Olfactory learning and memory in Grapholita molesta

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of previous exposure to the essential oil of lemongrass [Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf (Poaceae)] on the chemotactic behavior of Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae and adults. All insect responses were evaluated using a Y‐tube (dual choice) olfactometer. Experience with the essential oil for 48 h after hatching did not change the chemotactic behavior of larvae; however, when they were exposed to lemongrass for 10–12 consecutive days, they did not present a preference for either treatment. Adults originating from larvae exposed to the essential oil odor until the formation of pupae responded more to this treatment in comparison to acetone. Similar results were obtained with insects exposed for only 24 h (at the end of the last instar) to the same treatment. Similar to inexperienced individuals, adults exposed for 48 h after emergence to acetone were significantly more responsive to this compound than to the essential oil. However, insects exposed to lemongrass odor during the same period displayed no preference for either treatment. This study demonstrated that both larvae and adults of G. molesta are capable of non‐associative learning and the memory acquired in the larval stage is maintained for at least 48 h after emergence.     

Comparative analysis of peach and pear fruit volatiles attractive to the oriental fruit moth,Cydia molesta

Cydia molesta is an important pest of peach and pear fruits late in growing season. We identified and quantified volatiles from immature and mature fruits of peach and pear using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antennally, active compounds were identified by gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection and were further tested in the field. Consistent electroantennographic activity was obtained for nine compounds from headspace collections of the mature fruits of two peach and two pear varieties. Esters were the major components, but qualitative and quantitative differences were found among four odor profiles. Blends mimicking pear fruit volatiles were more attractive to both sexes than blends mimicking peach fruit volatiles in both orchards. Our finding indicated that mixtures mimicking peach and pear fruit volatiles attracted both females and males of C. molesta, and these host volatiles may also be involved in the host switch behavior from peach to pear in mid-late season.     

Mating disruption barriers in pome fruit for improved control of oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta Busck (Lep., Tortricidae) in stone fruit under mating disruption

Oriental fruit moth (OFM) Grapholita molesta Busck (Lep., Tortricidae) is a very important pest in commercial orchards in Victoria, Australia. Pheromone‐mediated mating disruption (MD) applied in stone fruit orchards successfully controlled OFM populations for many years, but damage to shoot tips and fruit at the edge of peach blocks located adjacent to pear blocks under insecticide treatments has become problematic. To improve protection of stone fruit against edge damage and outbreaks of OFM, all orchards were treated with sex pheromone dispensers for MD on an area‐wide basis. Area‐wide MD treatment, including all pome and stone fruit orchards in a discrete area, successfully controlled edge infestations of OFM, but was expensive. To reduce the cost of OFM control, sex pheromone dispensers for MD were applied as barrier treatments to 54–60 m of neighbouring pears adjacent to peaches under MD. Detailed monitoring of the OFM population, shoot tip and fruit damage assessments indicated that application of MD barriers on pears during two consecutive seasons provided sufficient control of OFM on peaches. This MD barrier treatment was able to reduce the number of OFM caught in all experimental peach blocks, with damage to shoot tips and fruit giving similar results to MD treatment of the whole neighbouring pear block. Extending the MD treatment area for 54–60 m into the neighbouring pear block significantly reduced the edge damage in MD‐treated peaches in the first season and almost eliminated OFM damage in the second season.     

Dual pheromone dispenser for combined control of codling moth Cydia pomonella L. and oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lep., Tortricidae) in pears

Codling moth (CM) and oriental fruit moth (OFM) are very important orchard pests worldwide, and particularly in Victoria, Australia, where both species damage pome fruit. Individually CM and OFM have been controlled successfully by pheromone‐mediated mating disruption, but treatment of pome fruit with full registered rates of two individual hand‐applied dispensers for CM and OFM could be uneconomical for growers. Field trials conducted over three seasons in plots sprayed with insecticides consistently demonstrated that dual Isomate C/OFM TT dispensers, designed to disrupt both CM and OFM, were as effective as Isomate CTT and Isomate OFM Rosso dispensers applied individually in pears for control of CM and OFM respectively. The dual‐ and individual‐species dispensers reduced moth catches and fruit damage to a similar degree. The results suggest that combined control of CM and OFM in pears by applying dual Isomate C/OFM TT dispensers at the full‐recommended rate of 500 dispensers per hectare will be more economical than use of individual species dispensers, because the price and application cost of dual dispenser is about half that for individual dispensers.     

