飞机草提取物对红脉穗螟的产卵忌避及杀卵活性

为探讨飞机草提取物对红脉穗螟Tirathaba rufivena Walker的防控潜力,采用室内生物测定法,研究了飞机草提取物对红脉穗螟的产卵忌避作用和杀卵活性。结果表明,飞机草乙酸乙酯提取物对红脉穗螟的忌避效果最好,选择性和非选择性忌避率分别为41.85%和46.84%;不同提取物处理红脉穗螟的卵后,均造成卵孵化率降低和初孵幼虫的死亡,其中乙酸乙酯提取物对红脉穗螟卵的影响最大,孵化率和1龄幼虫死亡率分别达到65.89%和40.37%。对飞机草乙酸乙酯提取物进行分级萃取测试各萃取物的活性发现,正己烷萃取物对红脉穗螟的产卵忌避作用和杀卵活性最强。田间试验表明,采用正己烷萃取物稀释50倍和100倍浓度进行田间喷雾,药后15 d对红脉穗螟的种群控制率可达到50%以上。     

印楝素对红脉穗螟发育调节及产卵力的影响

【背景】印楝素是一种重要的植物源杀虫剂,已有研究表明其对红脉穗螟具有胃毒和触杀效果,但印楝素对红脉穗螟生长发育的影响还未见报道。【方法】采用生物测定方法研究了印楝素不同亚致死剂量水平下,对红脉穗螟幼虫和蛹发育历期的影响,并对药剂处理后成虫的寿命、产卵量和孵化率等进行了分析。【结果】经印楝素处理后,红脉穗螟幼虫和蛹的发育历期与对照相比均有所延长,成虫寿命变短,同时处理后红脉穗螟成虫产卵量及后期的卵孵化率均显著降低,其中经LC25、LC50和LC90剂量处理后,产卵量分别降低了14.30%、20.38%和19.43%,卵孵化率分别降低了24.24%、26.89%和31.60%。【结论与意义】印楝素可通过干扰红脉穗螟虫体的生长发育和后代产卵力来达到对害虫种群的防控效果。     

百里香、欧芹和熏衣草水苏提取物对四纹豆象成虫的生物活性（英文）

【目的】植物次生代谢物对不同类害虫的影响程度如得以详细研究,则它们可能有望成为化学杀虫剂的合适替代物。本研究旨在评价溶剂极性对不同植物提取物杀虫活性的可能影响。【方法】从极性不同的化合物正己烷、乙酸乙酯和甲醇中选择提取溶剂。于28±2℃、相对湿度50%±5%、光周期16L∶8D条件下评价欧芹Petroselinum sativum种子提取物以及百里香Thymus vulgaris和熏衣草水苏Stachys lavandulifolia茎叶提取物对四纹豆象Callosobruchus maculatus成虫的致死效果,并评价其杀卵和产卵忌避效果。【结果】在对四纹豆象成虫的触杀毒性中,百里香正己烷提取物(0.05 g/m L)的LC50值最低,其次是乙酸乙酯和甲醇提取物。百里香的乙酸乙酯提取物对四纹豆象成虫的LT50值最低(10.04 h),在所有提取物中相对击倒速度指数最高(42.23%)。在对成虫的触杀毒性中,LC20和LC50浓度的所有提取物都具有100%的杀卵活性。熏衣草水苏的甲醇提取物对四纹豆象成虫具有最高的产卵忌避活性(97.54%)。【结论】本研究结果得出,百里香、欧芹和熏衣草水苏提取物对四纹豆象成虫具有明显的杀虫和杀卵毒性,并对其具有产卵忌避性。不过,非极性(正己烷)提取物的性能更佳。     

