Comparative study of circadian variation in oral,tympanic, forehead,axillary and elbow pit temperatures measured in a cohort of young university students living their normal routines

The primary objective of the present research work is to study and compare the circadian variability in body temperature recorded from different locations of the body during subjects’ normal routines. Temperatures of oral cavity (sublingually), tympanum, forehead, axilla and the elbow pit were measured simultaneously at approximate 1-h intervals for five consecutive days during subjects’ waking span in their routine living condition. The observations were made in eight young, apparently healthy, university students. Data were analysed using cosinor rhythmometry for evaluation of circadian rhythms and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures to assess the effect of time of day and measuring site on body temperatures and their interaction. Significant circadian rhythms in body temperature, irrespective of site, were found. Based on autocorrelation analysis, it was observed that the day-to-day variability in body temperature was consistent. The acrophases of all the studied temperature rhythms were located in the afternoon, except axillary temperature, which occurred in the early evening. The mean daytime temperature was found to be the highest when recorded sublingually and it was the lowest on the forehead or elbow pit. On the basis of the results of this study, we recommend that the methods used could be introduced into laboratory courses in a curriculum of chronobiology courses for both UG and PG classes for the demonstration/study of circadian rhythms in body temperature under normal routines. The methods used are valuable as they are non-invasive, easily accepted and assessable in a student setting.     

灰飞虱发育起点温度及有效积温的探讨

利用培养箱在恒温条件下饲养灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus Fallén,测定了卵、若虫、成虫繁殖前和全世代发育历期,用直线回归法计算了灰飞虱各虫态和全世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为10.06、6.43、10.29、8.08℃和102.3、365.2、87.5、552.1日·度。并根据有效积温法则预测了该虫在济宁市1年完成的代数为4～5代。     

桑树(Morus alba)朱砂叶螨（Tetranychus cinnabarinus）实验种群的温度效应

采用生命表分析、生存分析、"王-兰-丁"模型及线性模型等分析方法,对15～28℃温区的5个恒温处理朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)实验种群进行了系统研究.结果表明,此温区内,种群在生殖、发育和生存3方面,有明显的温度效应:内禀增长力、周限增长力、净增殖力和平均日产卵量、世代平均周期、及种群倍增时间的倒数呈线性增长;而平均寿命、最大死亡年龄,随温度升高而递减;性比和实际产卵天数对温度不敏感.种群在生殖、发育和生存三者之间,采取了较为"折衷"的策略:8℃为发育临界点;13℃左右为生殖和种群增长临界温度;22℃左右为生殖和种群增长最适温度;30℃左右为发育最适温度.     

竹织叶野螟发育起点温度和有效积温

采用19,22,25,28和31℃5个温度对竹织叶野螟Algedonia coclesalis Walker各虫态(龄)发育起点温度和有效积温进行测定。结果表明,竹织叶野螟的在19～31℃范围内均能正常生长发育,尤其是28～31℃范围最适宜于竹织叶野螟的生长发育。卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、5龄幼虫、6龄幼虫、7龄幼虫、蛹、成虫及世代的发育起点温度分别为6.63,12.51,11.18,10.93,10.05,8.01,6.80,5.78,6.20,7.81和8.33℃,有效积温分别为124.19,64.54,72.59,82.08,93.46,136.84,155.42,201.06,211.55,111.49和1235.50日.度。     

核桃扁叶甲的发育起点温度和有效积温

室内观察测定5个恒温条件下,核桃扁叶甲Gastrolina depressa Baly各虫态的发育历期及起点温度和有效积温。结果表明:在16～32℃温度范围内,核桃扁叶甲均能完成发育,其发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为9.4,12.2,14.3和11.1℃,有效积温分别为43.2,77.2,36.0和104.7日.度;整个世代的发育起点温度为12.0℃,有效积温为260.5日.度。持续过高温度不适合核桃扁叶甲的生长发育。     

恒温下大戟长管蚜的发育起点温度和有效积温

在16,19,22,25,28和31℃恒温条件下以花卉一串红(Salvia splendens)饲养大戟长管蚜Macrosiphum euphorbiae(Thomas),测得该蚜虫的各龄历期和产仔前期,得出全若虫期的历期。依据有效积温法则计算的1～4龄若蚜和全若虫期的发育起点分别是12.5,7.8,10.3,4.1和9.3℃,有效积温分别是14.6,43.9,29.9,31.9和117.2日.度。大戟长管蚜适合生长发育的温度是19～28℃,最适合温度为25℃。     

