2000年以来有毒蘑菇研究新进展

误食毒蘑菇而中毒一直被认为是一个对人类健康造成威胁的全球性问题,也是我国食物中毒事件中导致死亡的最主要因素。对2000年以来在有毒蘑菇新种类、新毒素与新症状、有毒蘑菇鉴定及毒素检测新方法、有毒蘑菇中毒机理、毒素基因克隆、中毒治疗以及鹅膏肽类毒素治疗肿瘤等领域取得的新进展进行了综述,并对一些热点研究领域做了展望。     

毒蘑菇中毒素的研究进展

误食毒蘑菇而中毒一直都威胁着人类的健康,每年国内外都有大量关于蘑菇中毒的报道。毒蘑菇中毒事件引起了越来越多研究者的关注,特别是对毒蘑菇中的毒素成分,中毒机制以及毒素应用等方面。本文根据毒蘑菇中毒的症状,从肝肾中毒,神经中毒,胃肠道中毒和其他中毒四个方面对已知中毒症状的毒蘑菇中所含的毒素以及毒素的活性进行阐述,并对毒蘑菇和毒素的应用进行展望。     

鹅膏环肽毒素生源合成的研究进展

在蘑菇目Agaricales中,已知鹅膏属Amanita、环柄菇属Lepiota和盔孢伞属Galerina 3个属的部分物种能产生剧毒的鹅膏环肽毒素。全球90%以上的致死性蘑菇中毒事件是由含鹅膏环肽蘑菇导致。上述3个属的剧毒蘑菇虽然亲缘关系较远,但却可以合成同一种鹅膏环肽毒素,且使用了大致相同的生源合成代谢途径,涉及多个毒素合成基因,采用了特殊的组合式合成机制。本文总结了鹅膏环肽毒素合成途径研究的最新进展,指出了当前工作中遇到的一些难题,对未来研究的趋势进行了展望。     

毒蘑菇毒素及其毒性机理

毒蘑菇毒素及其毒性机理丁彦怀（辽宁大学生物系微生物室沈阳１１００３６）毒蘑菇指对人和其它动物有毒的一类高等担子菌。我国已发现有１９０余种毒蘑菇￣［１,２］。一种毒蘑菇常含有多种毒素,一种毒素又经常存在于多种蘑菇中。一种毒蘑菇含有的毒素的种类和多少,又...     

合成基因组学：设计与合成的艺术

随着基因组相关技术(测序、编辑、合成等)和知识(功能基因组学)的日益成熟,合成基因组学在本世纪迎得了发展的契机。病毒、原核生物的全基因组相继被化学合成并支持生命的存活,第1个真核生物合成基因组计划已经完成过半,人类基因组编写计划提上日程。在基因组合成的实践过程中,研究者们不断探索对基因组进行重编和设计所应遵循的规则,提高从头合成、组装和替换基因组的技术手段。合成基因组在工业、环境、健康和基础研究领域有着广阔的应用前景,同时也带来了相应的伦理问题。结合在Sc2.0计划中的基因组合成研究和近期合成基因组学所取得的重大进展,本文综述了基因组设计和合成相关的科学、技术和伦理内容,并探讨了未来发展所面对的挑战。作为合成生物学最重要的领域之一,合成基因组学方兴未艾。     

黄曲霉菌次级代谢的组学研究进展

黄曲霉菌Aspergillusflavus是一种好氧型腐生真菌,其次级代谢产物黄曲霉毒素主要由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉产生,对诸如玉米、花生等在内的农作物侵染已经严重危及食品安全以及人和动物的健康。近年来,不同组学研究发展迅速,生物学研究的基础数据平台逐步建立。从基因组到转录组、蛋白质组、代谢组等组学技术在对黄曲霉菌次级代谢相关的研究中已有较多应用。本文概述了基因组、转录组、蛋白质组以及代谢组等组学技术在黄曲霉次级代谢研究中所取得的重要进展,并提出了相关研究的发展趋势以及有待解决的问题。为深入了解黄曲霉的生物学功能提供了重要的线索,并为今后的研究奠定了坚实的基础。     

丝膜菌属有毒蘑菇及其毒素研究进展

丝膜菌属Cortinarius是蘑菇目Agaricales中最大的属,目前已描述的物种超过2 000种,该属中一些种类含有剧毒的奥来毒素,可引起急性肾衰并导致死亡。本文对丝膜菌属有毒蘑菇中毒及种类、中毒临床症状、奥来毒素的检测方法、毒性毒理和中毒治疗以及奥来毒素在肾癌治疗中的应用等方面进行了梳理和综述,并对一些热点研究领域进行了展望。     

