux pump

Although the architecture of tripartite multiple drug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria has been well characterized, the means by which the components recognize each other and assemble into a functional pump remains obscure. In this study we present evidence that the C-terminal domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprM and the α-helical hairpin domain of Vibrio cholerae VceA play an important role in the recognition/specificity/recruitment step in the assembly of a functional, VceAB-OprM chimeric efflux pump. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence directly linking the C-terminal domain of an outer membrane efflux protein to its recruitment during the assembly of a tripartite efflux pump.     

Studies on the energy coupling sites of photophosphorylation IV. The relation of proton fluxes to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Photosystem II

1. By using dibromothymoquinone as the electron acceptor, it is possible to isolate functionally that segment of the chloroplast electron transport chain which includes only Photosystem II and only one of the two energy conservation sites coupled to the complete chain (Coupling Site II, observed P/e₂ = 0.3–0.4). A light-dependent, reversible proton translocation reaction is associated with the electron transport pathway: H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone. We have studied the characteristics of this proton uptake reaction and its relationship to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Coupling Site II.

2. The initial phase of H⁺ uptake, analyzed by a flash-yield technique, exhibits linear kinetics (0–3 s) with no sign of transient phenomena such as the very rapid initial uptake (“pH gush”) encountered in the overall Hill reaction with methylviologen. Thus the initial rate of H⁺ uptake obtained by the flash-yield method is in good agreement with the initial rate estimated from a pH change tracing obtained under continuous illumination.

3. Dibromothymoquinone reduction, observed as O₂ evolution by a similar flash-yield technique, is also linear for at least the first 5 s, the rate of O₂ evolution agreeing well with the steady-state rate observed under continuous illumination.

4. Such measurements of the initial rates of O₂ evolution and H⁺ uptake yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio close to 0.5 for the Photosystem II partial reaction regardless of pH from 6 to 8. (Parallel experiments for the methylviologen Hill reaction yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 1.7 at pH 7.6.)

5. When dibromothymoquinone is being reduced, concurrent phosphorylation (or arsenylation) markedly lowers the extent of H⁺ uptake (by 40–60%). These data, unlike earlier data obtained using the overall Hill reaction, lend themselves to an unequivocal interpretation since phosphorylation does not alter the rate of electron transport in the Photosystem II partial reaction. ADP, P_i and hexokinase, when added individually, have no effect on proton uptake in this system.

6. The involvement of a proton uptake reaction with an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 0.5 in the Photosystem II partial reaction H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone strongly suggests that at least 50% of the protons produced by the oxidation of water are released to the inside of the thylakoid, thereby leading to an internal acidification. It is pointed out that the observed efficiencies for ATP formation (P/e₂) and proton uptake (H⁺/e⁻) associated with Coupling Site II can be most easily explained by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy coupling.     

心脑血管疾病大额住院消费统计分析

通过对医院2004-2006年心脑血管疾病大额住院消费(消费大于50000元,以下简称大额消费)病例发病率高的前五种疾病的构成情况、药费、材料费消耗情况进行分析,认为加强大额病例中发病率高的病种的重点管理,是降低医疗费用的有效途径。建议制定常见病大额病种预定额付费方案和审查报销制度;采用适宜技术;控制药费,防止过度医疗,有效地遏制医疗费用的过快增长。     

Survival and metabolism of the harpacticoid copepod Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson) fed on different diatoms

Survival times and oxygen consumption rates have been determined for a benthic harpacticoid copepod, Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson), when fed different algal diets. Nauplii and adults lived slightly longer on a diet of Navicula sp. than did those fed N. pelliculosa or a mixture of both naviculoid species. Mean numbers of harpacticoids hatched were significantly higher in cultures of N. pelliculosa. Metabolic rates of non-gravid females fed for one week on N. sp. were significantly lower than those fed N. pelliculosa or the mixture. There was no significant difference in oxygen uptake between animals fed N. pelliculosa and those fed the mixed culture. The smaller size and lower food energy content of N. pelliculosa are reflected in the higher respiratory rates of animals led this diatom species.Based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the M.S. degree in Marine Science at the University of South Carolina. Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research Contribution No. 114. Research supported by the Oceanography Section, National Science Foundation, NSF Grant DES72-01573 A01.     

