钙在植物花发育过程中的作用

对于园林观赏植物,开花是一个非常重要的发育阶段,它直接影响花卉的品质。近年来,植物花发育的分子生物学研究进展迅速,并取得了一些突破性成果。钙作为第二信使在植物信号转导中起着非常重要的作用,大量研究显示,钙有可能参与开花控制。本文总结了钙信号与植物花发育这一领域的最新研究进展,包括以下几个方面的内容：钙在植物成花诱导(包括光周期诱导和低温诱导)中的作用;花芽分化时期钙在植物叶芽和花芽中的动态分布及组织培养条件下不同钙浓度对花芽分化的影响;钙与花衰老的关系。     

脱落酸在植物花发育过程中的作用

植物激素脱落酸(ABA)对植物的生长发育具有多方面的调节作用,比如种子休眠、萌发,营养生长,环境胁迫反应等。大量研究显示,ABA也参与了植物的成花调控。影响植物成花调控的环境因子,包括光周期变化、春化作用、干旱等均会导致植物体内ABA代谢的变化。本文从调控植物开花的4条主要途径与植物体内ABA代谢变化之间的相互关系,花芽分化时期ABA在植物叶芽和花芽中的动态分布以及离体培养条件下ABA对花芽分化的影响等方面总结了ABA与植物花发育这一领域的最新研究进展。对ABA在植物成花诱导和花发育中的作用进行了综合分析。     

多胺在植物花发育中的作用

多胺是植物体内一类生理活性物质,其代谢变化与高等植物的花芽形成和发育关系密切。该论文综述了多胺在植物体内的形态和分布,以及成花诱导、花芽形成,尤其是雄性育性的发生和性别分化过程中的作用,并对今后的研究方向进行了讨论。     

AP2功能基因在植物花发育中的重要作用

AP2基因作为调控植物花发育的功能基因,参与花分生特性建立、花器官的特性特化以及形成调控。所编码的AP2/EREBP转录因子的主要特征是都至少含有一个由60到70个左右的氨基酸组成高度保守的DNA结合区,称作AP2结合域。按其所含的AP2结构域的数目分为3个亚族,即AP2亚家族、EREBP亚家族和RAV亚家族,每个亚家族都有各自的作用。AP2基因不但自身调控着花、胚珠的发育,而且与其他因子相互协作,参与到复杂的花发育调控网络。将对AP2基因的特征和分类及其在花发育中的作用进行概述。     

Ca2+在植物盐胁迫响应机制中的调控作用

对植物而言,Ca2+不仅作为一种必须的营养元素,更重要的是作为耦联胞外信号与胞内生理反应的第二信使,当植物受到外界的环境刺激时,细胞中Ca2+会出现变化,引起一系列保护性生理反应,从而减轻环境胁迫对植物体的伤害.我国盐碱地面积广阔,极大地限制了作物种植和农业生产.大量研究表明,Ca2+可以提高植物对盐胁迫的抗性,针对盐胁迫对植物的伤害机制,重点讨论了盐胁迫条件下Ca2+参与的植物体内有关响应途径及作用机制.     

miR319在植物器官发育中的调控作用

microRNAs(miRNAs)是一类内源性的、21~25个碱基长度的小分子非编码RNA,它通过指导剪切或者抑制翻译等方式调节植物基因的表达,参与调控植物生长发育各个方面。大量研究表明,miR319通过靶向TCPs转录因子控制植物叶、花等器官的生长命运,并参与调控部分激素生物合成和信号传导通路,在植物发育过程中发挥重要生物学功能。文章综述了miR319在植物叶形态建成、生长发育以及叶衰老和花器官发育等过程中的重要调控作用。     

钙在有花植物受精过程中的作用

钙作为第二信使在植物信号转导中的作用一直是植物生理学、细胞生物学和发育生物学研究的热点。近年已有不少综述和专著从不同角度对此作了详细评论［1～5］。虽然这些文章中只有部分内容涉及本文的主题———钙在植物受精中的作用,但是它们所论述的关于钙信使系统在植物...     

A Role for Auxin in Flower Development

Auxin has long been implicated in many aspects of plant growth and development including flower development. However, the exact roles of auxin in flower development have not been well defined until the recent identification of auxin biosynthesis mutants. Auxin is necessary for the inltiation of floral primordia, and the disruption of auxin biosynthesis, polar auxin transport or auxin signaling leads to the failure of flower formation. Auxin also plays an essential role in specifying the number and Identity of floral organs. Further analysis of the relationship between the auxin pathways and the known flower development genes will provide critical information regarding mechanisms of organogenesis and pattern formation in plants.     

Role of Calcium Signalling in the Development of Pain Syndromes

A comparative analysis of two models of nociceptive and neuropathic pain in rodents, carrageenan peripheral inflammation of soft tissues and streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy, is presented in the review. Modern concepts on the pathways of transmission of pain information are analyzed. A few aspects of possible involvement at calcium signalling in neurons in the development of pain syndromes are discussed. Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 184–190, March–April, 2005.     

