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Landaas ET Johansson S Halmøy A Oedegaard KJ Fasmer OB Haavik J 《Genes, Brain & Behavior》2011,10(4):418-423
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has an estimated prevalence of 3-5% in adults. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have not been performed in adults with ADHD and studies in children have so far been inconclusive, possibly because of the small sample sizes. Larger GWA studies have been performed on bipolar disorder (BD) and BD symptoms, and several potential risk genes have been reported. ADHD and BD share many clinical features and comorbidity between these two disorders is common. We therefore wanted to examine whether the reported BD genetic variants in CACNA1C, ANK3, MYO5B, TSPAN8 and ZNF804A loci are associated with ADHD or with scores on the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ), a commonly used screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorders. We studied 561 adult Norwegian ADHD patients and 711 controls from the general population. No significant associations or trends were found between any of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) studied and ADHD [odds ratios (ORs) ≤ 1.05]. However, a weak association was found between rs1344706 in ZNF804A (OR = 1.25; P = 0.05) and MDQ. In conclusion, it seems unlikely that these six SNPs with strong evidence of association in BD GWA studies are shared risk variants between ADHD and BD. 相似文献
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Janna N. Vrijsen Indira Tendolkar Marten Onnink Martine Hoogman Aart H. Schene Guillén Fernández Iris van Oostrom Barbara Franke 《Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders》2018,10(2):151-160
Stressful life events, especially Childhood Trauma, predict ADHD symptoms. Childhood Trauma and negatively biased memory are risk factors for affective disorders. The association of life events and bias with ADHD symptoms may inform about the etiology of ADHD. Memory bias was tested using a computer task in N = 675 healthy adults. Life events and ADHD symptoms were assessed using questionnaires. The mediation of the association between life events and ADHD symptoms by memory bias was examined. We explored the roles of different types of life events and of ADHD symptom clusters. Life events and memory bias were associated with overall ADHD symptoms as well as inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom clusters. Memory bias mediated the association of Lifetime Life Events, specifically Childhood Trauma, with ADHD symptoms. Negatively biased memory may be a cognitive marker of the effects of Childhood Trauma on the development and/or persistence of ADHD symptoms. 相似文献
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The viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata, has been a valuable model organism for studies of the regulation of reproduction by juvenile hormone (JH) in insects. As a result of its truly viviparous mode of reproduction, precise regulation of JH biosynthesis and reproduction is required for production of offspring, providing a model system for the study of the relationship between JH production and oocyte growth and maturation. Most studies to date have focused on individuals isolated from a Hawaiian population of this species. A new population of this cockroach was found in Nakorn Pathom, Thailand, which demonstrated striking differences in cuticle pigmentation and mating behaviours, suggesting possible physiological differences between the two populations. To better characterize these differences, rates of JH release and oocyte growth were measured during the first gonadotrophic cycle. The Thai population was found to show significantly earlier increases in the rate of JH release, and oocyte development as compared with the Hawaiian population. Breeding experiments to determine the degree of interfertility between the two populations demonstrated greatly reduced fertility in crosses between the two populations. Additionally, levels of genetic divergence between the two populations estimated by sequencing a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene were surprisingly high. The significant differences in physiology and mating behaviours, combined with the reduced interfertility and high levels of sequence divergence, suggest that these two populations of D. punctata are quite distinct, and may even be in the process of speciation. Moreover, these studies have important implications for the study of JH function in the reproductive cycle of insects, as differences in timing of rates of JH biosynthesis may suggest a process of heterochrony in reproduction between the two populations. 相似文献
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Jaclyn M. Kamradt Allison M. Momany Molly A. Nikolas 《Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders》2018,10(2):99-111
