中国异翅目化石研究现状

自1928年秉志命名了早白垩世山东莱阳盆地莱阳组的我国第1种异翅目化石昆虫(莱阳中蝽Mesolygaeus laiyangensis)以来,近30篇关于中国异翅目化石昆虫分类论著被发表,共记述我国异翅目化石昆虫22科85种.由于中国该类群化石没有被系统采集与研究,其中一些分类阶元的可靠性存在一定的问题.显然,目前对中国该类群化石昆虫的了解相当有限;大量的工作,甚至是最基础的分类研究亟待开展.     

中国直翅目昆虫化石研究现状

截至目前,中国古昆虫学家已研究了分布于中国14省区的50件直翅目化石标本,发表新属38个,新种48个.通过图表提供了我国已发现的直翅目化石名录并介绍了其分布和年代.直翅目化石的研究对昆虫的起源、昆虫与植物的协同演化及古气候的演变等研究提供线索.中国已发现的直翅目化石主要分布于辽、冀、内蒙古三省区,其地质时代大部分为中生代.提出了在化石研究中存在的问题.     

中生代的虻类(昆虫纲)*

记述山东莱阳上侏罗统莱阳组昆虫化石２新属２新种,分别隶属于Ｓｏｌｖｉｄａｅ科和Ｒｈａｇｉｏｎｉｄａｅ科。这些虻类化石在我国中生代晚期地层中尚属首次发现,其中Ｓｏｌｖｉｄａｅ科种类也是首次在世界中生代晚期地层中发现。文中对有关的古生态,昆虫与植物的关系进行了讨论。同时,对我国已记录的中生代的虻类化石在分类学中存在的问题提出了某些新的见解。     

山东莱阳鞘翅目化石

近几年来,随着地层古生物工作的进一步开展,在东亚中生代晚期非海相沉积地层中发现了大量的昆虫化石,其中,鞘翅目的种类十分丰富。这些化石产地主要分布于我国甘肃酒泉,山东莱阳,蒙古人民共和国前杭爱(Ubur-Khangai)安达呼都克(Anda-Khuduk—Odai Sair),南戈壁(south-Gobi)曼来(Manlay),戈壁阿尔泰(Gobi-Altai)伊赫埃斯努尔(Ikhesnur),苏联外贝加尔(Transbaikalia)拜萨(Baissa)。从已知生物地层的     

世界中生代竹节虫目昆虫化石研究

昆虫分类学发展早期将竹节虫归于直翅目,现多数学者认其为1个独立的目.有关竹节虫目的化石记录大都来源于中生代.本文详细回顾和综述了世界中生代竹节虫目昆虫化石研究简史,列出已发表的化石种类名录、分布及年代,描述了中生代不同地质时期竹节虫目化石的分类单元以及分布特点,初步分析了目前该类群研究中所存在的一些问题,并对今后的研究工作进行了展望.     

中国同翅目昆虫化石

截至目前,中国古昆虫学者先后共发表48篇关于中国同翅目昆虫化石的分类文章.共记载34科、117属、148种,分布于20省.本文通过图表统计了中国已记载的同翅目化石名录、地理分布及地质年代.初步总结中国同翅目昆虫化石的组成特征,分析化石分布不均的原因,并且提出同翅目昆虫化石研究中存在的问题,展望其研究前景.     

中国蜚蠊目昆虫化石研究

蜚蠊目昆虫最早出现于中石炭世维斯发早期,是历史渊源最长的昆虫之一.Grabau在20世纪初首次开始对我国蜚蠊目昆虫化石进行研究.到目前为止,中国古昆虫学者先后共发表36篇关于我国蜚蠊目昆虫化石的分类著作,描述鉴定了10科51属169种蜚蠊化石.本文通过列表统计中国已发表定名的蜚蠊化石,分析并探讨了中国蜚蠊化石的特征、存在的问题、研究现状及前景.     