Considerations for the measurement of core,skin and mean body temperatures

Despite previous reviews and commentaries, significant misconceptions remain concerning deep-body (core) and skin temperature measurement in humans. Therefore, the authors have assembled the pertinent Laws of Thermodynamics and other first principles that govern physical and physiological heat exchanges. The resulting review is aimed at providing theoretical and empirical justifications for collecting and interpreting these data. The primary emphasis is upon deep-body temperatures, with discussions of intramuscular, subcutaneous, transcutaneous and skin temperatures included. These are all turnover indices resulting from variations in local metabolism, tissue conduction and blood flow. Consequently, inter-site differences and similarities may have no mechanistic relationship unless those sites have similar metabolic rates, are in close proximity and are perfused by the same blood vessels. Therefore, it is proposed that a gold standard deep-body temperature does not exist. Instead, the validity of each measurement must be evaluated relative to one's research objectives, whilst satisfying equilibration and positioning requirements. When using thermometric computations of heat storage, the establishment of steady-state conditions is essential, but for clinically relevant states, targeted temperature monitoring becomes paramount. However, when investigating temperature regulation, the response characteristics of each temperature measurement must match the forcing function applied during experimentation. Thus, during dynamic phases, deep-body temperatures must be measured from sites that track temperature changes in the central blood volume.     

变温和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲发育速率的影响

沙葱萤叶甲为近年来在内蒙古草原猖獗成灾的新害虫,为明确温度对其发育速率的影响,分别设置5个变温组合(8/20℃,11/23℃,14/26℃,17/29℃和20/32℃)和6个恒温(13℃,17℃,21℃,25℃,29℃和33℃),比较了变温和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹发育速率的影响。结果表明,不同变温组合和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹的发育速率有显著的影响。发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,在变温条件下,1龄幼虫期、2龄幼虫期、3龄幼虫期、总幼虫期和蛹期分别从最低温度组合(8/20℃,平均15℃)的11.00,13.44,23.18,46.42和16.89 d,缩短至最高温度组合(20/32℃,平均27℃)的4.92,4.63,9.17,17.83和5.83 d;在恒温条件下,13℃下幼虫不能发育和存活,1龄幼虫期、2龄幼虫期、3龄幼虫期、总幼虫期和蛹期分别从17℃的14.50,10.75,20.63,45.50和11.00 d,缩短至33℃的6.10,5.47,10.60,22.17和5.33 d。在变温条件下,幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为7.44℃和8.48℃,有效积温分别为344.82日度和113.52日度;在恒温条件下,幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为0.64℃和5.11℃,有效积温分别为714.28日度和147.06日度。变温促进了沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹的发育,本研究结果为沙葱萤叶甲的预测预报及综合防控提供了科学依据。     

Evaluation of the cold strain index (CSI) for peripheral cold environmental stress

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cold strain index (CSI) for peripheral environmental stress using data from a previous footwear study. Eight men (20±2 yr) dressed in protective cold weather clothing with varying footwear underwent 5 days of cold air (−23.4 °C) testing while attempting to sit for 240 min. Rectal, skin, and toe temperatures (T_toe) were continuously measured. All test exposures were ended after 50–165 min due to cold foot discomfort or T_toe<5 °C. However, CSI values indicated little cold strain. Therefore, we revised CSI to include peripheral cold assessment, which was found to be consistent with subject behavior and measured low T_toe.     

Development of a self-contained,indwelling vaginal temperature probe for use in cattle research

A device was developed to monitor the vaginal temperature of cattle in a research setting. This device decreases labor involved with monitoring body temperature compared with manual temperature readings, allows for continuous monitoring of vaginal temperature at 1 min intervals, and also allows for temperature measurements without the presence of a human handler or without restraint, which can agitate cattle. The device consists of a blank controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device (designed by Pfizer Animal Health as an indwelling vaginal probe) that holds an indwelling vaginal temperature probe logger. The fabrication of the vaginal probe costs approximately US $325 per unit. Similar rectal and vaginal temperature responses to lipopolysaccharide challenge were observed when vaginal and rectal temperatures were measured simultaneously in the same heifer (P>0.05). Additionally, rectal and vaginal temperatures were highly correlated (r=0.97; P<0.0001). Similar to the rectal temperature monitoring device, the vaginal device allows for the measurement of vaginal temperature without the potential biases associated with the stress response produced as a reaction to the handling by and (or) presence of humans. The vaginal temperature recording device will provide researchers with an additional inexpensive tool to study physiological responses in female cattle.     