A substantial literature suggests that abnormal cortisol reactivity may be a vulnerability for deleterious mental health outcomes, including ADHD. ADHD has been linked with difficulty in emotion regulation and increased risk of experiencing stressors, both of which may be related to psychobiological abnormalities (e.g., abnormal cortisol reactivity). Research has been mixed regarding the association between cortisol reactivity and ADHD. Therefore, the present meta-analytic review (k = 12) sought to quantify this association and review the relevant methodological issues and theoretical implications of this area of research. Overall, no effect was found between cortisol reactivity and ADHD (r = 0), although significant heterogeneity in the analyses suggested that there might be moderators of this association, if one does exist. Results highlight the importance of addressing limitations of the current literature on cortisol reactivity and ADHD and exploring additional indices of emotion regulation that may be associated with ADHD. Implications for future research efforts are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Lisa E. Lenkic 《Journal of insect physiology》2009,55(11):967-975
Juvenile hormone analogs are known to inhibit the production of juvenile hormone (JH) by the corpora allata (CA). However, the mechanism of this inhibition remains undefined. We have used two JH mimics, fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen, to examine the mechanism of suppression in the cockroach, Diploptera punctata. Denervation experiments demonstrated the importance of nervous connections between the brain and CA for the inhibition of JH biosynthesis by fenoxycarb. Fenoxycarb treatment alters the sensitivity of CA to allatostatin treatment in vitro. Suppression of JH biosynthesis by fenoxycarb following denervation of the CA showed that innervation was in part responsible for the inhibition. Similarly, maximal inhibition by Dippu-AST7 requires intact nervous connections between the brain and CA, particularly during rapid vitellogenesis. qPCR analysis of brain, CA, ovary and midgut extracts revealed that both allatostatin and its receptor Dippu-ASTR2 show increased levels of expression following topical fenoxycarb treatment, particularly in brain tissue on days 4 and 5 of the first gonadotrophic cycle and in CA on day 4. The correlation between inhibition of JH biosynthesis and increased expression of AST and ASTR2 in brains and CA, together with increased sensitivity of CA to allatostatin in vitro, suggests that allatostatin may be one of the effectors by which fenoxycarb inhibits JH biosynthesis. 相似文献
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It is well known that there are strong genetic influences on attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with genetic association studies providing good evidence for the involvement of the dopamine neurotransmitter system in its aetiology. Developmental origins of ADHD represent an interesting area of research to understand the genetics that underlie early appearing individual differences. However, understanding the molecular basis of ADHD requires accurate, unbiased, heritable measures that can be used for molecular genetic association analyses. We take two approaches to examine the genetics of ADHD behaviours in infancy. Using quantitative genetic techniques, we explore the relationship between objective measures of activity level (AL) in both home and laboratory environments as well as with parent ratings of ADHD symptoms in a population sample of 2‐year‐old twins. Molecular association analyses of these measures examine candidate genes previously associated with ADHD. We find that ADHD symptoms, AL in the home and AL in the lab represent heritable phenotypes in 2‐year‐old infants. AL measured in the home has a strong genetic correlation with symptoms of ADHD, whereas AL in the lab correlates only modestly with the same ADHD measure. Genetic correlations suggest that AL in the home is more comparable than AL in the lab to ADHD behaviour and support the separation of all three for molecular analyses. There was modest evidence for association between DAT1, NET1 and ADHD symptom scores, as well as between DAT1 and AL in the lab. 相似文献
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Matejcek Z 《Neuro endocrinology letters》2003,24(3-4):148-150
The evolutionary approach to the issue of ADHD derives from the assumption that what is regarded as a pathological phenomenon today was once an adaptive response to the conditions of life in the ancestral stages of human development. The paper argues against this conception on the basis of the clinical picture of ADHD. The author believes that in the previous "natural" conditions the ADHD syndrome was even more of a maladaptation than in the "protective" conditions of present-day life. 相似文献
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Coby Schal Glenn L. Holbrook Jane A.S. Bachmann Veeresh L. Sevala 《Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology》1997,35(4):405-426