扁足蝇科(Platypezidae)四新属

本文所描述的扁足蝇科4新属5新种系笔者于1984年秋采于山东省莱阳县南李格庄和团旺,莱阳组第三段。这个地区以往发现的昆虫化石较少,仅秉志(1928)描述过3属3种:Chironomaptera malanura Ping,Coptoclava lo-ngipoda Ping,Mesolygaeus laiyangensis Ping。实际上,莱阳盆地的化石昆虫群种类极其丰富,笔者已经采集到直翅目、(虫非)蠊目、同翅目、异翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目、双翅目等类型的化石,不少于50种,其中绝大多数是新发现。现将昆虫化石点交通位置及剖面资料简介     

山东莱阳隐翅虫科化石一新属二新种：鞘翅目

鞘翅目隐翅虫科是现存的一个种类繁多的大科。但是,中生代的这个类群发现较少,主要分布于我国辽宁的中侏罗世(林启彬,1976)和山东的晚侏罗世(张俊峰,1988)以及前苏联的卡拉套(Kaparay)的晚侏罗世(,1968)和外贝加尔()的早一中侏罗世(,1985)。 本文所描述的我国山东莱阳晚侏罗世的隐翅虫科化石2属2种,其中有1新属2新种。标本采自山东省莱阳市南李格庄村莱阳组的薄层页岩中。所有标本现保存于山东省博物馆。     

山东蒙阴早白垩世青山组介形类

最早对山东中生代地层层序和时代进行系统调查研究的是谭锡畴先生(1923)。1923年,葛利普根据山东等地的淡水软体动物、鱼类、昆虫等化石和山东莱阳群的植物化石,确定了我国陆相“下白垩统”的存在。1942—1949年,经日本铃木好一重新研究     

New beetles (Insecta,Coleoptera) from the Lower Triassic of European Russia

Fossil remains of beetles are described from two Lower Triassic localities: Entala (Induan) and Tikhvinskoe (Olenekian). Only one beetle fossil was previously known from the Lower Triassic of Tikhvinskoe. The fossils are rather few and poorly preserved, but they are worth describing as finds rare for the Lower Triassic. Five fossils from Entala most probably belong to beetles of the same species of the formal genus Pseudochrysomelites. Beetles of this genus are especially abundant in deposits close to the Permian–Triassic boundary and can be considered “disaster taxa.” There are no known cases, either in the Permian or in the Middle–Upper Triassic, of a random sample of five specimens belonging to a single species. This suggests that in the Entala oryctocenosis the species diversity of beetles is extremely low. All three beetle fossils found in Tikhvinskoe belong to beetles of different species, showing that diversity had already started to increase. However, it remained low, and all fossils belong to the formal family Schizocoleidae, and two of the three belong to the same genus, Pseudochrysomelites. The Khei-Yaga locality, which immediately follows Tikhvinskoe in time (topmost Olenekian or early Anisian), already contains beetles of the families Asiocoleidae and Permosynidae. In the Lower Anisian of the Buntsandstein, such typical Mesozoic beetles as Cupedidae and Coptoclavidae have been recorded. The appearance of such advanced beetles as early as the Lower Anisian suggests that the famous Permian–Triassic crisis was not as deep as it is usually believed, and many beetles survived it, disappearing, however, from the fossil record in the Early Triassic.     

First Triassic record of the beetle family Permocupedidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): a peculiar example of a Lazarus taxon

The first Mesozoic representative of the extinct archostematan beetle family Permocupedidae, Frankencupes ultimus, gen. et sp. nov., is described based on two isolated elytra from the Lower Anisian (Middle Triassic) Röt Formation of Lower Franconia, Germany. The new fossil occurrence extends the range of the family from the Lower Wuchiapingian (Upper Permian) up to the Anisian, and represents a fine example of a Lazarus taxon in the fossil record of beetles.     

The fossil record and macroevolutionary history of the beetles

Coleoptera (beetles) is the most species-rich metazoan order, with approximately 380 000 species. To understand how they came to be such a diverse group, we compile a database of global fossil beetle occurrences to study their macroevolutionary history. Our database includes 5553 beetle occurrences from 221 fossil localities. Amber and lacustrine deposits preserve most of the beetle diversity and abundance. All four extant suborders are found in the fossil record, with 69% of all beetle families and 63% of extant beetle families preserved. Considerable focus has been placed on beetle diversification overall, however, for much of their evolutionary history it is the clade Polyphaga that is most responsible for their taxonomic richness. Polyphaga had an increase in diversification rate in the Early Cretaceous, but instead of being due to the radiation of the angiosperms, this was probably due to the first occurrences of beetle-bearing amber deposits in the record. Perhaps, most significant is that polyphagan beetles had a family-level extinction rate of zero for most of their evolutionary history, including across the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary. Therefore, focusing on the factors that have inhibited beetle extinction, as opposed to solely studying mechanisms that may promote speciation, should be examined as important determinants of their great diversity today.     

