转基因作物及其食品的安全性

对转基因食品存在的潜在危害进行了全面分析,概述了对转基因食品的安全性评价的主要方面及世界各国对转基因食品安全的态度和对转基因食品的管理模式。     

转基因农作物的研究进展

本文从转基因农作物的分类、优点、安全性问题和管理方面进行了阐述,同时展望了其发展前景。     

转基因作物的生态安全性问题及其对策

随着转基因作物商业化进程的加快,转基因作物的安全性引起了人们越来越多的关注,主要就转基因作物生态安全性问题以及产生的原因进行综述,并提出我国现阶段应采取的对策。     

A Meta-Analysis of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops

Background

Despite the rapid adoption of genetically modified (GM) crops by farmers in many countries, controversies about this technology continue. Uncertainty about GM crop impacts is one reason for widespread public suspicion.

Objective

We carry out a meta-analysis of the agronomic and economic impacts of GM crops to consolidate the evidence.

Data Sources

Original studies for inclusion were identified through keyword searches in ISI Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, EconLit, and AgEcon Search.

Study Eligibility Criteria

Studies were included when they build on primary data from farm surveys or field trials anywhere in the world, and when they report impacts of GM soybean, maize, or cotton on crop yields, pesticide use, and/or farmer profits. In total, 147 original studies were included.

Synthesis Methods

Analysis of mean impacts and meta-regressions to examine factors that influence outcomes.

Results

On average, GM technology adoption has reduced chemical pesticide use by 37%, increased crop yields by 22%, and increased farmer profits by 68%. Yield gains and pesticide reductions are larger for insect-resistant crops than for herbicide-tolerant crops. Yield and profit gains are higher in developing countries than in developed countries.

Limitations

Several of the original studies did not report sample sizes and measures of variance.

Conclusion

The meta-analysis reveals robust evidence of GM crop benefits for farmers in developed and developing countries. Such evidence may help to gradually increase public trust in this technology.     

主要转基因作物研究现状及其产业化进展

经过12年的产业化发展,转基因作物研究取得了较大进展。相关外源基因的转入使抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂、抗逆、品质改良和功能性等作物相继问世。转基因大豆、玉米、棉花和油菜已经大面积种植,产生了极大的经济效益。2007年全球转基因作物的种植面积达到1．143亿hm^2。综述了主要转基因作物研究现状及其产业化进展,并对我国转基因作物产业化应解决的问题进行了论述。     

转基因食品安全性研究进展

转基因食品的安全性在世界范围内备受关注,近年来,已经成为公众争论的焦点。本文简要综述了转基因食品的现状和安全性,并介绍了我国政府对转基因食品的态度。此外,还对转基因食品的发展前景作了简要展望。     

转基因作物非预期效应与自然变异的比较和鉴别

筛查转基因作物非预期效应遇到的最大难题是难以鉴别其非预期效应和自然变异.从转基因作物非预期效应与自然变异的发生机制、食用安全风险和遗传特性的比较分析阐述两者在发生机制及遗传特性方面的差异和特征,为设计减少自然变异干扰的非预期效应筛查模式和方案提供重要启示.     

转基因定量检测用质粒分子标准物质研究进展

近10年来,应用于转基因植物产品定量检测的质粒分子标准物质凭借其易于富集,快捷高效等优点,成为各国检测机构的研究热点。对国内外转基因植物核酸定量检测用的质粒分子标准物质研究进展进行总结和评述,并且对该类标准物质在研制过程中的问题进行分析,同时展望了该类标准物质的发展与应用。     

转基因动物食品安全性评价研究

鉴于转基因动物食品安全性尚未有定论,为加强转基因动物食品安全管理,本文提出了转基因动物食品安全性评价的四原则和五项主要内容,"四原则"是科学原则、实质等同性原则、个案原则、逐步原则;"五项主要内容"是转基因动物本身的特性,转基因动物食品有无毒性和过敏性,转基因动物食品有无激素含量和标记基因,转基因动物食品的售后状况以及其他相关因素,指出了建立一套与国际接轨的适合我国国情的转基因动物食品安全性评价方法是目前我国食品安全领域需要解决的问题.     

