横断山区的蝶类资源与珍稀蝴蝶的保护

横断山区的蝶类561种,隶属于12科,208属.在12科中,种类最多的是蛱蝶科148种,其次是眼蝶科117种,灰蝶科65种,凤蝶科63种,粉蝶科60种,弄蝶科60种,蚬蝶科18种,绢蝶科12种,斑蝶科9种,环蝶科6种,喙蝶科2种,珍蝶科1种.分布于横断山区的珍稀蝴蝶有44种,其中国家Ⅰ级保护的1种,Ⅱ级保护的3种.     

Community response grids: using information technology to help communities respond to bioterror emergencies

Access to accurate and trusted information is vital in preparing for, responding to, and recovering from an emergency. To facilitate response in large-scale emergency situations, Community Response Grids (CRGs) integrate Internet and mobile technologies to enable residents to report information, professional emergency responders to disseminate instructions, and residents to assist one another. CRGs use technology to help residents and professional emergency responders to work together in community response to emergencies, including bioterrorism events. In a time of increased danger from bioterrorist threats, the application of advanced information and communication technologies to community response is vital in confronting such threats. This article describes CRGs, their underlying concepts, development efforts, their relevance to biosecurity and bioterrorism, and future research issues in the use of technology to facilitate community response.     

Therapeutic activities of PHA-L4, the mitogenic isolectin of phytohemagglutinin

Evidence is presented that suggests that PHA-L4 may exert the therapeutic effects of a theoretical ideal biological response modifier through its ability to do the following: to assist remission induction in certain malignancies, to exhibit direct antitumor cytotoxic effects, to enhance antineoplastic effect of radiation and chemotherapy, to decrease the liability to malignant transformation, to promote differentiation and restore normal growth responses in neoplastic cells, to manifest minimal liability to suppressor activity that would inhibit tumor rejection or antitumor cytotoxicity, to repress graft rejection and graft-versus-host responses and amplify the immunosuppressive effects of other agents in allograft transplantations, to display a direct protective effect against damage from radiation and chemotherapy, to stimulate normal myelopoiesis, to reinforce responses against various infections, to amplify tumor immunogenicity, and to attract mononuclear cells to sites of injection or local application.     

农田烟粉虱寄主植物调查初报

2001～2002年通过调查福州、漳州农田烟粉虱寄主范围,记录农田烟粉虱寄主植物17科62种(变种)．其中豆科7种、茄科6种、十字花科8种、葫芦科9种、菊科10种、苋科4种、藜科4种、旋花科2种、锦葵科2种、、大戟科2种、柳叶草科2种、蓼科1种、玄参科1种、番杏科1种、大麻科1种、免丝子科1种、伞形花科1种。农田烟粉虱寄主植物主要以蔬菜作物和农田阔叶杂草为主。     

西双版纳热带雨林蚁科昆虫区系分析

在西双版纳热带雨林已鉴定蚊科昆虫９亚科７６属２６７种。西双版纳地区的蚂蚁区系以热带至亚热带分布的东洋界成分最为丰富。在属级水平上,与马来西亚界关系最为密切。与澳洲界关系较密切;与非洲界和马拉加西界的关系知中。与新北界,新热带界和古北界的关系最为疏远。可见西双版纳的蚂蚁区系具有典型的热带亚洲起源特征,同时与澳洲和非洲的热带区系有一定的渊源关系。     

Localization of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase binding sites on bacteriophage S13 and 0X174 DNAs by electron microscopy.