Late Quaternary paleoecology from fossil beetle communities in the Awatere Valley, South Island, New Zealand

Aim The research aim is to reconstruct last glacial maximum (LGM) and Holocene vegetation history and ecology from fossil beetle assemblages. Location The LGM and Holocene sites are located in the Awatere Valley, which lies in the tectonically active Marlborough Region in the north east of the South Island of New Zealand. Methods Beetle fossils were extracted from silty organic sediment using the standard kerosene flotation method. Fossils were identified by comparisons made to modern species based on morphology and surface features. The ecology and distribution of modern analogues are extrapolated to reconstruct the fossil environment. Results One hundred and forty‐five beetle species belonging to 33 families were identified. The LGM fossil fauna showed the local vegetation was characterized by a forest patch surrounded by an open tussock/grassland landscape. This Nothofagus (southern beech) forest persisted at the site until mid‐Holocene when it was replaced by a podocarp forest that contained high beetle diversity. Herbivores dominate in the early stage of this zone, indicating a relatively new forest environment. Later in the Holocene, the fauna is dominated by detritivores indicating an older more established forest. The late Holocene is characterized by low diversity and the absence of forest species. This fauna indicates that by 500 years ago, the forest was absent and is associated with an almost compete loss of beetle biodiversity. Main conclusions The fossil beetles provide a unique perspective into the past environment in the Awatere Valley on a local scale. The reconstruction supports regional pollen interpretations of Holocene vegetation by identifying a specific forest patch. Fossil beetles are thus a valuable local proxy for vegetation reconstructions.     

Mesozoic Trachypachidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) from China

Abstract: Four well‐preserved beetles, attributed to Eodromeinae within Trachypachidae, are described from the Mesozoic of Inner Mongolia, China. Eodromeus robustus sp. nov., E. daohugouensis sp. nov. and Unda chifengensis sp. nov. are from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou. The diagnostic characters for the two genera are revised, and all species of these genera are keyed. A new genus and species, Sinodromeus liutiaogouensis gen. nov., sp. nov., is described from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liutiaogou. The current fossil records of Trachypachidae from China are reviewed, and only five species (four described here) can be convincingly attributed to this family. The morphological disparity of Mesozoic Eodromeinae suggests that they evolved a broad spectrum of locomotory lifestyles.     

三种被动式采集方法对甲虫收集效果的比较研究: 以香港城门样地为例

标本标准化采集是昆虫多样性研究的根本。昆虫种类繁多、习性复杂、分布广泛, 基于不同的研究目标, 昆虫学家会选用不同的采集方法。由于主动式采集方法存在较多干扰因素和重现性差等问题, 以飞行阻隔器(flight interception trap, FIT)、马氏网(Malaise trap, MT)和罐诱(pitfall trap, PT)为代表的被动式采集方法被广泛应用, 并在昆虫多样性研究中展现独特的优势。然而关于这些被动式采集方法的收集特点和采集效果等还缺乏系统性研究。本研究选取香港城门13个样点, 利用上述3种被动式采集方法共156个采集装备开展为期24天的鞘翅目昆虫采集工作, 并通过多样性指数分析、多度分析、体型与食性相关分析、相似性分析以及物种累积曲线分析评估了不同采集方法对甲虫的收集效果。本研究共采集甲虫6,380头, 涉及40科197种, 分析结果显示: (1)采用不同采集方法获得的物种数量和组成存在差异。从科级和种级的数量来看, FIT (36科, 149种) > MT (24科, 79种) > PT (17科, 60种); 在物种组成方面, FIT与PT之间、MT与PT之间区别较大, FIT与MT对应的物种相似度稍高于前两组。(2)多样性指数和物种多度分布分析显示: 丰富度指数为FIT > MT > PT, 优势度指数为FIT > PT > MT, 多样性指数为MT > FIT > PT, 均匀度指数为MT > PT > FIT。3种方法采集到的甲虫个体数为1头的种较多, 个体数超过1头的种在时间和空间方面的分布较广, 优势科的种类较少, 但其个体数占总个体数的比例较高。(3) FIT和PT均采集到了6类食性的甲虫, 其中藻食性的缨甲科甲虫仅见于FIT和PT采集方法。(4)物种累积曲线的结果表明3种采集方法效果均较好。3种采集方法各有特点, 但FIT采集的综合效果最优。FIT和MT两种方法的结合提升了采集甲虫的种类、食性和体型等方面的覆盖度, 更利于对甲虫多样性及类群与生态环境功能互作的研究。3种方法所收集到的甲虫存在一定差异, 因此可以针对不同研究目的选取适宜的采集方式。     

