植物多糖对巨噬细胞的免疫调节作用

植物多糖是一类广泛存在于植物中具有多种生物学活性的天然大分子物质,对免疫系统的影响普遍认为是通过对天然免疫系统的调节作用,尤其是对巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响. 许多研究表明,植物多糖与巨噬细胞表面多种受体结合启动不同信号途径而发挥生物学作用.本文综述了来源于不同种属的多种植物多糖对巨噬细胞释放活性氧、分泌细胞因子和趋化因子等的免疫调节作用,为新型免疫调节药物的研究开发提供了新的思路.     

金针菇子实体多糖分离纯化及结构和免疫活性研究

从金针菇子实体中分离纯化多糖,并对多糖结构和体外免疫活性进行研究。采用水提醇沉法从金针菇子实体中提取粗多糖,利用DEAE-Cellulose-52及Sephacryl S-300HR柱层析纯化得到FVPⅠ-a,再利用HPLC-ELSD技术、红外及核磁共振对FVPⅠ-a进行结构解析。在体外以促RAW264.7巨噬细胞产NO、分泌细胞因子,促进小鼠淋巴细胞增殖实验,考察FVPⅠ-a增强免疫的能力。从金针菇子实体中分离纯化得到FVPⅠ-a,其为分子量81.4kDa,由葡萄糖、果糖和鼠李糖组成的β构型的吡喃型杂多糖。体外免疫实验表明,FVPⅠ-a能够促进RAW264.7巨噬细胞产生NO及分泌细胞因子（IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α）,能单独的促进小鼠淋巴细胞增殖（P<0.05）,并能协同增强ConA和LPS对小鼠淋巴细胞的促增殖作用（P<0.01,P<0.05）。首次从金针菇子实体中获得FVPⅠ-a杂多糖,其在体外具有增强非特异性免疫反应及增强特异性免疫反应的能力。     

牛膝多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的活化作用

为研究牛膝多糖(ABPS)对巨噬细胞的活化作用,以不同浓度的ABPS体外刺激小鼠腹腔来源巨噬细胞,采用ELISA技术检测TNF-α、IL-12的分泌,采用Real-Time PCR检测TLR 2/4 mRNA的表达。结果显示,浓度为100、200μg/mL的ABPS对巨噬细胞TNF-α分泌均有显著的促进作用;浓度为200μg/mL的ABPS对巨噬细胞IL-12分泌有明显的促进作用。浓度为100、200μg/mL的ABPS能明显上调巨噬细胞TLR 4 mRNA的表达。这表明,ABPS能激活巨噬细胞。     

日本虫草子实体多糖抗氧化及免疫调节作用

为明确日本虫草子实体多糖（CJPs）的抗氧化活性及免疫调节作用,本研究以子实体为原料,采用热水浸提法得多糖,通过对ABTS自由基、DPPH自由基、·OH自由基清除能力评价CJPs的体外抗氧化活性;探讨CJPs对氢化可的松诱导的免疫抑制小鼠的免疫调节作用。结果表明,CJPs对ABTS、DPPH、·OH自由基均有明显的清除效果,且存在量效关系,IC₅₀分别为0.165、0.098、0.253mg/mL;灌胃CJPs的小鼠与模型组相比,免疫器官指数、巨噬细胞吞噬指数、血清中细胞因子水平、免疫球蛋白含量均有所提高,脾脏中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和酸性磷酸酶（ACP）的活力显著增强（P<0.05或P<0.01）。该研究表明CJPs是一种潜在的抗氧化剂,并能显著提高免疫低下小鼠的免疫功能,为其进一步研究和应用提供了科学依据。     

红毛五加多糖不同组分对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞免疫功能的研究

本文研究红毛五加多糖不同组分(AHP-I、AHP-II、AHP-III)对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞免疫调节功能的影响,为进一步阐明红毛五加多糖对小鼠免疫调节作用机制奠定基础。采用不同浓度的3种多糖组分作用于小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,测定其对巨噬细胞吞噬中性红、释放NO能力、分泌IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β水平的影响。最后结果是红毛五加多糖的3种不同组分对小鼠免疫细胞有不同的刺激能力。其中,AHP-II可极其显著地增强吞噬细胞的吞噬功能,促进其合成NO,促进巨噬细胞细胞因子的分泌。因此红毛五加多糖能激活小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,其中,AHP-II是最重要的作用组分。     