Complexes between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and bacteriophage S13 and phage phiX174 replicative form III DNAs have been shown to form at specific locations on the phage genomes. The major locations on S13 have been mapped at 8 to 10 and 92 to 96% of the genome length, starting from the unique Pst I cleavage site. The locations correspond to the beginnings of genes D and B, respectively. Four minor locations map at 18 to 22, 28 to 32, 50 to 56, and 70 to 74% of the genome. The 70 to 74% site corresponds to the beginning of the A gene. The major locations on phiX174 are at 8 to 10, 50 to 54, and 92 to 94% of the genome. The 50 to 54% site is at the start of the H gene and has an equivalent minor site on S13, but it is not a promoter site. Three minor sites on phiX174, at 20 to 24, 26 to 32, and 68 to 74% of the genome, correspond to sites on S13. The data confirm the locations of sites identified by restriction fragment binding experiments (E. Rassart and J. H. Spencer, J. Virol. 27:677--687, 1978) and the assignment of putative promoters at the start of genes A, B and D.     

Role of the adaptor protein CIKS in the activation of the IKK complex

Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a pivotal role in numerous cellular processes, including stress response, inflammation, and protection from apoptosis. Therefore, the activity of NF-kappaB needs to be tightly regulated. We have previously identified a novel gene, named CIKS (connection to IkappaB-kinase and SAPK), able to bind the regulatory sub-unit NEMO/IKKgamma and to activate NF-kappaB. Here, we demonstrate that CIKS forms homo-oligomers, interacts with NEMO/IKKgamma, and is recruited to the IKK-complex upon cell stimulation. In addition, we identified the regions of CIKS responsible for these functions. We found that the ability of CIKS to oligomerize, and to be recruited to the IKK-complex is not sufficient to activate the NF-kappaB. In fact, a deletion mutant of CIKS able to oligomerize, to interact with NEMO/IKKgamma, and to be recruited to the IKK-complex does not activate NF-kappaB, suggesting that CIKS needs a second level of regulation to efficiently activate NF-kappaB.     

Specificity of the binding of trifluoperazine to the calcium-dependent activator of phosphodiesterase and to a series of other calcium-binding proteins

Trifluoperazine inhibits the activation of phosphodiesterase by binding to the calcium-dependent activator. To determine further the specificity by which trifluoperazine binds to activator, we compared the binding of trifluoperazine to activator prepared from several species and tissues and to a number of other calcium-binding proteins devoid of activator activity.Trifluoperazine binds to activator prepared from human, bovine, rat and rabbit brain and from chick embryo fibroblasts. In each case, the binding of trifluoperazine to activator was qualitatively similar and related quantitatively to the ability of the preparation to activate phosphodiesterase.Of the other calcium-binding proteins examined, namely, troponin-C, S-100 protein, phospholipase A, phospholipase B and myosin light chain, only troponin-C displayed any significant calcium-specific binding of trifluoperazine. The binding to troponin-C, however, appeared to be different from the binding to activator; whereas the binding of trifluoperazine to actovator showed no cooperativity, the binding to troponin-C showed positive cooperatively.These results and earlier data showing that trifluoperazine fails to bind to a variety of other proteins, indicate that the binding of trifluoperazine to the calcium-dependent activator of phosphodiesterase is selective and suggest that this binding may explain some of the biochemical and pharmacological actions of this antipsychotic agent.     

MD-2 enables Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated responses to lipopolysaccharide and enhances TLR2-mediated responses to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and their cell wall components

MD-2 is associated with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on the cell surface and enables TLR4 to respond to LPS. We tested whether MD-2 enhances or enables the responses of both TLR2 and TLR4 to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and their components. TLR2 without MD-2 did not efficiently respond to highly purified LPS and LPS partial structures. MD-2 enabled TLR2 to respond to nonactivating protein-free LPS, LPS mutants, or lipid A and enhanced TLR2-mediated responses to both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and their LPS, peptidoglycan, and lipoteichoic acid components. MD-2 enabled TLR4 to respond to a wide variety of LPS partial structures, Gram-negative bacteria, and Gram-positive lipoteichoic acid, but not to Gram-positive bacteria, peptidoglycan, and lipopeptide. MD-2 physically associated with TLR2, but this association was weaker than with TLR4. MD-2 enhanced expression of both TLR2 and TLR4, and TLR2 and TLR4 enhanced expression of MD-2. Thus, MD-2 enables both TLR4 and TLR2 to respond with high sensitivity to a broad range of LPS structures and to lipoteichoic acid, and, moreover, MD-2 enhances the responses of TLR2 to Gram-positive bacteria and peptidoglycan, to which the TLR4-MD-2 complex is unresponsive.     