芦荟提取物对桔小实蝇产卵驱避活性研究

【目的】研究库拉索芦荟Aloe vera L.提取物对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel的产卵驱避活性,筛选出对桔小实蝇有效的产卵调节剂。【方法】采用甲醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷和石油醚5种溶剂对芦荟植物进行超声波提取,对5种提取物进行产卵驱避活性测定,确定产卵驱避活性较高的提取溶剂。进一步采用非选择性与选择性试验测定其对桔小实蝇产卵驱避活性的剂量效应,并对该提取物的持效期进行测定。【结果】发现5种芦荟取物对桔小实蝇均有一定的产卵驱避活性,而其中驱避活性最高的为丙酮提取物。通过选择性试验与非选择性试验发现丙酮提取物的产卵驱避率随提取物浓度的增加而增加,粗提物含量为10mg/mL时产卵驱避活性最强,分别为68.81%和89.43%。随着时间的增加,丙酮提取物的驱避活性逐渐下降,至第5天时产卵孔数与溶剂对照无显著差异,至第6天时产卵量与溶剂对照无显著差异。【结论】芦荟丙酮提取物对桔小实蝇有较高的产卵驱避活性,在植物源驱避剂方面具有一定开发前景,但持效期较短,可通过剂型改良来提高应用效率。     

薇甘菊甲醇提取物对二疣犀甲生长发育的影响

【目的】探讨入侵杂草薇甘菊Mikania micrantha的利用价值, 及其在棕榈害虫二疣犀甲Oryctes rhinoceros生态防控中的应用前景。【方法】采用浸渍法和室内饲喂法, 研究了薇甘菊甲醇提取物对二疣犀甲取食量、 卵孵化、 化蛹、 羽化及幼虫发育等的影响。【结果】薇甘菊提取物对二疣犀甲具有很好的生长发育调节活性。拒食活性研究结果表明, 在不同供试浓度下, 其对二疣犀甲3龄幼虫均表现拒食活性, 且拒食率与处理浓度呈正相关。薇甘菊提取物处理二疣犀甲的卵后, 孵化率明显降低, 且孵化期延长, 10 mg/mL提取物处理后孵化率仅达66.66%, 孵化期比对照延迟3 d, 同时初孵幼虫死亡率也高达40.43%。采用添加薇甘菊提取物的饲料饲喂1龄幼虫后, 幼虫体重增长减缓, 在处理浓度为10和5 mg/g时, 处理后90 d体重增加量分别为3.83 g和4.53 g, 而对照组体重增加量达到6.87 g。薇甘菊提取物处理老熟幼虫后, 对其化蛹具有抑制作用, 造成化蛹率降低, 化蛹时间延长及蛹的畸形。经薇甘菊提取物处理二疣犀甲蛹后, 成虫羽化率降低, 羽化时间明显延长, 且畸形成虫数量增加, 主要表现为翅无法正常伸展、 虫体瘦小、 无法正常爬行等。【结论】薇甘菊具有开发为生物源昆虫生长调节剂、 并在二疣犀甲防控中应用的潜力。     

入侵植物青葙叶片提取物对红脉穗螟体重及蛹发育的影响

【背景】青葙是我国的传统中草药,有关其次生物质对植物病害的活性已有报道,但其在害虫防控方面的研究还较少。【方法】为明确青葙体内次生物质对害虫的生物活性,研究了青葙叶片4种溶剂提取物对红脉穗螟幼虫体重及蛹发育的影响。【结果】除石油醚提取物外,其余3种溶剂(甲醇、正丁醇、去离子水)提取物均会对红脉穗螟体重和成虫羽化造成影响,其中,甲醇提取物影响最大;各提取物中,仅甲醇提取物对虫体蛹发育造成影响,对蛹重的抑制率达到39.35%,对蛹长的抑制率达到29.05%。【结论与意义】青葙植株体内存在对昆虫生长发育起调控作用的次生物质。     

