香茅精油对番茄早疫病菌的抑菌作用及抑菌机制

为探明香茅精油的抑菌作用及其在植物病害生物防治中的应用价值,采用平板抑菌法和熏蒸法测定了香茅精油对番茄早疫病菌的抑菌活性,及其对菌丝体内电解质渗漏、可溶性蛋白质含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、营养物质的吸收和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响.结果表明: 香茅精油对番茄早疫病菌有较强的抑菌作用,且该作用具有时间-剂量依赖性,但无杀菌作用.采用熏蒸法处理的抑制效果较平板抑菌法更好,处理48 h后,半抑制浓度(IC₅₀)分别为13.40 μL·L^-1和103.23 mg·L^-1;处理144 h后,IC₅₀分别为33.81 μL·L^-1和145.16 mg·L^-1.125 mg·L^-1香茅精油处理12 h后,菌丝体的电导率和MDA含量分别为对照的2.7和2.2倍,SOD活性和可溶性蛋白质含量分别提高88.5%和21.9%,还原糖的吸收减少11.3%.香茅精油可通过破坏病原菌细胞膜完整性和抑制菌体对营养物质的吸收来抑制病原菌菌丝的生长.香茅精油在植物病害生物防治中有一定的开发潜力.     

Chemical Composition and Spectrum of Insecticidal Activity of the Essential Oils of Ocimum gratissimum L. and Cymbopogon citratus Stapf on the Main Insects of the Cotton Entomofauna in Côte d'Ivoire

Among the alternatives to environmentally toxic and socio-economically unacceptable chemical pesticides, essential oils from Ocimum gratissimum and Cymbopogon citratus were tested on the main pests and beneficial insects of the cotton plant in Côte d′Ivoire. After extraction and chemical analysis of the essential oils, field trials were carried out using a Fisher block system with three treatment repetitions where their effects compared with those of a registered synthetic insecticide (IBIS A 52 EC). Foliar applications of the products were carried out in accordance with the cotton plant protection extension programme in Côte d′Ivoire from the 45th to the 115th day after plant emergence, with one application every fortnight. Twenty-three and forty compounds representing about 96 and 99 % of the oil composition of O. gratissimum and C. citratus respectively were elucidated. The most abundant compounds were p-cymene and thymol (O. gratissimum) and myrcene, neral and geranial (C. citratus). The essential oil of O. gratissimum at concentrations of 2 and 5 % showed insecticidal activity on all pests (biting-sucking and carpophagous), except the phyllophagous Syllepte derogata. C. citratus, at a low concentration (1 %), was particularly toxic to whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), however, it favoured the action of beneficial insects, specifically black ants and ladybirds in the cotton plots, unlike the chemical product. EO of O. gratissimum (1.60 and 4.62 mg GALAE/g, respectively) and C. citratus (2.26 and 2.78 mg GALAE, respectively) exhibited also significant acetyl and butyryl cholinesterase inhibitors. Insecticide formulations based on the essential oils of O. gratissimum and C. citratus offer favourable prospects for their use in cotton cultivation as an alternative to chemical pesticides.     

Phytoremediation of metals using lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf.) grown under different levels of red mud in soil amended with biowastes

Due to hostile condition of red mud (RM), its utilization for vegetation is restricted. Therefore, RM with biowastes as soil amendment may offer suitable combination to support plant growth with reduced risk of metal toxicity. To evaluate the effects of RM on soil properties, plant growth performance, and metal accumulation in lemongrass, a study was conducted using different RM concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 15% w/w) in soil amended with biowastes [cow dung manure (CD) or sewage-sludge (SS)]. Application of RM in soil with biowastes improved organic matter and nutrient contents and caused reduction in phytoavailable metal contents. Total plant biomass was increased under all treatments, maximally at 5% RM in soil with SS (91.4%) and CD (51.7%) compared to that in control (no RM and biowastes). Lemongrass acted as a potential metal-tolerant plant as its metal tolerance index is >100%. Based on translocation and bioconcentration factors, lemongrass acted as a potential phytostabilizer of Fe, Mn, and Cu in roots and was found efficient in translocation of Al, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, As, and Ni from roots to shoot. The study suggests that 5% RM with biowastes preferably SS may be used to enhance phytoremediation potential of lemongrass.     