黄曲霉毒素生物合成的遗传调控研究进展

黄曲霉毒素是一类具有较强毒性和致癌力的次级代谢产物,在小麦、水稻、玉米和花生等多种粮食、油料、饲料和食品中检出率均比较高。因此,黄曲霉毒素不仅给人和动物的健康造成极其严重的威胁,而且也给食品和饲料等行业造成了巨大的经济损失。黄曲霉毒素主要由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉产生。自上个世纪60年代首次发现黄曲霉毒素以来,研究者在黄曲霉毒素合成途径、降解、合成机制和致病机理等方面做了大量研究。本文主要综述近年来国内外以黄曲霉为对象的黄曲霉毒素合成的遗传调控机制研究进展。从转录调控、蛋白翻译后修饰、信号转导途径、参与生长发育和形态建成的蛋白和其他酶等方面对黄曲霉毒素合成机制展开综述,为今后进一步深入系统研究黄曲霉毒素合成机制奠定基础,同时为制定防治黄曲霉及其毒素的策略提供理论基础。     

《菌物学报》“食用菌与毒菌”专刊征稿通知

<正>毒菌(毒蘑菇)在中国的种类繁多,分布也很广泛。因有些毒蘑菇与野生食用菌在宏观特征上没有明显区别,导致人们误食毒蘑菇而引发中毒的事件时有发生。长期以来,毒蘑菇与食用菌的分辨一直备受人们关注。为了提高人们对毒蘑菇的识别技巧和方法,减少误食毒蘑菇导致中毒的几率,《菌物学报》拟向菌物学界专家征稿,稿件内容涉及食用菌与毒菌分类、食用菌与毒菌生态、食用菌与毒菌分辨识别、毒菌中毒机理等各研究领域,欢迎广大菌物学研究学者和专家踊跃投稿!     

中国毒蘑菇名录

根据文献报道和实际考察收录了我国毒蘑菇435种,对拉丁学名和中文名称进行了订正,文献常用的名称作为异名保留,纠正了以往文献中出现的毒蘑菇的拉丁学名,包括拼写错误和鉴定错误,同时列举出毒素成分及中毒类型,并引证了相关参考文献。     

Potential benefits and harms: a review of poisonous mushrooms in the world

Mushrooms have long been considered as delicacies as well as used as important dietary supplements and food. However, there are major concerns with poisonous mushrooms as these pose threats to public health and safety. In this paper, we provide a review focusing on poisonous mushrooms, their toxins, symptoms and utilizations. In addition, this paper establishes a poisonous mushroom list which includes 643 species from two phyla, 16 orders, 51 families and 148 genera. The toxicity of all these species was verified and 332 species were ranked as P1 signifying that these species have toxic studies and or clinical poisoning case records and 311 species were P2 meaning they had previously been recorded as poisonous in other studies. Furthermore, we discuss advances in technology including how genomic studies could be used as a breakthrough tool in the field of toxic mushrooms. With this comprehensive review, we aim to promote public awareness of poisonous mushrooms, including how to avoid mushroom poisoning, and how to better utilize poisonous mushroom resources.     

Integration of omics sciences to advance biology and medicine

In the past two decades, our ability to study cellular and molecular systems has been transformed through the development of omics sciences. While unlimited potential lies within massive omics datasets, the success of omics sciences to further our understanding of human disease and/or translating these findings to clinical utility remains elusive due to a number of factors. A significant limiting factor is the integration of different omics datasets (i.e., integromics) for extraction of biological and clinical insights. To this end, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) organized a joint workshop in June 2012 with the focus on integration issues related to multi-omics technologies that needed to be resolved in order to realize the full utility of integrating omics datasets by providing a glimpse into the disease as an integrated “system”. The overarching goals were to (1) identify challenges and roadblocks in omics integration, and (2) facilitate the full maturation of ‘integromics’ in biology and medicine. Participants reached a consensus on the most significant barriers for integrating omics sciences and provided recommendations on viable approaches to overcome each of these barriers within the areas of technology, bioinformatics and clinical medicine.     

Explaining Dioscorides' "double difference": why are some mushrooms poisonous, and do they signal their unprofitability?