Surface topology of the Escherichia coli K-12 ferric enterobactin receptor.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were raised to the Escherichia coli K-12 ferric enterobactin receptor, FepA, and used to identify regions of the polypeptide that are involved in interaction with its ligands ferric enterobactin and colicins B and D. A total of 11 distinct FepA epitopes were identified. The locations of these epitopes within the primary sequence of FepA were mapped by screening MAb against a library of FepA::PhoA fusion proteins, a FepA deletion mutant, and proteolytically modified FepA. These experiments localized the 11 epitopes to seven different regions within the FepA polypeptide, including residues 2 to 24, 27 to 37, 100 to 178, 204 to 227, 258 to 290, 290 to 339, and 382 to 400 of the mature protein. Cell surface-exposed epitopes of FepA were identified and discriminated by cytofluorimetry and by the ability of MAb that recognize them to block the interaction of FepA with its ligands. Seven surface epitopes were defined, including one each in regions 27 to 37, 204 to 227, and 258 to 290 and two each in regions 290 to 339 and 382 to 400. One of these, within region 290 to 339, was recognized by MAb in bacteria containing intact (rfa+) lipopolysaccharide (LPS); all other surface epitopes were susceptible to MAb binding only in a strain containing a truncated (rfaD) LPS core, suggesting that they are physically shielded by E. coli K-12 LPS core sugars. Antibody binding to FepA surface epitopes within region 290 to 339 or 382 to 400 inhibited killing by colicin B or D and the uptake of ferric enterobactin. In addition to the FepA-specific MAb, antibodies that recognized other outer membrane components, including Cir, OmpA, TonA, and LPS, were identified. Immunochemical and biochemical characterization of the surface structures of FepA and analysis of its hydrophobicity and amphilicity were used to generate a model of the ferric enterobactin receptor's transmembrane strands, surface peptides, and ligand-binding domains.     

An Analysis of Hamster Afferent Taste Nerve Response Functions

Sensitivities to moderately intense stimuli representing four taste qualities to man were determined for 79 hamster chorda tympani fibers. Some fibers were very sensitive to sucrose, sodium chloride, or hydrochloric acid, but none were very sensitive to quinine. These sensitivities were not randomly distributed among fibers: the sucrose sensitivity was separated from and negatively correlated with the other sensitivities which were associated and positively correlated with each other. Moreover, there were a limited number of sensitivity patterns: (a) fibers responding best to sucrose responded second-best to salt, less to acid, not to quinine; (b) fibers responding best to salt either responded second-best to sucrose and not to acid or quinine; or second-best to acid, less to quinine, and not to sucrose; and (c) fibers responding best to acid responded second-best to salt, more to quinine, and less to sucrose than other fibers. Therefore, if four stimuli of different taste qualities are ordered from acceptable to unacceptable, neural response functions of most hamster chorda tympani taste fibers peak at one point. Sensitivities to nine other moderately intense stimuli which vary in quality to man were also determined for 46–49 of the fibers. Sensitivities to sweet stimuli were always associated with each other and separated from sensitivities to nonsweet stimuli. Sensitivities to nonsweet stimuli were all associated with each other; however, the strongest correlations were between sensitivities to stimuli of like quality, e.g., the three acids or the two sodium salts.     