The structure of a beetle (Coleoptera,Insecta) complex attracted by a light source in Galich’ya Gora Nature Reserve

In Morozova Gora tract, Galich’ya Gora Nature Reserve, 33 973 beetles of 542 species from 66 families were collected with the help of a 100-W light trap between 1996 and 2008. The structure of the beetle complex attracted by light is studied, as are the seasonal and annual dynamics of abundance and species composition of this group. The structure of the beetle complex attracted by light is unraveled based on the data on their daily activity. The influence of weather conditions in various seasons on beetles flight towards the light source is studied.     

The saproxylic beetle assemblage associated with different host trees in Southwest China

Dead wood is a habitat for many insects and other small animals, some of which may be rare or endangered and in need of effective protection. In this paper, saproxylic beetle assemblages associated with different host trees in the subtropical forests in southwestern China were investigated. A total of 277 species (1 439 specimens) in 36 beetle families were collected from 117 dead wood samples, of which 101 samples were identified and respectively belonged to 12 tree genera. The number of saproxylic beetle species varied greatly among logs of different tree genera, with the highest diversity on logs of Juglans. Generally, broad‐leaved trees had a higher richness and abundance of saproxylic species than coniferous trees. Cluster analysis revealed that assemblages from broad‐leaved tree genera were generally similar (except for Betula) and assemblages from coniferous trees formed another distinct cluster. The subsequent indicator analysis proposed that there are different characteristic species for different cluster groups of host tree genera. In our study, log diameter has no positive influence on beetle species density. Conversely, comparisons of individual‐based rarefaction curves suggested that beetle species richness was highest in the small diameter class both in coniferous and broad‐leaved tree genera. With increased wood decay, proportion of habitat specialists (saproxylic beetles living on one tree genus) decreased, whereas proportion of habitat generalists (living on more than three tree genera) increased. The beetle species density was found to be higher in early stages, and decreased in later stages as well. A negative influence of altitude on saproxylic beetle species richness and abundance was detected. It was indicated that different tree genera and altitudes possibly display cross effects in modulating the altitudinal distribution and host preference of the beetles.     

Review of paleontological data on the evolution of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera)

Paleontological data on the evolution of aquatic beetles are reviewed. A total of 37 beetle families are regarded as aquatic; five of them are extinct; three other extinct families could have had aquatic larvae; seven families are not known from the fossil record. The earliest records of fossil representatives of Recent families of aquatic beetles are given. The geological distribution of extinct families is reviewed, and the data on the modes of life of their representatives and on their evolution are provided. The new name Coleocatiniidae nom. nov. is proposed for Catiniidae Ponomarenko, 1968, a junior homonym of Catiniidae Embelton, 1901 (Crustacaea, Copepoda).     

Rainforest conversion to smallholder cash crops leads to varying declines of beetles (Coleoptera) on Sumatra

Southeast Asian arthropod biodiversity is in rapid decline, but the variability of responses within taxa has received little attention. Using canopy fogging, we collected ~50,000 beetles (Coleoptera) in (1) lowland rainforest, (2) jungle rubber (rubber agroforest), and smallholder monoculture plantations of (3) rubber and (4) oil palm in Sumatra, across two landscapes and seasons. On average, beetle abundance was more than 50%, and biomass over 75%, lower in rubber and oil palm plantations than in rainforest and jungle rubber. This pattern was influenced by landscape and season. Abundance and biomass declines were similar in Chrysomelidae, Elateridae, and Staphylinidae, but differed in Curculionidae, which were most abundant in oil palm due to the introduced oil palm pollinator Elaeidobius kamerunicus. Across beetle families, species richness in monocultures was reduced by at least 70% compared to rainforest, with beetle richness in jungle rubber being similar to rainforest. Community composition in oil palm plantations differed markedly from the other land-use systems for Chrysomelidae and Curculionidae, but less for Elateridae and Staphylinidae. Turnover contributed more to overall beta diversity than nestedness for all families and land-use systems. Likely undersampling of the beetle community in rainforest suggests that declines of beetle density and diversity are much more severe than reported here, especially for beetle families with many concealed species, such as Staphylinidae. This study provides first evidence that negative responses of beetles to tropical land-use change vary among families, and is the first report of its kind from heavily understudied Sumatra.