The adaptive significance of toxins in mushrooms has received very little consideration, although it is clear that poisons have appeared (and/or disappeared) many times in mushrooms' evolutionary history. One possibility is that poisons have evolved in some mushroom species to deter their consumption by would-be fungivores before spore dispersal. If this is so, then one might expect poisonous mushrooms to signal their unprofitability in some way. In this study, we have conducted the first formal analysis of the ecological and morphological traits associated with edible and poisonous mushrooms in North America and Europe. Poisonous mushrooms do not tend to be more colorful or aggregated than edible mushrooms, but they are more likely to exhibit distinctive odors even when phylogenetic relationships are accounted for. This raises the intriguing possibility that some poisonous species of mushrooms have evolved warning odors (and perhaps tastes) to enhance avoidance learning by fungivores.     

Designing the next generation of vaccines for global public health

Vaccine research and development are experiencing a renaissance of interest from the global scientific community. There are four major reasons for this: (1) the lack of efficacious treatment for many devastating infections; (2) the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria; (3) the need for improving the safety of the more traditional licensed vaccines; and finally, (4) the great promise for innovative vaccine design and research with convergence of omics sciences, such as genomics, proteomics, immunomics, and vaccinology. Our first project based on omics was initiated in 2000 and was termed reverse vaccinology. At that time, antigen identification was mainly based on bioinformatic analysis of a singular genome. Since then, omics-guided approaches have been applied to its full potential in several proof-of-concept studies in the industry, with the first reverse vaccinology-derived vaccine now in late stage clinical trials and several vaccines developed by omics in preclinical studies. In the meantime, vaccine discovery and development has been further improved with the support of proteomics, functional genomics, comparative genomics, structural biology, and most recently vaccinomics. We illustrate in this review how omics biotechnologies and integrative biology are expected to accelerate the identification of vaccine candidates against difficult pathogens for which traditional vaccine development has thus far been failing, and how research will provide safer vaccines and improved formulations for immunocompromised patients in the near future. Finally, we present a discussion to situate omics-guided rational vaccine design in the broader context of global public health and how it can benefit citizens in both developed and developing countries.     

Cell biology, chemogenomics and chemoproteomics

The scientific techniques used in molecular biological research and drug discovery have changed dramatically over the past 10 years due to the influence of genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics. Furthermore, genomics and functional genomics are now merging into a new scientific approach called chemogenomics. Advancements in the study of molecular cell biology are dependent upon "omics" researchers realizing the importance of and using the experimental tools currently available to cell biologists. For example, novel microscopic techniques utilizing advanced computer imaging allow for the examination of live specimens in a fourth dimension, viz., time. Yet, molecular biologists have not taken full advantage of these and other traditional and novel cell biology techniques for the further advancement of genomic and proteomic-oriented research. The application of traditional and novel cellular biological techniques will enhance the science of genomics. The authors hypothesize that a stronger interdisciplinary approach must be taken between cell biology (and its closely related fields) and genomics, proteomics and bio-chemoinformatics. Since there is a lot of confusion regarding many of the "omics" definitions, this article also clarifies some of the basic terminology used in genomics, and related fields. It also reviews the current status and future potential of chemogenomics and its relationship to cell biology. The authors also discuss and expand upon the differences between chemogenomics and the relatively new term--chemoproteomics. We conclude that the advances in cell biology methods and approaches and their adoption by "omics" researchers will allow scientists to maximize our knowledge about life.     

几种不同鹅膏菌毒素对真核生物RNA聚合酶Ⅱ抑制作用的比较研究

用鹅膏菌属（Amanita）含α-毒伞肽的毒素粗提液培养新鲜绿豆,结果在36小时后,各种不同毒苗的毒素粗提液培养的绿豆生长情况有明显不同,用紫外吸收法测定蛋白质含量,发现毒素粗提液培养的绿豆细胞中蛋白质含量比蒸馏水培养的有明显下降,这表明α-毒伞肽的作用机理的确是通过抑制RNA聚合酶Ⅱ而寻致蛋白质合成减少。     

Leveraging algal omics to reveal potential targets for augmenting TAG accumulation

Ongoing global efforts to commercialize microalgal biofuels have expedited the use of multi-omics techniques to gain insights into lipid biosynthetic pathways. Functional genomics analyses have recently been employed to complement existing sequence-level omics studies, shedding light on the dynamics of lipid synthesis and its interplay with other cellular metabolic pathways, thus revealing possible targets for metabolic engineering. Here, we review the current status of algal omics studies to reveal potential targets to augment TAG accumulation in various microalgae. This review specifically aims to examine and catalog systems level data related to stress-induced TAG accumulation in oleaginous microalgae and inform future metabolic engineering strategies to develop strains with enhanced bioproductivity, which could pave a path for sustainable green energy.