烟碱对槟榔红脉穗螟生长发育和存活的影响

【背景】红脉穗螟是槟榔上的重要害虫,近年来危害日愈严重。【方法】采用饲喂法、浸卵法研究了烟碱对红脉穗螟不同龄期幼虫的生物活性及对卵、幼虫、蛹发育和存活的影响。【结果】烟碱对红脉穗螟各龄幼虫均表现出生物活性,且随着龄期的增大,红脉穗螟幼虫对烟碱的敏感性呈现降低的趋势;烟碱对红脉穗螟5龄幼虫的L％、￡c。￡cq。分别为5．13、20．69、292．10mg·L-1,同时烟碱可延长幼虫和蛹的发育历期。经不同浓度烟碱处理后,卵的孵化率大大降低,且初孵幼虫存活率也受到影响,部分幼虫无法成功转至2龄;同一卵龄中,LC25和LC50。处理的卵孵化率无明显差异,且显著高于LC90处理组。不同浓度烟碱处理后的红脉穗螟化蛹率和羽化率均显著降低,其中以LC90处理组影响最大,化蛹率和羽化率仅为18．89％和15．56％,显著低于对照组。【结论与意义】烟碱作为一种重要的植物源杀虫剂,对红脉穗螟的发育和存活均表现出生物活性,可作为该虫防治的备选药剂。     

小菜蛾成虫对健康和机械损伤薄荷的嗅觉反应

【目的】比较健康和机械损伤的薄荷Mentha spicata对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella成虫嗅觉反应的影响,为筛选小菜蛾植物源驱避剂提供科学依据。【方法】利用触角电位(EAG)仪和Y型嗅觉仪分别测定小菜蛾雌、雄成虫对健康和机械损伤薄荷的触角电位和嗅觉行为反应,通过田间试验测定雌蛾产卵选择的忌避反应。【结果】健康薄荷和机械损伤薄荷均能引起小菜蛾雌、雄成虫触角电位反应,但损伤薄荷引起的触角电位反应值显著高于健康薄荷(P0.05);室内行为选择试验结果显示,损伤薄荷对小菜蛾雄性成虫有显著驱避作用(P0.05),驱避指数为53.33%,对雌性成虫有极显著驱避作用(P0.01),驱避指数达到80%;田间产卵选择试验发现,损伤薄荷对小菜蛾雌成虫产卵有极显著驱避作用(P0.01),产卵忌避指数达到71.32%。但是健康薄荷对小菜蛾雌、雄成虫的行为选择和雌性成虫的产卵选择均无显著驱避作用(P0.05)。【结论】机械损伤薄荷对小菜蛾成虫有较强的驱避效果,可以对其进行驱避活性挥发物质的筛选或作为驱避源来防治小菜蛾的危害。     

卵表化合物对桔小实蝇产卵行为的影响

多种实蝇科害虫产卵后可释放寄主标记信息素来表明寄主果实已经被占据，从而调节自身或同种个体间的对寄主果实的产卵选择行为。为探明桔小实蝇卵表化合物的寄主标记作用，本文测定了桔小实蝇卵表甲醇提取物对桔小实蝇的产卵驱避活性，并观察了甲醇提取物处理对桔小实蝇产卵行为过程的影响。结果表明：桔小实蝇卵表甲醇提取物对桔小实蝇有明显的产卵驱避活性，且活性随浓度的增加而增强，当提取物浓度为100 mg/mL（虫卵与溶剂质量体积比，m/v）时，在选择性条件下的产卵驱避率为55-45%；非选择性条件下的产卵驱避率达到64%-79%。经卵表提取物处理后，桔小实蝇在寄主果实上的访问次数、试探产卵时间、试探产卵次数、实际产卵次数和产卵量均显著少于对照。证实了桔小实蝇卵表化合物具有明显的产卵寄主标记作用。     

番茄枝叶提取物对菜粉蝶产卵的忌避作用

生物测定结果表明,番茄枝叶的甲醇和水溶性乙醇提取物(简称Em、Em-eEe)对菜粉蝶均有显著的产卵忌避作用;其中Ee、Em—e和Em第1天的产卵忌避率分别为87.4%、85.1%和50.5%,均达到差异显著水平。番茄枝叶乙醇提取物(Ee)不仅能显著地忌避菜粉蝶产卵,而且还强烈地干扰其产卵行为。在网室中,Ee的3个剂型试验结果表明,只有剂型“Ee+0.1%吐温—80”对莱粉蝶的产卵忌避率达到差异显著水平,第6天的忌避率仍达35.4%。     