Juvenile hormone (JH) exerts major pleiotropic effects on cockroach development and reproduction. The production of JH by the corpora allata (CA) in the adult female German cockroach, Blattella germanica, is dependent upon and modulated by both internal and environmental stimuli. Mating, intake of high-quality food, social interactions, and the presence of vitellogenic ovaries facilitate JH synthesis. Conversely, starvation, deficient diets, enforced virginity, isolation, and a pre- or post-vitellogenic ovary cause the CA to produce less JH. Sensory stimulation of the genital vestibulum by the ootheca also inhibits the CA via signals that ascend the ventral nerve cord. All these stimulatory and inhibitory signals are integrated by the brain, and a preponderance of favorable signals results in a graded lifting of brain inhibition, permitting the synthesis and release of JH. The effects of inhibitory signals on JH biosynthesis can be lifted experimentally by severing nervous connections between the brain and the CA. Such an operation accelerates activation of the CA. Besides controlling gonadal maturation in females, JH concurrently regulates the production of sexual signals, including both attractant- and courtship-eliciting pheromones, and the behavioral expression of calling (pheromone release) and sexual receptivity. Although JH is required for the expression of copulatory readiness in female B. germanica, it appears that signals associated with copulation (spermatophore, sperm, accessory secretions) can inhibit this behavioral state even when titers of JH are permissive for receptivity. These observations suggest that JH might regulate sexual receptivity in females indirectly through other directives. In males, JH accelerates not only the onset of sexual readiness but also synthesis of accessory reproductive products. Lastly, we present a novel cockroach control strategy that is based on the intimate association between food intake and rising JH titers in B. germanica females. JH analogs cause abortion of fertile oothecae in gravid females. In turn, rising JH titers and vitellogenic oocytes induce feeding in females. With strategic placement of insecticidal baits and JH analogs, gravid females, which normally feed little and are difficult to control, can thus be effectively targeted for elimination. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 35:405–426, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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We present evidence suggesting that gap-junctional hemichannels (GJH) may be involved in acute ischemic injury of human renal proximal tubule cells (hPT cells). Two GJH, from neighboring cells, join to form an intercellular gap junction channel (GJC). Undocked GJH are permeable to hydrophilic molecules up to 1 kDa, and their opening can significantly alter cell homeostasis. Both GJC and GJH formed by connexin 43 (Cx43) are activated by dephosphorylation. Hence, we tested whether GJH activation during ATP depletion contributes to cell damage in renal ischemia. We found that hPT cells in primary culture express Cx43 (RT-PCR and Western-blot analysis) at the plasma membrane region (immunofluorescence). Divalent-cation removal or pharmacological ATP depletion increased cell loading with the hydrophilic dye 5/6 carboxy-fluorescein (CF, 376 Da) but not with fluorescein-labeled dextran (>1500 Da). Endocytosis and activation of P2X channels were experimentally ruled out. Several GJC blockers inhibited the loading elicited by PKC inhibition. Double labeling (CF and propidium iodide) showed that both Ca(2+) removal and ATP depletion increase the percentage of necrotic cells. Gadolinium reduced both the loading and the degree of necrosis during divalent-cation removal or ATP depletion. In conclusion, GJH activation may play an important role in the damage of human renal proximal tubule cells during ATP depletion. These studies are the first to provide evidence supporting a role of GJH in causing injury in epithelial cells in general and in renal-tubule cells in particular. 相似文献
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Adel E. El-Tarras Adnan A. Alsulaimani Nabil S. Awad Nahla Mitwaly Manal M. Said Ayman M. Sabry 《Molecular biology reports》2012,39(12):11081-11086
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood behavioral disorders characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. In Saudi Arabia the prevalence of combined ADHD is 16.4?%. ADHD etiology is not clear and not completely understood. There are several evidences for involvement of dopaminergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) is involved in the degradation of all three of these neurotransmitters. Dopamine Transporter 1 (DAT1) plays an important role in controlling blood levels of dopamine. The aim of the present study is to investigate the association between ADHD and polymorphisms of MAOA 30?bp-promoter VNTR and DAT1 40?bp 3′ UTRVNTR in Saudi population. PCR technique was employed to detect polymorphisms of MAOA and DAT1 genes in a sample of 120 ADHD subjects and 160 controls. Alleles and genotypes frequencies for both of MAOA and DAT1 polymorphisms were compared among ADHD subjects against controls. Association between ADHD and alleles as well as genotypes for each studied polymorphisms was tested by odds ratio (OR) test and the magnitude of this association was estimated by 95?% confidence interval (95?% CI). A significant association was found between two MAOA genotypes 3/4 and 3/2 with ADHD (P?