生姜离体叶片愈伤组织悬浮细胞系建立与植株再生

以‘莱芜大姜’为试材,研究了生姜离体叶片愈伤组织的诱导以及细胞悬浮系建立与植株再生。结果表明,以生姜试管苗叶片为外植体,接种到MS+1.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+30 g/L蔗糖的培养基上,可有效诱导出生长迅速、质地疏松的愈伤组织。将获得的愈伤组织接种到MS+0.15 mg/L 2,4-D+6.0 mg/L 6-BA+30 g/L蔗糖的液体培养基上,25℃黑暗条件下震荡培养25-30 d,可建立分散性好、生长迅速的悬浮细胞系,细胞悬浮系培养的适宜参数为:初始接种量为1.0-1.5 g,继代培养的适宜间隔期为15 d,继代培养液体培养基更新比例为3/4。将悬浮细胞接种到固体培养基MS+0.2 mg/L NAA+10.0 mg/L 6-BA+30 g/L蔗糖上可获得再生植株。     

甜瓜试管苗继代培养玻璃化现象的研究

试管苗玻璃化现象是甜瓜组织基因转化过程中试管苗继代培养过程中的一大障碍,采用在培养基中提高糖和琼脂的浓度,添加适当的钙离子,细胞分裂素6-BA含量不超过0.2mg/L,生长素IAA用量控制在0.5mg/L,适当的光,光照强度和温度对克服甜瓜玻璃苗玻璃化现象有明显的效果.     

不同培养条件对薄荷试管苗玻璃化现象的影响

以江苏东台产薄荷(M entha haplocalyxB riq.)的茎尖为外植体,以MS为基本培养基,研究了培养基添加物和培养条件对薄荷试管苗玻璃化现象的影响。结果显示,导致薄荷玻璃化苗产生的主要因素是培养基中的6-BA、蔗糖和琼脂浓度以及培养温度和光照时间;当6-BA浓度为2 mg.L-1、蔗糖浓度为4%、琼脂浓度为0.70%、培养温度25℃、光照12 h.d-1(2 000 lx)时,薄荷试管苗的繁殖系数较高,玻璃化苗率较低。     

莲的离体快速繁殖技术

以莲(Nelumbo nucifera)授粉后18天的莲子胚芽为外植体,通过初代培养、继代培养和炼苗移栽,建立了莲离体快速繁殖体系。结果表明,将胚芽外植体诱导出无菌苗的最适初代培养基为MS固体培养基添加0.5 mg·L–1 6-BA、0.5 mg·L–1NAA、30 g·L–1蔗糖、0.5 g·L–1活性炭和0.8 g...     

转抗虫基因欧美黑杨离体快繁技术研究

以抗虫欧美黑杨的叶,带腋芽茎段为外植体进行离体快繁技术研究。最佳接种时间为8月份,新芽生长迅速。基本培养基为MS,较适初培养基为MS＋6－BA0.5mg/L（以下单位同）＋NAA0.01mg/,附加30g/L,蔗糖,7g/L琼脂。愈伤组织诱导并同时分化出新芽培养基为MS＋6－BA1.5 NAA0.3,附加40g/L蔗糖,6g/L琼脂。继代增殖培养基为MS 6-BA1.0 NAA0.1 GA2.0,附加30g/L蔗糖,5g/L琼脂。生根培养基为MS＋IBA2．0。     

腰果组织培养与植株再生(简报)

以腰果种子子叶为外植体,进行离体再生体系研究.结果表明,培养基MS 6-BA 5 mg/L 3%蔗糖 8g/L琼脂(暗培养)、b)1/2MS 1mg/L IAA 1mg/L IBA 3mg/L IBA 3mg/L PP333 0.2? 0.2AC 100mg/L VC 3%蔗糖 8g/L琼脂,运用生根法,生根率达到50%.     

南川百合的组织培养和快速繁殖（简报）

以南川百合鳞片为外植体进行离体培养,获得再生植株,并初步建立其快繁体系.结果表明:南川百合鳞片适宜诱导芽和愈伤组织的培养基为MS NAA0.01mg/L 6-BA2.0mg/L;增殖培养基为Ms 6-BA2.0mg/L NAA 0.1mg/L;生根培养基为1/2MS IBA 0.5mg/L 活性炭1g/L.培养基均添加0.8%琼脂和4%蔗糖.     

草莓高频离体再生体系的研究

以6个草莓品种为试材,研究了影响草莓不定芽再生的各种因素,建立离体叶片高效再生系统。结果表明,外植体基因型、激素种类及配比、叶龄等是影响草莓再生的主要因子,其中‘鬼露甘’叶片最佳芽诱导培养基为MS 2.0 mg/L 6-BA 0.1 mg/L IBA,‘嫜姬’叶片愈伤组织的诱导以MS 3 mg/L 6-BA 0.2 mg/L 2,4-D较好,而且1周左右的暗培养可以防止外植体的褐化。芽伸长的最适培养基为MS 0.5 mg/L 6-BA 0.5 mg/L IBA,生根的最适培养基为MS 0.2 mg/L IBA,试管苗移栽后成活率为87%。     

不同培养条件对光叶楮试管苗玻璃化的影响

以MS为基本培养基,研究生长调节剂、蔗糖、琼脂、光照强度和温度等因素对光叶楮试管苗玻璃化的影响。结果表明,最佳的生长调节剂配比是1.0 mg/L 6-BA、0.3 mg/L NAA,蔗糖浓度3.5%,琼脂浓度0.35%,光照强度2 000 lx,培养温度25℃。该优化培养条件能有效防止玻璃化苗的发生,获得较高的增殖系数和较健壮的苗木,且能降低生产成本。     

不结球白菜离体培养与植株再生体系研究

以4个不结球白菜品种为试材,对外植体、苗龄、激素的组配、培养基中琼脂和AgNO3浓度等再生因素进行了筛选优化,并探讨了抗坏血酸(AsA)对不结球白菜不定芽分化的影响。结果显示:以4~7d苗龄的带柄子叶为外植体诱导不定芽效果较好;MN培养基中4mg/L6-BA与0.5mg/LNAA的搭配有利于不定芽形成;琼脂的浓度变化对不定芽分化影响较大,以9g/L琼脂为宜;培养基中添加5~7.5mg/L的AgNO3、0.1~0.5mmol/L的AsA可显著提高不定芽的发生频率和质量。通过不定芽继代培养、生根培养和驯化移栽建立了能够获得较高再生频率的不结球白菜离体再生体系。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.