试纸条技术在转基因农作物检测中的应用

简述了试纸条技术的基本原理及试纸条技术在转基因农作物检测中的优势与不足 ,并对试纸条技术对转基因农作物检测的应用进行了展望。     

MDA技术在转基因检测中的研究与应用

PCR技术是转基因植物及其产品检测的主要方法,但是因为其对模板纯度和质量有较高要求,对于低质量模板难以获得稳定的检测结果。本研究利用MDA技术可将低至10 copies的微量DNA样品扩增至可用PCR方法稳定检出;进一步利用MDA技术对转基因玉米有证标准物质Bt11粉末的单颗粒痕量样品释出DNA进行扩增,结合PCR扩增检测,玉米粉末颗粒中内源参照基因的检出率达到70%以上,转基因特异性序列检出与内源参照基因检出的比值,与标准物质标称值基本相符,为建立基于MDA技术转基因植物及其产品粉末颗粒等痕量样品检测方法奠定了基础,同时也为加工产品中复合性状转基因作物的检测提供了潜在的解决方案。     

A Microarray-based Detection System for Genetically Modified (GM) Food Ingredients

A multiplex DNA microarray chip was developed for simultaneous identification of nine genetically modified organisms (GMOs), five plant species and three GMO screening elements, i.e. the 35S promoter, the nos terminator and the nptII gene. The chips also include several controls, such as that for the possible presence of CaMV. The on-chip detection was performed directly with PCR amplified products. Particular emphasis was placed on the reduction of the number of PCR reactions required and on the number of primers present per amplification tube. The targets were biotin labelled and the arrays were detected using a colorimetric methodology. Specificity was provided by specific capture probes designed for each GMO and for the common screening elements. The sensitivity of the assay was tested by experiments carried out in five different laboratories. The limit of detection was lower than 0.3% GMO for all tests and in general around 0.1% for most GMOs. The chip detection system complies with the requirements of current EU regulations and other countries where thresholds are established for the labelling of GMO. Serge Leimanis, Marta Hernández, Sophie Fernández: These authors contributed equally to this paper.     

Examining the Gap between Science and Public Opinion about Genetically Modified Food and Global Warming

There is great uncertainty due to challenges of escalating population growth and climate change. Public perception that diverges from the scientific community may decrease the effectiveness of scientific inquiry and innovation as tools to solve these challenges. The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with the divergence of public opinion from scientific consensus regarding the safety of genetically modified (GM) foods and human involvement in global warming (GW). Results indicate that the effects of knowledge on public opinion are complex and non-uniform across types of knowledge (i.e., perceived and actual) or issues. Political affiliation affects agreement with science; Democrats were more likely to agree that GM food is safe and human actions cause GW. Respondents who had relatively higher cognitive function or held illusionary correlations about GM food or GW were more likely to have an opinion that differed from the scientific community.     

实时荧光定量PCR技术在转基因食品检测领域中的应用

随着基因工程技术在农业生产中应用的深入,越来越多具有改良特征的转基因植物在全球范围内得到广泛种植,随之而来的转基因食品也迅猛发展,转基因产品大规模商业化引起了对安全性问题的担忧。为保证转基因产品标签制度的顺利实施,建立快速、准确、高通量的定量检测方法十分必要。我们综述了国内外转基因食品检测技术的研究进展,重点阐述了实时荧光定量PCR技术在转基因食品检测领域中的应用,并展望了通过构建质粒标准分子的方法来实现对更多转基因植物品系的定量检测。     

美国与欧盟的转基因食品安全性政策演变比对

随着转基因食品的研究与发展,人们对待转基因食品的态度表现为主要以美国和欧盟为主的两种代表性政策.美国采取遵循可靠科学原则,坚决反对预防原则,即对转基因食品采取积极支持,自愿标识的宽松政策;欧盟采取谨慎预防原则,必须标识和可追溯.从管理原则出发,结合相应采取的监管措施和相关条例,对两国从开始颁布转基因食品政策到当下态势的发展,并结合最新出台的政策进行跟踪分析,比对美国及欧盟对这些指令和条例的执行情况.     

The Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Taq Polymerases and a Decontamination Method Applied to the Detection of Genetically Modified Crops

Different antibiotic resistance (AR) genes, such as Bla, Tet and NPTII, contaminate commercially available Taq polymerases. The specificity of the AR gene PCR can be increased when using a restriction enzyme-based decontamination of polymerase. The elimination of Taq polymerase contamination allows the use of PCR tests to screen seeds (corn) and processed food for the presence of genetically modified organisms (GMO) based on the detection of AR genes. Without a decontamination procedure for AR genes, PCR screening tests should be interpreted with caution. Revisions requested 1 November 2005; Revisions received 28 November 2005