植物乳杆菌JLK0142胞外多糖对RAW264.7巨噬细胞和免疫抑制小鼠的免疫调节作用

【目的】研究植物乳杆菌JLK0142胞外多糖(EPS)对RAW264.7巨噬细胞和免疫抑制小鼠免疫活性的影响。【方法】从植物乳杆菌JLK0142培养液中分离纯化EPS,采用体外细胞培养,测定EPS对巨噬细胞增殖、吞噬活性和一氧化氮(NO)分泌的影响;采用环磷酰胺构建免疫抑制小鼠模型,灌胃不同剂量的EPS,分别测定小鼠脾脏指数、T淋巴细胞增殖活力及血清中IL-2和TNF-α水平。【结果】植物乳杆菌JLK0142胞外多糖在50–800μg/m L浓度范围内能促进正常状态RAW264.7巨噬细胞的增殖,显著提高巨噬细胞的吞噬活性及NO的分泌量;与模型组相比,EPS中、高剂量组小鼠脾脏指数和T淋巴细胞增殖活力显著提高;EPS高剂量组小鼠血清中IL-2和TNF-α含量显著提高。【结论】植物乳杆菌JLK0142胞外多糖能有效提高RAW264.7巨噬细胞的免疫活力,并拮抗环磷酰胺对小鼠免疫功能的抑制作用。     

天门冬多糖对环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制小鼠的免疫调节作用

为探讨天门冬多糖对免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫调节作用,本实验建立环磷酰胺诱导免疫抑制小鼠模型。通过称重计算脾脏指数和胸腺指数;MTT法检测T、B淋巴细胞增殖反应;双抗夹心ELISA方法检测小鼠血清中IL-2和IL-4水平,测定天门冬多糖对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的调节作用。结果表明天门冬多糖能够提高免疫抑制小鼠的脾脏指数和胸腺指数,在ConA或者LPS刺激下提高T、B淋巴细胞增殖率,提高血清中IL-2和IL-4水平。天门冬多糖对环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制小鼠有一定的保护作用。     

猫爪草多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞活力的调节作用

此次研究旨在探讨猫爪草多糖对体外培养的正常状态下的原代小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞活性的调节作用,以及小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞在体外培养条件下的活力变化情况。以原代培养的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞为研究对象,设对照组(加入100μL DMEM培养基)和实验组(分别加入25μg/mL, 50μg/mL, 100μg/mL, 200μg/mL,400μg/mL的猫爪草多糖),分别采用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法、CCK-8法、乳酸脱氢酶释放法和中性红吞噬实验检测不同浓度的猫爪草多糖对体外培养的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞活力的调节作用;同时设置24 h、36 h、48 h、60 h和72 h的不同培养时间,观察在体外培养条件下,小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞活力的变化情况。结果表明:与对照组相比,不同浓度的猫爪草多糖均能增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的活力,且猫爪草多糖浓度在100~400μg/mL的细胞活力极显著增强(p<0.01)。此外,各处理组的巨噬细胞在体外培养24~72 h不更换培养液的条件下,48 h处活性最佳。体外培养条件下,一定浓度的猫爪草多糖可以激活小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,通过猫爪草多糖激活巨噬细胞,可能是猫爪草发挥提升机体免疫力的作用机制之一。此外,体外培养的巨噬细胞虽能存活长达一个月,但仍有一个最佳活力时间。     

硫酸酯化马尾松花粉多糖对小鼠脾脏B淋巴细胞免疫调节作用的研究

研究60％乙醇提取的马尾松花粉多糖组分D（PPM60-D）及其硫酸酯化物（SPPM60-D）对小鼠脾脏B淋巴细胞增殖、细胞内游离钙离子浓度（[Ca2＋]i）及抗体生成的影响。水煮醇沉法提取得到粗多糖,乙醇分级沉淀得到60％乙醇沉淀多糖PPM60,SephacrylS-400HR分离纯化得到多糖组分D,用氯磺酸-吡啶法对组分D进行硫酸酯化,尼龙毛法分离B淋巴细胞,MTT法测定其增殖,荧光分光光度计测定B淋巴细胞[Ca2＋]i,溶血空斑实验（PFC）和定量溶血分光光度（QHs）法测定B细胞抗体生成情况。结果显示,SPPM60-D相对于PPM60-D能更显著地提高B淋巴细胞的增殖以及[Ca2＋]i（P〈0．011：经TAK-242、LY294002、U73122、低分子肝素、维拉帕米和2-APB抑制剂作用后,均可抑制SPPM60-D和PPM60-D所致的[Ca2＋]i）升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;PFC和QHS检测证实,SPPM60-D对于促进B淋巴细胞的分化及抗体的生成有显著作用,而PPM60-D的作用较弱。以上研究表明,PPM60-D经过硫酸酯化改性后,活性明显提高,推测SPPM60-D可与B淋巴细胞上TOLL样受体4（TLR4）结合,通过TLR4-P13K-PLC—IP3R信号通路使钙库释放激活的钙通道（CRAC）打开,从而使[Ca2＋]i）升高来激活B淋巴细胞,进而提高其体外增殖和抗体生成能力。     