<?0.01, OR?=?3, 4.9) as a risk effect. No significant association was found with MAOA alleles. Among DAT1 polymorphisms two alleles (7 and 11 repeats) (P?<?0.01, OR?=?2.5 and 3.3) as well as two genotypes (11/11 and 11/7) (P?<?0.01, OR?=?4, 3) showed significant association with ADHD as a risk effect. On the contrary, 9 and 10 repeats revealed significant association as a protective effect as well as 10/10 and 10/9 genotypes. These findings support the hypothesis that some of the MAOA and DAT1 polymorphisms have a causative role in the development of ADHD in the Saudi population. Another polymorphism did not give rise to support this hypothesis. This is the first report investigated the association between MAOA and DAT1 polymorphism at molecular level in Saudi Arabia population as well as Arab world. Therefore further studies are needed to generalize obtained results at Saudi Arabia. 相似文献
12.
The structure of human Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) comprising the two C-terminal domains (JH1 and JH2) was predicted by application of homology modelling techniques. JH1 and JH2 represent the tyrosine kinase and tyrosine kinase-like domains, respectively, and are crucial for function and regulation of the protein. A comparison between the structures of the two domains is made and structural differences are highlighted. Prediction of the relative orientation of JH1 and JH2 was aided by a newly developed method for the detection of correlated amino acid mutations. Analysis of the interactions between the two domains led to a model for the regulatory effect of JH2 on JH1. The predictions are consistent with available experimental data on JAK2 or related proteins and provide an explanation for inhibition of JH1 tyrosine kinase activity by the adjacent JH2 domain. 相似文献
13.
Craig B. H. Surman David W. Goodman 《Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders》2017,9(3):161-168
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental syndrome that often persists into adulthood. It is possible that different criteria are necessary for older adults than younger adults: the manifestations of ADHD could change with age; other conditions with onset in later life share presenting symptoms with ADHD; different contextual challenges and patterns of compensatory support may exist. For these reasons, we reviewed evidence for the validity of DSM ADHD criteria in adulthood for individuals over the age of 50. Specifically, we evaluated evidence that the DSM criteria for ADHD identify a valid syndrome in older adults based on clinical presentation, laboratory or testing findings, absence of alternate diagnosis to explain symptoms, course of the syndrome, or familial presence of the condition. We found evidence that various ADHD criteria identify subjects with clinical presentations similar to that seen in younger adults, but only 92 well-described cases have been reported in the literature. ADHD traits also may be less common in the general population of older adults than in younger adults, suggesting that the threshold for an atypical burden of ADHD traits may be lower in older populations. Future research can establish a richer basis for validity of diagnostic criteria for ADHD in older adults. 相似文献
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K. G. Wigg Y. Feng J. Crosbie R. Tannock J. L. Kennedy A. Ickowicz M. Malone R. Schachar C. L. Barr 《Genes, Brain & Behavior》2008,7(8):877-886
Twin studies indicate genetic overlap between symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and reading disabilities (RD), and linkage studies identify several chromosomal regions possibly containing common susceptibility genes, including the 15q region. Based on a translocation finding and association to two specific alleles, the candidate gene, DYX1C1, has been proposed as the susceptibility gene for RD in 15q. Previously, we tested markers in DYX1C1 for association with ADHD. Although we identified association for haplotypes across the gene, we were unable to replicate the association to the specific alleles reported. Thus, the risk alleles for ADHD are yet to be identified. The susceptibility alleles may be in a remote regulatory element, or DYX1C1 may not be the risk gene. To continue study of 15q, we tested a coding region change in DYX1C1, followed by markers across the gene Protogenin (PRTG) in 253 ADHD nuclear families. PRTG was chosen based on its location and because it is closely related to DCC and Neogenin, two genes known to guide migratory cells and axons during development. The markers in DYX1C1 were not associated to ADHD when analyzed individually; however, six markers in PRTG showed significant association with ADHD as a categorical trait (P = 0.025–0.005). Haplotypes in both genes showed evidence for association. We identified association with ADHD symptoms measured as quantitative traits in PRTG, but no evidence for association with two key components of reading, word identification and decoding was observed. These findings, while preliminary, identify association of ADHD to a gene that potentially plays a role in cell migration and axon growth. 相似文献
15.