Survival and feeding responses of Anacanthotermes ochraceus (Hodotermitidae: Isoptera) to local and imported wood

Forty-six local and imported wood were tested for resistance to feeding damage by the termite Anacanthotermes ochraceus (Burmeister), the most dominant species in the United Arab Emirates and the Arab Gulf region. Wood was used for construction, wall paneling, and furniture. Wood was evaluated in a 4-wk forced feeding bioassay. Each wood block was graded by the amount of termite damage by using a damage rating index (DRI) of 0 to 5 and wood rating index from very resistant to very susceptible wood. Local wood was mostly susceptible to feeding of termites; imported wood varied in resistance to feeding damage. Wood was placed in groups according to the percentages of weight loss (WL), termite survival (TS), and DRI. Wood was classified as very resistant (%WL from 0.0 to 0.3, %TS from 0.01 to 0.5, and DRI of 0.01), resistant (%WL from 1.1 to 4.9, %TS from 0.8 to 4.8, and DRI of 1.0), moderately resistant (%WL from 6.6 to 9.3, %TS from 6.3 to 8.3, and DRI of 2.0-2.3), slightly resistant (%WL from 10.1 to 19.9, %TS from 9.5 to 28.0, and DRI of 2.5-3.5), susceptible (%WL from 21.5 to 48.6, %TS from 37.3 to 64.8, and DRI of 4.0-4.3) and very susceptible (%WL from 50.0 to 59.8, %TS from 72.8 to 79.0, and DRI of 4.5-5.0). The characterization of the extracts of resistant wood may prove of economic value and lead to the development of new chemicals (repellents or antifeedants) for termite control.     

The patterns and transmissibility of antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Four hundred and ninety-eight predominantly pyocin-type 10 clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were analyzed for resistance to carbenicillin, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, gentamicin, amikacin and netilmicin. Based on NCCLS-recommended MIC breakpoints, 245 strains were found to be resistant, of which 41.6% were resistant to carbenicillin, 38% to gentamicin, 37.8% to netilmicin, 26.3% to cefoperazone, 17.9% to cefotaxime, 0.6% to amikacin and none to ceftazidime. Quadruple resistance to carbenicillin, cefoperazone, gentamicin and netilmicin was the most frequent pattern observed. Resistance to older antibiotics (kanamycin, streptomycin and tetracycline) and to mercuric chloride were also common. Conjugation experiments suggested that self-transmissible and non-transmissible plasmids occurred in at least 66 strains.     

Resistance to organophosphates, and the genetic background, in fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi, from English apple orchards

Assays on adult females and eggs of Panonychus ulmi , on leaf discs of Myrobalan plum, were used to characterise and establish homogenous organophosphateresistant (OR) and susceptible strains. Reciprocal crosses of these strains, and assays on adult mites and eggs of the parent, F₁ and F₂ generations confirmed that resistance was controlled by a single major gene, the expression of which was dominant in the response to parathion, and incompletely dominant to vamidothion, dimethoate and demeton-S-methyl. Reproductive incompatibility, between strains, as in Tetranychus urticae , was not found.
Bioassays on larvae hatched from winter eggs, collected from several orchards in Kent, Essex and Somerset, were used to evaluate the spectrum of cross-resistance to a range of 20 organophosphates (OPs). Together with assays on adult females, these tests showed 10- to 100-fold resistance to most of the OPs used for several years including those noted above, but less than 10-fold to azinphos compounds and to several recently-introduced OPs, e. g. dialifos, triazophos, dioxathion. The resistance spectrum in strain OR and five field strains was similar, but some had higher levels to parathion and demeton-S-methyl, and others to dioxathion after 3–4 years' exposure. Resistance levels to individual OPs may be enhanced by specific selection. Strains resistant to OPs showed only 2- to 5-fold resistance to two carbamates, and were fully susceptible to dicofol.     