牛膝多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的细胞毒作用影响及机制

研究牛膝多糖(ABPS)对巨噬细胞细胞毒作用的影响及机制。以200 mg/L浓度的ABPS体外刺激小鼠腹腔来源巨噬细胞,采用MTT法检测细胞毒作用,Griess试剂盒检测NO的生成,Real-Time PCR和Western blot分别检测i NOS mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果显示,浓度为200 mg/L的ABPS对巨噬细胞细胞毒作用和NO表达有显著的促进作用,对i NOS mRNA和蛋白表达均有明显的促进作用。研究结果提示ABPS可能通过增强细胞内i NOS表达,促进NO生成和释放,从而促进巨噬细胞细胞毒作用。     

Induction and long-term maintenance of Thy-1 positive T lymphocytes: Derivation from continuous bone marrow cultures

In the present study we investigated the presence of T-lymphocyte progenitors in the long-term murine bone marrow culture system described by Dexter: mature Thy-1 antigen-bearing T lymphocytes are lost in these cultures after a few days. By culturing nonadherent cells from such cultures in the presence of a supernatant of concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells, a source of T-cell growth factor, we found that Thy-1 positive blast cells proliferated together with a second population of Thy-1 negative cells. These two populations of cells have been maintained in long-term in vitro cultures by passaging the cells in fresh conditioned medium at regular intervals. Moreover, we have been able to establish pure cultures of the Thy-1-bearing blast cells after separating them from the non-T cells using their adherence property to plastic surfaces. Long-term cultures of T lymphocytes can thus be established from long-term marrow cultures as well as from the spleen, thymus or fresh bone marrow.     

Immunomodulatory effects of Caulerpa racemosa var peltata polysaccharide and its selenizing product on T lymphocytes and NK cells in mice

A polysaccharide, CrvpPS, was isolated from Caulerpa racemosa var peltata. It was reacted with nano-selenium in distilled water containing ascorbic acid (Vit C) to form a stable CrvpPS-nano-Se complex. The immunomodulatory effects of CrvpPS and CrvpPS-nano-Se on T lymphocytes subgroups and NK cells in mice were investigated. After intragastric administration for 10 days separately, both CrvpPS and CrvpPS-nano-Se showed significant stimulatory functions to thymus gland of mice. Moreover, the CrvpPS-nano-Se induced the percentage of CD3 , CD3 CD4 , NK cells and the CD4 /CD8 value to increase significantly (P<0.05) when analyzed by flow cytometry, which is better than the CrvpPS, sucrose-nano-Se, and even the positive drug levamisole.     

柳生金针菇胞外粗多糖对小鼠肝癌H22移植性肿瘤的抑制作用和免疫功能调节的研究

本研究通过对柳生金针菇胞外粗多糖对肿瘤生长的抑制和机体免疫调节的体内实验,来探索柳生金针菇胞外粗多糖的相关抗肿瘤机制。结果表明柳生金针菇胞外粗多糖高、中、低剂量组能不同程度抑制肝癌H22肿瘤的生长。高剂量组抑瘤率最高,为35.25%,中低剂量也能抑制肿瘤生长,缓解脾脏肿大和胸腺萎缩。同时免疫学实验结果表明柳生金针菇胞外粗多糖可明显增加血清中各种细胞因子的表达,通过增强细胞和体液免疫功能来起到抗肿瘤作用。     

The enhancing effect of fucoidan derived from Undaria pinnatifida on immunoglobulin production by mouse spleen lymphocytes

In this study, we revealed that a Mekabu (Udaria pinnantifida) extract enhanced immunoglobulin (Ig) production of mouse spleen lymphocytes. Furthermore, it was suggested that water-soluble and high molecular weight ingredients in the Mekabu extract have significant enhancing effect on Ig production. Therefore, fucoidan was estimated as the active component.     