香茅天然挥发物的化感作用及其化学成分分析

在野外香茅草丛地表和密闭容器中进行了香茅天然挥发物对玉米和稗草种子萌发和幼苗生长影响的试验,并采用固相微萃取和气相色谱质谱联用技术,对香茅挥发物的化学成分进行了分析.生物测定表明,野外香茅草丛和密闭容器中香茅挥发物对玉米和稗草种子萌发率影响不显著,但对玉米和稗草幼苗的生物量、根长及苗高均产生显著抑制影响,表明香茅挥发物中存在潜在的化感物质.对挥发物的分析结果表明,根挥发物有10种成分,主要成分是长叶松烯,含量为56.67%,其次为芹子烯内酯(20.03%),其余成分含量都在10%以下.茎叶挥发物有12种成分,主要成分是柠檬醛,含量达53.98%,其次是z柠檬醛,含量为34.40%,其余成分含量都在4%以下.研究表明,在香茅挥发物中存在较多的萜类化合物,茎叶挥发物中有2个单萜,9个倍半萜,根挥发物全部为倍半萜.因此,种植香茅时不应忽视它的化感作用.     

香茅精油对桔小实蝇产卵驱避作用及其化学成份分析

研究了香茅Cymbopogon nardus精油对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)的产卵驱避作用及其化学成分。结果表明,香茅精油对桔小实蝇产卵具有一定的驱避作用,不同浓度香茅精油处理芒果上的产卵量均显著低于对照,且随着香茅精油浓度的提高其产卵量逐渐减少,当浓度为10000μg/mL时,产卵驱避率为70.06%。采用气相色谱—质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析了香茅精油的化学成份,结果发现该精油挥发物中含量较高的是3-蒈烯,香茅醛,香叶醇,香茅醇,柠檬烯。     

Terpenes from the essential oil of Cymbopogon distans

A GC/MS study of the hydrocarbon fraction and the fraction containing oxygenated compounds showed the presence of 12 monoterpene hydrocarbons (28.4%), 13 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (32.8%), 3 sesquiterpene alcohols (27.2%), 2 esters (7.2%) and 3 carbonyl compounds (4.4%) in the essential oil of Cymbopogon distans. Of these, 27 compounds have been identified.     

薰衣草精油对酪氨酸酶活性影响的研究

以L-酪氨酸为底物,从马铃薯中制备酪氨酸酶粗酶液,以熊果苷为阳性对照,研究了薰衣草精油对酪氨酸酶活性影响,结果表明薰衣草精油对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制表现出良好的剂量-效应关系,其抑制率均随剂量的增大而升高,1 mg/mL、2 mg/mL、4 mg/mL、8 mg/mL抑制率分别为22.59%、31.46%、50.91%、81.96%。     

滇西香茅挥发油的化学成分

滇西香茅(Cymbopogon khasiamus(Hack.)Stapf ex Bor)为禾本科植物,分布于印度及缅甸,该植物过去在中国无分布记载,作者在云南首次发现。其挥发油为主要有效成分,当地与芸香草(Cymbopogon distans(Steud)Wats.)混用。为合理开发和利用该种植物,对挥发油的化学成分进行了分析。     

云南新记录种辣薄荷草及其挥发油成份

本文报道了云南新记录种辣薄荷草及其挥发油的化学成份。胡椒酮含量超过65%, 因此, 它是一种有用的资源植物。     

Purification and N-Terminal Amino Acid Sequence of Solanapyrone Synthase,A Natural Diels-Alderase from Alternaria solani

The first natural Diels-Alderase, solanapyrone synthase, was purified 1,630-fold from a crude extract. The 41-kDa protein on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was identified as truncated solanapyrone synthase, and its N-terminal amino acid sequence was found to be QETQNLNNFLESNAINP.