Cross-resistant relationships among the aminoglucoside antibiotics in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Phenotypes of isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV showing resistance to the aminoglucoside antibiotics streptomycin, viomycin, kanamycin, capreomycin, tuberactinomycin N, lividomycin and paromomycin could be grouped into the following types: (I) resistant only to different levels of streptomycins; (2) resistant only to a low level of kanamycin; (3) triply resistant, to low levels of viomycin, tuberactinomycin N and capreomycin; (4) triply resistant, to a low level of kanamycin and high levels of lividomycin and paromomycin; (5) quadruply resistant, to a low level of capreomycin and high levels of kanamycin, lividomycin and paromomycin; (6) hextuply resistant, to high levels of viomycin, tuberactinomycin N, capreomycin, kanamycin, lividomycin, and paromomycin. Three modificatied types of the latter were also observed. Appearance rates of the six types were estimated as 10(-6) to 10(-9), 10(-6), 10(-6) to 10(-7), 10(-8), 10(-8), and 10(-8) to 10(-9), respectively, in a total viable population of the parent strain. Mutations to all phenotypes were considered to be produced by single mutations. According to cross-resistance relationships, aminoglucoside antibiotics were classified into three groups: (I) streptomycin; (II) viomycin, tuberactinomycin N and capreomycin; (III) kanamycin, lividomycin and paromomycin. No cross-resistance relationship between streptomycin and other antibiotics was observed. Resistances to viomycin, tuberactinomycin N and capreomycin occurred by single mutation to type 3. Resistances to kanamycin, lividomycin and paromomycin occurred by single mutations to types 4 and 5. Low resistance to capreomycin was produced by mutation to type 5. Therefore capreomycin was considered to be an intermediate between the second and third groups. These two groups had a close relationship, as resistance to all six agents in these groups could be produced by a single mutation to type 6 (and its modified types).     

Fluorescence location of RVLM kainate microinjections that alter the control of breathing

Kainic acid (4.7 mM) applied to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) surface decreases phrenic output, CO2 sensitivity, and blood pressure in chloralose-urethan-anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed, glomectomized, servoventilated cats. In this study using the same preparation, bilateral 50- to 100-nl kainate injections just below the RVLM surface better localized these responses topographically. The physiological responses to unilateral 10-nl kainate injections were then correlated with anatomic location determined by fluorescent microbeads (0.5 micron diam). Many sites were associated with no effect, a few rostral and caudal sites with increased phrenic activity, and cluster of sites with decreased phrenic activity often to apnea, decreased CO2 sensitivity, and decreased responses to carotid sinus nerve stimulation. Blood pressure was unaffected. These sites, within 400 microns of the surface, were ventral to the facial nucleus, ventrolateral to the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis, caudal to the superior olive, and rostral to the retrofacial nucleus. They appeared to be within the recently described retrotrapezoid nucleus, which contains cells with respiratory-related activity and projections to the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups. Cells within this site appear able to provide tonic input to respiration and to affect peripheral and central chemoreception.     

Better than nature: the changing treatment of asthma and hay fever in the United States, 1910–1945

Through the early twentieth century, asthmatics were advised to move to a more suitable climate, or to vacation in one during their worst season. In the late nineteenth century, physicians sought to quantify the ideal temperature, humidity, altitude, and pollen count to help travellers to select a suitable place, but these investigations led some physicians to question contradictions between expected and actual conditions. Given that even the best climate was not perfect at all times, and that many patients could not afford to travel or relocate, a group of physicians—who came to be known as allergists—sought ways to adapt their patients to any climate through changes in their indoor environments and treatments to manage their symptoms. Their approach included changes in household design, furnishings, and cleaning techniques, especially a strict avoidance of dust, which could carry feathers, animal hair, skin debris, pollen, moulds, and an unknown ‘dust’ allergen. Air filtering and air conditioning were also promoted as ways to protect asthmatics and hay fever sufferers. These modifications of patients and their microenvironments signalled both a move away from climactic approaches to asthma and toward the sanitary, modernist home of the twentieth century.     