In vitro and in vivo analyses of a genetically—restricted antigen specific factor from mixed cell cultures of macrophage,T and B lymphocytes

An immunostimulatory factor was identified to be secreted by antigen-pulsed macrophages.This factor was able to induce the generation of antigen specific T helper lymphocytes in vitro as well as in vivo.Further in vitro experiments testing for the genetic restriction of this factor indicated that it is a geneticallyrestricted antigen specific factor (ASF).The Cunningham plaque assay was used to quantify the generation of T helper lymphocytes by measuring the number of plaque forming cells after sequential incubations of antigen-qulsed macrophages with T lymphocytes,and then spleen cells,and finally the TNP-coated sheep red blood cells.     

Modified glutamine catabolism in macrophages of Ucp2 knock-out mice

Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) belongs to a family of transporters of the mitochondrial inner membrane and is reported to uncouple respiration from ATP synthesis. Our observation that the amino acid glutamine specifically induces UCP2 protein expression prompted us to investigate metabolic consequences of a UCP2 knockdown (Ucp2-KO) when glutamine is offered as a substrate. We found that Ucp2-KO macrophages incubated in the presence of glutamine exhibit a lower ammonium release, a decreased respiratory rate, and an intracellular accumulation of aspartate. Therefore, we conclude that UCP2 expression is required for efficient oxidation of glutamine in macrophages. This role of UCP2 in glutamine metabolism appears independent from the uncoupling activity of UCP2.     

Expression of the inflammatory chemokines CCL2, CCL5 and CXCL2 and the receptors CCR1-3 and CXCR2 in T lymphocytes from mammary tumor-bearing mice

Chemokines and their receptors have been studied in several solid tumor models as mediators of inflammation. In turn, inflammation has been implicated in the promotion and progression of tumors, and as such, chemokines have been proposed as novel molecular targets for chemotherapy. While the expression of these molecules has been described in tumor cells, endothelial cells, macrophages and neutrophils, less attention has been paid to the expression profile of these molecules by T lymphocytes in the periphery or infiltrating the tumor. Using the D1-DMBA-3 murine mammary adenocarcinoma model, we aimed to better characterize the differential expression of chemokines and/or their receptors in the host and in the tumor microenvironment, and specifically, in the T cells of tumor-bearing mice compared to normal control animals. We found that T lymphocytes from tumor-bearing mice express the pro-inflammatory chemokines, CCL2, CCL5 and CXCL2, as well as the chemokine receptors, CCR1, CCR2, CCR3 and CXCR2.     

Effect of polar glycopeptidolipids from Mycobacterium Chelonae (GPLp-Mc) on phagocytosis and superoxide anion production of macrophages from mice. Influence of physical activity

It is not clear how macrophages respond to exercise when the immune system is previously activated. The aim of the present work was to determine the response of macrophages to exercise in already immunostimulated animals with polar glycopeptidolipids extracted from Mycobacterium chelonae (GPLp-Mc). Results showed an increased phagocytosis and O₂ ^- production in murine macrophages induced by the intraperitoneal administration of 25 mg/kg body weight of GPLp-Mc. In addition exercise stimulated phagocytic activity and decreased the O₂ ^- production of these cells. Unexpectedly, exercise did not potentiate the immunostimulatory effect of GPLp-Mc. However, we can conclude that the effect of exercise is not detrimental to immunostimulated animals.     

The majority of lymphocytes in the bone marrow, thymus and extrathymic T cells in the liver are generated in situ from their own preexisting precursors.

Parabiotic pairs of B6.Ly5.1 and B6.Ly5.2 mice were used to investigate how lymphocytes in various organs and various lymphocyte subsets mixed with partner cells. The origin of partner cells was determined by using anti-Ly5.1 mAb in conjunction with immunofluorescence tests. Parabiosis was also produced after the irradiation of B6.Ly5.2 mice at various doses to prepare an immunosuppressive partner. Irrespective of irradiation, lymphocytes and other hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow and lymphocytes in the thymus showed a low mixture of partner cells in comparison with those of all other organs tested. On the other hand, lymphocytes in the blood, spleen, and lymph nodes became a half-and-half mixture of their own cells and partner cells by 14 days after parabiosis. Among lymphocyte subsets, intermediate CD3 cells (i.e., CD3int cells) and NKT cells (i.e., NK1.1+ subset of CD3int cells) in the liver also showed a low mixture of partner cells. The present results raise the possibility that lymphocytes in the bone marrow and thymus, and extrathymic T cells in the liver might be in situ generated from their own preexisting precursor cells. Another observation was that, after irradiation, partner cells showed accelerated mixture even if they showed a low mixture under non-irradiated conditions. However, only lymphocyte subsets with the same phenotype as those of preexisting cells entered the corresponding sites.