Oosorption in the stink bug Plautia stali: role of Juvenile hormone in the induction of oosorption
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Toyomi Kotaki Kanako Kaihara Yumi Ando Kumi Misaki Tetsuro Shinada 《Physiological Entomology》2016,41(2):127-131
To clarify the role of Juvenile hormone (JH) in the induction of oosorption in females of the stink bug Plautia stali Scott (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), the effects of extirpation and implantation of the corpus cardiac‐corpus allatum complex (CC‐CA) are examined in fed and starved adults, respectively. Removal of CC‐CA induces oosorption in fed females, whereas CC‐CA implantation stimulates ovary development in starved females. Transection of the nervous connections between the brain and CC‐CA also exerts a stimulatory effect on ovary development. Uptake of yolk protein by the oocytes, assessed in terms of incorporation of a fluorescence dye, occurs on the day after food deprivation but ceases within 1 day after allatectomy. When females are deprived of food, beginning on day 3 of adult life, and treated with JH III skipped bisepoxide (JHSB3) on the same day, their ovaries develop in a dose‐dependent fashion. Approximately half of the starved females that received JHSB3 application on day 5 undergo oosorption in the terminal oocytes. This indicates that the critical starvation period for oosorption induction is approximately 2 days, and the earlier half of this period may reflect the time required for the brain to detect poor nutritional condition. During the latter half, in response to food deprivation, the brain inhibits JH biosynthesis by the corpus allatum through nervous connections, resulting in a low JH titre, which in turn induces oosorption. 相似文献
16.
Larval juvenile hormone treatment affects pre-adult development,but not adult age at onset of foraging in worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Previous research has shown that juvenile hormone (JH) titers increase as adult worker honey bees age and treatments with JH, JH analogs and JH mimics induce precocious foraging. Larvae from genotypes exhibiting faster adult behavioral development had significantly higher levels of juvenile hormone during the 2nd and 3rd larval instar. It is known that highly increased JH during this period causes the totipotent female larvae to differentiate into a queen. We treated third instar larvae with JH to test the hypothesis that this time period may be a developmental critical period for organizational effects of JH on brain and behavior also in the worker caste, such that JH treatment at a lower level than required to produce queens will speed adult behavioral development in workers. Larval JH treatment did not influence adult worker behavioral development. However, it made pre-adult development more queen-like in two ways: treated larvae were capped sooner by adult bees, and emerged from pupation earlier. These results suggest that some aspects of honey bee behavioral development may be relatively insensitive to pre-adult perturbation. These results also suggest JH titer may be connected to cues perceived by the adult bees indicating larval readiness for pupation resulting in adult bee cell capping behavior. 相似文献
17.