Partial purification and properties of Galleria mellonella larvae proteolytic inhibitors acting on Metarhizium anisopliae toxic protease

Gel permeation, preparative isoelectric focusing, and affinity chromatography were used to purify three inhibitors of proteolytic activity from perchloric acid extracts of last instar Galleria mellonella larvae. Electrofocusing experiments revealed three isoinhibitors with different isoelectric points: inhibitor I-1 with p1 of pH 5.6, inhibitor I-2, pH 7.7, and inhibitor I-3 (of small inhibitory activity), pH 8.6. By affinity chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose 4B the I-1 was purified 9.7 ×, but 71.1% of inhibitory activity was lost. Molecular mass of the inhibitory complex was 12,600 Da. I-1 and I-2 are relatively stable to heat at several pHs with minor stability at pH 10. I-1 and I-2 inhibit serine proteases about 2.5 times as much as sulfhydryl proteases. In the same ratio protease P-1 and protease P-2 from Metarhizium anisopliae are inhibited.     

THE DEATH OF BIOETHICS (AS WE ONCE KNEW IT)

Fast forward 50 years into the future. A look back at what occurred in the field of bioethics since 2010 reveals that a conference in 2050 commemorated the death of bioethics. In a steady progression over the years, the field became increasingly fragmented and bureaucratized. Disagreement and dissension were rife, and this once flourishing, multidisciplinary field began to splinter in multiple ways. Prominent journals folded, one by one, and were replaced with specialized publications dealing with genethics, reproethics, nanoethics, and necroethics. Mainstream bioethics organizations also collapsed, giving way to new associations along disciplinary and sub‐disciplinary lines. Physicians established their own journals, and specialty groups broke away from more general associations of medical ethics. Lawyers also split into three separate factions, and philosophers rejected all but the most rigorous, analytic articles into their newly established journal. Matters finally came to a head with global warming, the world‐wide spread of malaria and dengue, and the cost of medical treatments out of reach for almost everyone. The result was the need to develop plans for strict rationing of medical care. At the same time, recognition emerged of the importance of the right to health and the need for global justice in health. By 2060, a spark of hope was ignited, opening the door to the resuscitation of bioethics and involvement of the global community.     

贵州疣螈繁殖生态的研究

贵州疣螈（Tylototritonkweichowensis）是一年繁殖一次的有尾两栖动物。繁殖期肥满度、肝脏系数、脂肪系数、性腺成熟系数、性腺体积均具一定的生物学意义。繁殖期一般为5月上旬至7月上旬,窝卵数平均121．5±7．81枚,孵化期21．6天,孵化率44．33％。每窝印数与雌体头体长成正相关。幼体不同日龄的形态特征变化明显。其全长的Logistic生长方程为：     

Strategy for Stabilizing Enzymes Part Two: Increasing Enzyme Stability by Selective Chemical Modification

The molecular mechanisms of change in the thermal stability of proteins modified with low molecular weight reagents are discussed. The choice of stabilization mechanisms to be used as a general strategy for increasing enzyme stability by chemical modification is addressed. Hydrophilization of nonpolar surface areas is the most simple and reliable approach to artificial stabilization of enzymes for use in applied biochemistry and biotechnology.     

温度对棉蚜繁殖速度的影响

作者于1981—1983年在棉花苗龄一致、棉蚜试验基数一致、隔离天敌动物及有翅蚜条件下,利用4—7月份的棉田不同温、湿度条件,研究了棉田温度对棉蚜繁殖速度的影响。结果证明:棉田五日平均温度(以下简称温度)17.6—24.0℃,棉蚜繁殖速度最快,五日内繁殖21.9—46.0倍;温度低于和高于此范围,达12.7℃和25.0—31.2℃时,棉蚜繁殖速度减慢,同期分别繁殖4.2倍和6.3—19.2倍。同时证明:在伏期7月份当温度在上述适温范围内时,棉蚜繁殖速度快,而当温度高至26.7—30.9℃处于适温范围以外时,其繁殖速度同样减慢,同期繁殖4.5—19.2倍。由此说明,确利于棉蚜繁殖的适温范围大体为17—24℃;棉蚜繁殖在5月份苗期和7月份伏期的适温范围基本一致。