A study of human skin and surface temperatures in stable and unstable thermal environments

Skin temperature is a common physiological parameter that reflects human thermal responses. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of radiant temperature on human skin temperature and surface temperature in stable and unstable thermal environments. For a clothed human body, the skin temperature is the surface temperature of the skin, while the surface temperature is the outer surface temperature of the clothes. For this aim, the radiant temperature from 26 to 38 °C and then from 38 to 26 °C was controlled in three different ways; in stable condition keeping stable above 40 min, in unstable condition at a rate of 2 °C/5 min, and in another unstable condition at a rate of 2 °C/10 min. Experimental data showed that at the same radiant temperature, the local skin/surface temperatures during the radiant temperature decrease were higher compared to those during the radiant temperature increase. During the radiant temperature increase/decrease, the increments/decrements of the mean skin temperature and the mean surface temperature decreased gradually from the stable condition, 2 °C/10 min to 2 °C/5 min. Compared to surface temperature, the faster the radiant temperature changed, the more obviously the change in skin temperature was delayed. These data demonstrated that the human body has physiological adaptability to unstable thermal environments.     

Daily thermal preference variation of the sand recluse spider Sicarius thomisoides (Araneae: Sicariidae)

Preferential temperature as a physiological feature is crucial for spiders, since it determines the selection of key habitats for their survival and reproduction. In this work, we study the daily and geographical variation of the preferential temperature of the spider Sicarius thomisoides subjected to different degrees of daily thermal oscillation in their habitats. Preferred temperatures differ between coastal and inland populations, but in both cases, there is a marked bimodality in the daily pattern of temperature preference, with two peaks per day that would be given by the changes in the hours of activity. These nocturnal spiders select higher temperatures in the evening (active period) and select lower temperatures during late morning (resting period). In laboratory, spiders have preferred temperatures that differ from those found in their habitats, so they must tolerate or compensate non-preferred temperatures by active thermoregulation in natural conditions.     

恒温和变温驯化对大蟾蜍蝌蚪热耐受性的影响

为了解大蟾蜍蝌蚪(Bufo gargarizans)的热适应性并验证最适性模型,将大蟾蜍蝌蚪分别在10、15、20℃和25℃4个不同恒温下及15.76-5.42℃的变温下驯养2周,利用温度梯度装置观察记录其最适温度、最高逃避温度和最高致死温度。结果表明,经过在10、15、20℃和25℃四个恒温及在15.76—5.42℃的变温下驯化,大蟾蜍蝌蚪的最适温度分别为(14.8±2.9),(17.2±3.8),(18.1±3.5),(19.6±2.5)和(15.8±2.2)℃;最高逃避温度分别为(27.6±1.9),(31.3±1.3),(32.5±0.8),(33.9±1.0)和(31.6±1.3)℃;最高致死温度分别为(32.9±1.6),(36.5±1.0),(37.9±0.9),(38.8±1.1)和(37.2±1.3)℃。驯化温度对大蟾蜍蝌蚪的最适温度、最高逃避温度和最高致死温度都有显著影响(P0.001)。驯化温度对大蟾蜍蝌蚪最适温度产生的影响比最高逃避温度和最高致死温度的小。温度的昼夜变化,都会呈现两峰或三峰分布,双峰环境实际上是具有同一标准误差的两个正常分布的混合体,这两个正常分布被一个峰间距所隔离。最适性模型预测:当呈双峰分布的温度的峰间距为17℃时,动物将出现3个适合度峰值。研究结果支持最适性模型。     

柏小爪螨发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

在恒温条件下测定了柏小爪螨Oligonychusperditus卵、幼螨、若螨历期 ,成螨产卵前期和世代发育历期 ,用直线回归法和李典谟直接最优法分别计算了柏小爪螨各螨态和 1代的发育起点温度和有效积温 ,并根据有效积温法则预测了该螨在山东泰安地区 1年可能完成代数为 1 1代左右     