Fry CL 《Evolution & development》2006,8(2):191-201
Trade-offs between developing body parts may contribute to variation in allometric scaling relationships in a variety of taxa. Experimental evidence indicates that both circulating levels of juvenile hormone (JH) and sensitivities of developing body parts to JH can influence morphology in polyphenic insects. However, the extent to which JH may regulate both the development of traits that scale continuously with body size and trade-offs between these traits is largely unknown. Here, I present evidence that the JH analog methoprene applied to final instar larvae of a stalk-eyed fly (Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni) can induce males to produce larger eye-stalks relative to their body size. Examination of testis growth, sperm transfer, and egg maturation indicates that JH induces a trade-off between eye-span and gonad development in adult males, but not females. Age at sexual maturity was unaffected by larval JH applications to either sex. Collectively, these results are consistent with JH-mediated allocation of resources to eye-span at the expense of testes, and indicate potential costs for the production of an exaggerated trait. 相似文献
18.
注意缺陷多动障碍(attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)和发展性阅读障碍(developmental dyslexia,DD)是两种常见的神经发育性障碍,二者共患的比率高达25%~48%.本文拟从认知-脑-基因等多个维度对ADHD共患DD的研究进展进行综述. ADHD和DD共患的共同认知损害可能是加工速度缺陷,其作为内表型能够很好地帮助解释遗传因素如何通过影响认知功能进而导致出现ADHD共患DD的临床表型.而国内对ADHD共患DD的研究较少,已有的多项研究仅关注ADHD伴学习障碍,但缺乏标准的DD临床诊断标准.本文指出了统一诊断标准、结合多学科研究以及未来个体化训练的必要性. 相似文献
19.
Yuka Matsuo Masayuki Watanabe Masako Taniike Ikuko Mohri Syoji Kobashi Masaya Tachibana Yasushi Kobayashi Yuri Kitamura 《PloS one》2015,10(5)
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that starts in early childhood and has a comprehensive impact on psychosocial activity and education as well as general health across the lifespan. Despite its prevalence, the current diagnostic criteria for ADHD are debated. Saccadic eye movements are easy to quantify and may be a quantitative biomarker for a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including ADHD. The goal of this study was to examine whether children with ADHD exhibit abnormalities during a visually guided pro-saccadic eye-movement and to clarify the neurophysiological mechanisms associated with their behavioral impairments. Thirty-seven children with ADHD (aged 5–11 years) and 88 typically developing (TD) children (aged 5–11 years) were asked to perform a simple saccadic eye-movement task in which step and gap conditions were randomly interleaved. We evaluated the gap effect, which is the difference in the reaction time between the two conditions. Children with ADHD had a significantly longer reaction time than TD children (p < 0.01) and the gap effect was markedly attenuated (p < 0.01). These results suggest that the measurement of saccadic eye movements may provide a novel method for evaluating the behavioral symptoms and clinical features of ADHD, and that the gap effect is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of ADHD in early childhood. 相似文献
20.
Y. Molero C. Gumpert E. Serlachius P. Lichtenstein H. Walum D. Johansson H. Anckarsäter L. Westberg E. Eriksson L. Halldner 《Genes, Brain & Behavior》2013,12(3):305-310
The adenosine A2A receptor (ADORA2A) is linked to the dopamine neurotransmitter system and is also implicated in the regulation of alertness, suggesting a potential association with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits. Furthermore, animal studies suggest that the ADORA2A may influence ADHD‐like behavior. For that reason, the ADORA2A gene emerges as a promising candidate for studying the etiology of ADHD traits. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between ADORA2A gene polymorphisms and ADHD traits in a large population‐based sample. This study was based on the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS), and included 1747 twins. Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder traits were assessed through parental reports, and samples of DNA were collected. Associations between six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and ADHD traits were examined, and results suggested a nominal association between ADHD traits and three of these SNPs: rs3761422, rs5751876 and rs35320474. For one of the SNPs, rs35320474, results remained significant after correction for multiple comparisons. These results indicate the possibility that the ADORA2A gene may be involved in ADHD traits. However, more studies replicating the present results are warranted before this association can be confirmed . 相似文献