湖北省褐飞虱对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮及氟虫腈的抗药性监测

采用稻茎浸渍法监测湖北省武穴、天门、监利、通城、孝感、公安及枣阳七地褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Sta1)田间种群对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮、氟虫腈的抗药性。结果表明:2006、2007和2008年3年7地褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉的抗性分别为98.89～389.19倍、69.00～153.33倍和56.32～116.89倍,达高水平至极高水平抗性,但3年期间总体抗性水平呈现一定程度的下降趋势;2007和2008年2年7地褐飞虱对噻嗪酮的抗性分别为13.39～41.06倍和6.94～20.44倍,达低水平至高水平抗性;2007和2008年2年7地褐飞虱对氟虫腈抗性分别为0.97～2.64倍和0.63～1.42倍,为敏感阶段。此外,还对褐飞虱的治理进行讨论。     

The relative risks and etiologic fractions of different causes of death and disease attributable to alcohol,tobacco and illicit drug use in Canada

BACKGROUND: In 1996 the number of deaths and admissions to hospital in Canada that could be attributed to the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs were estimated from 1992 data. In this paper we update these estimates to the year 1995. METHODS: On the basis of pooled estimates of relative risk, etiologic fractions were calculated by age, sex and province for 90 causes of disease or death attributable to alcohol, tobacco or illicit drugs; the etiologic fractions were then applied to national mortality and morbidity data for 1995 to estimate the number of deaths and admissions to hospital attributable to substance abuse. RESULTS: In 1995, 6507 deaths and 82,014 admissions to hospital were attributed to alcohol, 34,728 deaths and 194,072 admissions to hospital were attributed to tobacco, and 805 deaths and 6940 admissions to hospital were due to illicit drugs. INTERPRETATION: The use and misuse of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs accounted for 20.0% of deaths, 22.2% of years of potential life lost and 9.4% of admissions to hospital in Canada in 1995.     

绿洲灌区典型种植模式的水热利用与碳排放和能值分析

合理的种植模式可以提高资源利用效率,降低农业生产的生态环境风险,实现资源节约和增产增效的目的.本文运用能值分析的理论和方法,从资源利用、碳排放、经济效益、能值自给率和净能值产出率等方面对干旱灌区典型种植模式的生产效应进行综合分析与评价,以期为建立减投、减排、高产高效、可持续农田高效生产模式提供理论与实践依据.结果表明:集成免耕秸秆覆盖还田及地膜再利用的高效间作生产模式(NTSI)具有明显的增产效应,与地方传统间作(CTI)和单作玉米(CTM)相比,分别增产13.5%～16.9%和13.8%～17.1%.NTSI较CTI模式水分利用效率和光能利用率分别提高12.4%～17.2%和6.1%～8.1%.高效NTSI模式可降低系统碳排放、提高碳排放效率,与CTI和CTM相比,碳排放总量分别降低618～895和1804～2002 kg·hm^-2,降低幅度分别为12.1%～16.4%和28.6%～31.0%;相反,碳排放效率分别提高29.3%～40.1%和58.9%～71.4%.高效NTSI模式具有明显的资源减投潜力,与CTI和CTM相比,总投入分别降低1424～1431和501～1547 元·hm^-2,减投比例分别为12.6%～13.6%和4.9%～14.6%;总产值分别提高11.2%～11.8%和24.4%～36.3%(增加4309～4603和8439～11057元·hm^-2);纯收益分别增加19.6%～22.4%和40.1%～57.7%(增多5740～6027和9544～11558元·hm^-2).因而,NTSI模式具有较高的产投比和单方水效益,与CTI和CTM相比,产投比分别提高27.9%～29.0%和40.5%～45.6%;单方水效益提高幅度分别达到19.9%～23.2%和27.7%～39.3%.高效NTSI模式能值自给率达到57.2%,较CTI和CTM生产模式分别提高4.0%和12.2%,NTSI模式净能值产出率达到0.173,较CTI高10.0%,但比CTM低11.7%.从资源利用、碳减排、经济效益、可持续发展角度综合考虑,集成免耕秸秆覆盖还田及地膜两年利用的高效小麦间作玉米模式具有较高的经济活力,农业系统整体功能较好,运转效率较高,能值回报率较高,是适用于干旱绿洲灌区的资源减投、减排、高产高效的种植模式.