草地贪夜蛾在不同温度条件下的生长发育特性

为掌握草地贪夜蛾的主要生物学特性,本文在5个恒温条件下:20℃、25℃、28℃、32℃和35℃,采用玉米苗作为饲料,测定了不同虫态的发育历期、繁殖力、发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明:在20~35℃温度条件下,草地贪夜蛾的发育历期随着温度的升高逐渐下降,完成一个世代发育历期在23.0~48.3 d;其中,卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫和世代发育起点温度分别为:12.70℃、11.11℃、11.01℃、5.65℃和9.21℃,有效积温分别为:39.40日·度、201.25日·度、134.12日·度、171.06日·度和636.53日·度;20~32℃是卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫产卵的适宜温度,15℃、35℃恒温条件下不适宜草地贪夜蛾的生长发育。根据本试验测定的发育起点温度与有效积温,推测草地贪夜蛾在滇中、滇西、滇南、滇东南、滇西南、滇东北、滇西北年发生世代分别为2.18~8.59代、2.28~10.15代、3.43~12.13代、3.15~8.46代、2.75~9.39代、1.38~6.87代、1.11~6.72代。     

Effect of temperature on drought resistance and growth of cotton plants

In cotton plants ( Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. B.J.A.) the temperature of the roots affected both root and shoot growth, as did the temperature of the shoot. Drought resistance increased when the temperature imposed on roots (27°C) was lower than that imposed on shoots (17°C); the result was a decrease in both transpiration and flow of root sap. Stomatal characteristics as measured by density, index and resistance, depended only on shoot temperature. Differences in drought resistance, depended only on shoot temperature. Differences in drought resistance seem to be a result of changes in transpiration flow modulated by the amount of absorbed water.     

温度对丝带凤蝶生长发育的影响

温度对丝带凤蝶生长发育的研究。结果表明,丝带凤蝶在武汉地区1年发生6代。在15~35℃范围内,卵孵化率、幼虫和蛹存活率分别在25,25和20℃时最高,卵、幼虫和蛹发育历期随温度升高显著缩短;适宜发育温度范围为20~35℃。丝带凤蝶卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别约为(8.7±2.5)℃、(11.9±6.0)℃和(6.9±1.8)℃,有效积温分别约为(82.5±5.1),(222.2±39.5)和(178.7±7.3)日.度。     

Body temperature and basking behaviour of Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) during winter

The ability to thermoregulate in reptilians is often through behavioural modification. We investigated body temperature (T_b) patterns during winter in the amphibious Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) and its relationship to basking behaviour at the St. Lucia Crocodile Centre, St. Lucia, South Africa. It was found that crocodiles had no daily plateaus in T_b but rather continuous oscillations in T_b within a range of mean minimum T_b 18.8–19.6 °C to mean maximum T_b 26.9–29.2 °C. Crocodile T_b increased during the day, usually after 10:00 irrespective of body size. Behavioural data showed that the crocodiles usually left the water to bask around 10:00. It is suggested that basking behaviour is important for elevating T_b rather than attaining a preferred T_b. The increased T_b may allow them to perform optimally when they return to water. The basking occurrence has management implications as it suggests that the best time to conduct aerial censuses of the St. Lucia crocodiles is during winter after 10:00 when most of the individuals are basking and hence most easily seen.     

Preferred temperature of the elderly after cold and heat exposures determined by individual self-selection of air temperature

1. 1. The purpose of the study was to investigate the preferred temperature of the elderly after cold and heat exposures.

2. 2. Eight elderly and 9 young females wearing the same type of clothing were exposed to cold (10°C), moderate (25°C) or hot (35°C) environments for 30 min in the exposure room.

3. 3. Then they moved to the self-control room in which the temperature was set at 25°C, and the room temperature increased or decreased continuously by 0.4°C every minute.

4. 4. The subjects were instructed to operate the switch when they felt uncomfortably warm or cool during a 90-min period.

5. 5. In operating the switch, the changing in room temperature shifted to the opposite direction.

6. 6. The ambient temperature was recorded continuously and analyzed as the preferred temperature, which was defined as the midpoint temperature of the crest and trough of temperature records.

7. 7. The preferred temperatures after the cold exposure were significantly higher than those of other exposure conditions in the elderly.

8. 8. On the other hand, in the young, there was no significant difference in the preferred temperature among the exposure conditions.

9. 9. Although the effect of exposure to cold or hot environments decreased in the latter parts of self-control, the elderly still preferred the higher temperature after cold exposure.