薇甘菊提取物对螺旋粉虱的生物活性

【背景】薇甘菊和螺旋粉虱均为我国入侵物种,且二者之间无寄生关系。本研究旨在挖掘薇甘菊的利用价值,为其在螺旋粉虱生态防控中的使用提供依据。【方法】采用药膜法和田间喷雾法,研究了4种提取方法（冷浸法、索氏提取法、冷浸—索氏提取法、温浸法）获得的薇甘菊提取物对螺旋粉虱成虫的室内生物活性和田间防治效果。【结果】在所选择的4种提取方法中,索氏提取法和温浸法的提取率最高,分别为9.90%和9.35%;冷浸—索氏提取法和冷浸法的提取率相对较低,分别为7.73%和4.50%。室内生物测定表明,采用冷浸法、冷浸—索氏提取法、索氏提取法和温浸法所获得的薇甘菊提取物对螺旋粉虱成虫的LC50值分别为8.94、9.03、6.32和7.51 mg·mL-1,但由于95%置信区间存在重合,不同提取物活性之间的差异不显著。田间试验结果则表明,不同提取方法获得的薇甘菊提取物对螺旋粉虱成虫都具有良好的防治效果,100倍液处理7 d后,对螺旋粉虱的校正防效均在75%以上。但是,索氏提取法和温浸法提取物防治效果显著优于冷浸—索氏提取法和冷浸法。【结论与意义】薇甘菊提取物对螺旋粉虱具有生物活性。     

薇甘菊五种溶剂提取物对褐稻虱种群的干扰作用

室内测定了薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha）5种溶剂提取物对褐稻虱Nilaparvata lugens Stál种群的干扰作用。结果表明,处理后48h,氯仿提取物和乙醇提取物驱避褐稻虱成虫产卵的作用显著,驱避率分别达86.44%、83.90%;干扰成虫取食效果最好的为乙醇提取物与乙酸乙酯提取物,拒食率分别达74.19%、51.86%;提取物对褐稻虱成虫、若虫具有一定的毒杀活性,其中对1～2龄若虫的活性较强的为乙醇提取物、氯仿提取物和乙醚提取物,对成虫的毒杀活性最强的为乙酸乙酯提取物。综上所述,氯仿提取物和乙醇提取物对褐稻虱实验种群的干扰效果最强,干扰作用控制指数（IIPC）分别达0.0428、0.0515。考虑生物活性、提取效率、溶剂价格与毒性等因素,认为乙醇是一种比较理想的提取杀虫活性成分的有机溶剂。     

木鳖子提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀活性

测定了木鳖子提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀活性。用甲醇、氯仿、石油醚3种不同极性的溶剂提取,石油醚提取率最高为30.79%,且对朱砂叶螨成螨和卵的触杀活性均高于其他两种溶剂的提取物,24 h校正死亡率分别为77.52%和72.04%。用甲醇对石油醚提取物萃取,发现甲醇萃取物活性明显高于石油醚部分,对成螨和卵处理24 h后的校正死亡率分别为89.60%和74.65%,产卵抑制率为62.74%,驱避率为58.23%。柱层析对甲醇萃取物进行分离得到10种组分,组分5活性最高,浓度为2 mg/mL时,24 h校正死亡率为86.15%。用薄层层析和气相色谱质谱联用仪分别检测组分5纯度和主成分,初步确定活性成分为α-菠菜甾醇。     

Bioactivity of the metabolites from endophytic actinomycete Fq24 against Tetranychus cinnabarinus

An endophytic actinomycete strain Fq24 was isolated from healthy tomato plants. The acaricidal substances in the metabolites from Fq24 were collected and identified by the methods of extraction, column chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their bioactivities against Tetranychus cinnabarinus were measured with slide-dip and leaf-residue methods. Among the extracts, petroleum ether extract had high bioactivity in contact toxicity and oviposition deterrent against T. cinnabarinus. Its lethal concentration of 50% (LC50) was 52.57 mg x L(-1), and its oviposition deterrent concentration of 50% (ODC50) was 43.18 mg x L(-1). The identification with GC-MS showed that the main chemical component of fraction S11 was methyl hexadecanoate, whose molecular formula was C17H34O2, being one of the substances with acaricidal activity in the metabolites from Fq24. The 24 h corrected mortality rate of female mite at 5 mg x mL(-1) of methyl hexadecanoate was 78.3%, and the oviposition deterrent rate was 81.6%.     