The Role of Flower Width in Hummingbird Bill Length‐Flower Length Relationships1

Observations of hummingbirds feeding at flowers longer or shorter than their bills seem to contradict the view that bill lengths of hummingbirds evolved in concert with the lengths of their flowers. Recent experiments, however, indicate that a hummingbird's ability to feed at artificial flowers of different lengths depends on the widths of the flowers. We examined if the broad range of flower lengths visited by many hummingbird species can be explained by the widths of the flowers. We predicted that both short‐ and long‐billed hummingbirds would include long, wide flower species in their diets, but that short‐billed hummingbirds would not include long, narrow flower species because nectar in these species might be beyond the reach of their bills. If so, the slope of the regression for flower width versus flower length should be smaller for flower species visited by longer‐billed hummingbirds relative to those visited by shorter‐billed hummingbirds. Analyses of data sets for some North American and Monteverde hummingbirds and their food plants were consistent with this prediction, and bill lengths were significantly correlated with the slopes of the regressions of flower width versus length for seven hummingbird species. Comparisons of observed flower use by some Monteverde hummingbird species to flower assemblages generated at random suggest that these significant regressions were not simply a result of allometric relationships between flower lengths and widths, but in some cases reflected active choice by the birds. The two hummingbird–flower data sets also differed significandy in the scaling of corolla width relative to corolla length. In particular, the Monteverde data set contained a large number of long, narrow flower species, which we suggest is a consequence of a different floral evolutionary history and association with long‐billed hummingbird species. The evolutionary effects of hummingbirds and their flowers upon one another are more complex than has generally been realized, and a consideration of corolla length jointly with other floral characters may improve our understanding of hummingbird‐flower relationships.     

The Hormonal Regulation of Flower Development

Homeotic genes comprising the ABCE classes partly detail the genetic networks that control aspects of floral organ initiation, development, and architecture, but less is known about how these gene functions are translated into changes at the cellular level in growth and cellular differentiation that are involved in the formation of diverse floral organs with specific shapes and sizes. Hormones are the principal transducers of genetic information, and due to recent advances in understanding hormone function in floral development, it is timely to review some of these findings. Flower development is the result of a regulated balance between meristem size and coordination and organ initiation. Floral meristem size is regulated by cytokinin, gibberellin, and auxin, and auxin plays a major role in organ initiation and organogenesis. How hormones contribute to the development of each organ is partly known, with stamen development reliant on almost all hormones, petal development is affected by gibberellins, auxin, and jasmonic acid, and gynoecium development is predominantly regulated by auxin. Furthermore, the interconnections between genetic hierarchies and hormones are being elucidated, and as almost all hormone groups are implicated in floral development, points of hormone crosstalk are being revealed.     

The Role of Ethylene in Interorgan Signaling during Flower Senescence

The roles of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and ethylene in interorgan signaling during senescence in orchid (Cymbidium) flowers were investigated. Following application of radiolabeled ACC to the stigma or the rostellum (modified lobe of the stigma), radiolabeled ethylene is produced by all flower parts. In intact flowers as well as in excised central columns, stigma- or rostellum-applied ACC or [alpha]-aminoisobutyric acid were largely immobile. Local treatment of the central column of previously aminoethoxyvinylglycine-treated flowers with either ethylene or 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) rapidly induced emission of ethylene from the petals, showing that ethylene is readily translocated within the flower. Creation of alternative outlets (incisions) in the labellum or the central column significantly delayed the occurrence of senescence symptoms in ACC-treated flowers. The results do not confirm the presumed role of ACC as a signal in interorgan communication during flower senescence. In these flowers, ethylene produced in the stigmatic region following pollination or emasculation serves as a mobile factor responsible for senescence symptoms observed in other flower parts.     

电压门控性钙通道在疼痛机制中的作用

电压门控性钙通道是一类广泛分布在中枢神经系统和外周神经系统中功能结构不同的离子通道家族.这类通道参与痛觉的调制,并且在神经元递质的释放、动作电位的激发和神经元的兴奋性改变中发挥着重要的作用,本文就各类钙通道在痛觉机制中的作用做一综述.     

The Role of Abscisic Acid in Flower Abscission of Lupinus luteus

The role of abscisic acid in the control of flower abscission in Lupinus luteus L. was examined. Using a modified extraction and purification technique, endogenous abscisic acid levels in the upper flowers of an inflorescence were found to increase markedly some days before abscission could be detected. When abscisic acid was injected into flower-bearing nodes or fed via the roots, no increase in the abscission rate was obtained at any position in the flowerhead. Application of abscisic acid to only the leaves resulted in a marked increase in flower abscission. The role of abscisic acid per se as a primary controlling factor of flower abscission in yellow lupin is questioned.