Oviposition deterrent, ovicidal and gravid mortality effects of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata Nees against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae)

Oviposition is an important phenomenon of mosquitoes and has recently become the focus in the concept of integrated vector control management. In the present study, we evaluated oviposition deterrent, ovicidal and mortality effects of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata Nees against gravid and oviposited females of Anopheles stephensi Liston. Water treated with the ethanolic extract had a high deterrent activity in ovipositing females: oviposition activity index values for the test species were –0.28, –0.45, –0.49 and –0.59 for extract concentrations of 29, 35, 41 and 46 p.p.m., respectively. High degrees of mortality were observed with various concentrations of extract: 1.12 (control) to 11.70 for gravid females, and 0.65 (control) to 10.25 for oviposited females. The highest mortality in both gravid and oviposited females was observed soon after they came in contact with oviposition medium treated with the extract, and this was found to be significant at doses higher than 35 p.p.m., suggesting possible contact toxicity of the extract. The extract caused moderate ovicidal activity against various age groups of A. stephensi, but it inflicted delayed effects such as high larval, pupal and adult mortality. The age of the eggs and the duration of the extract treatment influenced the ovicidal activity observed. It is clear that ethanolic extract of A. paniculata Nees can affect the oviposition cycle of A. stephensi Liston, thereby suppressing the vector population and adversely influencing transmission of the disease pathogen.     

黄地老虎幼虫取食诱导的棉花植株挥发物驱避雌蛾产卵

[目的]评价黄地老虎Agrotis segetum幼虫取食危害诱导棉花植株产生的虫害诱导植物挥发物(herbivore-induced plant volatiles,HIPVs)对雌蛾产卵选择的影响,并鉴定HIPVs的主要组分及其功能,以筛选对雌蛾产卵有吸引或驱避作用的活性成分.[方法]利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC...     

REPELLENT AND OVIPOSITION DETERRENT ACTIVITIES OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL FROM MIKANIA MICRANTHA AND ITS COMPOUNDS ON PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA

Abstract  Repellent and oviposition deterrent activities of the essential oil from Mikania micrantha and five volatile compounds including limonene, α-terpinene, linalool, β-caryophylene and verbenone on the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella , was investigated in door and in net-house. The results showed that the essential oil of the M. micrantha had significant repellant effect (at flow 100–180 mL/min) and oviposition deterrent activity at dose 10–20 μL/seedling for the DBM. In five volatile compounds, α-terpinene, limonene and linalool had significant effect on repellent and oviposition deterrent of the DBM moths, but verbenone and β-caryophylene, no significantly effect was observed in repellent and oviposition deterrent.     

In Vitro Screening of Anti-lice Activity of Pongamia pinnata Leaves

Growing patterns of pediculocidal drug resistance towards head louse laid the foundation for research in exploring novel anti-lice agents from medicinal plants. In the present study, various extracts of Pongamia pinnata leaves were tested against the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis. A filter paper diffusion method was conducted for determining the potential pediculocidal and ovicidal activity of chloroform, petroleum ether, methanol, and water extracts of P. pinnata leaves. The findings revealed that petroleum ether extracts possess excellent anti-lice activity with values ranging between 50.3% and 100% where as chloroform and methanol extracts showed moderate pediculocidal effects. The chloroform and methanol extracts were also successful in inhibiting nymph emergence and the petroleum ether extract was the most effective with a complete inhibition of emergence. Water extract was devoid of both pediculocidal and ovicidal activities. All the results were well comparable with benzoyl benzoate (25% w/v). These results showed the prospect of using P. pinnata leave extracts against P. humanus capitis in difficult situations of emergence of resistance to synthetic anti-lice agents.