Apple and peach fruit volatiles and the apple constituent butyl hexanoate attract female oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta, in the laboratory

Volatiles emitted from immature and mature peach and apple fruits were all attractive to mated female oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta (Busck), in a dual choice arena. Females did not discriminate between odours emitted by these two major host plants. The same natural blends were behaviourally ineffective for virgin females. A major component of apple fruit volatiles, butyl hexanoate, also attracted female C. molesta. Mated females were attracted to two medium dosages, while virgin females responded positively to the lowest of the five dosages tested. The time course of the captures of the moths shows a diurnal activity cycle known from the field. The possible implications of a semiochemical which attracts females are discussed in the context of previous findings that gravid females may immigrate from peaches into apple orchards particularly in the later phase of the season.     

The effects of pheromone concentration on the flight behaviour of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta

ABSTRACT. Male oriental fruit moths, Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Tortricidae), flew at lower overall and net ground velocities when they flew toward higher concentration pheromone sources. Turning frequency was greater with increased pheromone concentration, while the distance of turns from the plume axis back towards the axis decreased. Turning magnitude and inter-reversal track angles remained constant at all concentrations tested. Concomitant with the changes in ground velocity but constant inter-reversal angles, were decreases in airspeed, decreases in the moths' course angles and increases in their drift angles. The significance of these changes is discussed in relation to their possible role in a longitudinal chemoklinotactic programme of turning operating in conjunction with anemotaxis to allow location of a pheromone source in wind.     

梨小食心虫化学通信中的信息物质

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta Busck是我国北方果区发生的重要害虫。当前对该虫的防治主要依赖化学农药, 但引起的害虫抗药性、 杀伤天敌和环境污染等问题非常严重。食心虫自身的信息素、 寄主/非寄主的他感化学物质对于调节其配偶选择和寄主定位起着至关重要的作用, 基于信息化学物质的害虫管理策略为果园食心虫的治理提供了新的途径。本文综述了国内外有关梨小食心虫化学信息物质研究进展, 包括雌蛾释放的性信息素组分及对雄、 雌两性的引诱, 雄蛾释放的信息素, 利用性信息素的迷向研究, 寄主植物挥发性引诱物质的鉴定和筛选, 以及梨小食心虫寄主转换机制等方面的研究现状和存在的问题。具体来说, 雌蛾的性信息素包括顺-8-十二碳烯醋酸酯、反-8-十二碳烯醋酸酯、顺-8-十二碳烯-1-醇和十二碳-1-醇, 各个组分的比例在地理种群间存在变异。在室内, 通过行为试验证实两种醋酸酯对雄蛾的引诱是必不可少的, 微量的顺-8-十二碳烯-1-醇对二元组分起到增效作用。在田间, 上述3种物质组成的诱芯具有较强的活性; 由此开发的性信息素迷向技术（人工迷向丝、 可喷施的微胶囊和蜡滴）被用于梨小食心虫交配干扰, 取得了很好的效果。梨小食心虫最主要的寄主植物桃梢挥发物包括22种化合物, 其中绿叶挥发物占到50%, 行为生测证实6~8个碳原子的物质是主要的活性化合物。顺-3-己烯丁酸酯、顺-3-己烯醇、反-2-己烯醛、苯甲醛和苯甲腈的五组分混合物, 其引诱力与天然桃梢挥发物相当。通过钙成像试验证实, 尽管苯甲腈在桃梢天然挥发物中仅占0.14%, 但雌蛾对含有该物质的混合物有显著趋性, 该物质对梨小食心虫成功识别寄主具有重要意义。最后对梨小食心虫信息化学物质下一步的研究和应用前景进行了探讨。     

Reduction of the response to sex pheromone in the oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) following successive pheromonal exposures

The effects of prior pheromonal experience upon the pheromone- mediated upwind flight response was examined in the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta(Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Adult male G. molestawere subjected to a parallel series of staggered and repeated pheromonal exposures in a sustained-flight wind tunnel. Levels of response to pheromone in male G. molestasignificantly decreased in a (a) rectilinear function with increased ages of individuals, (b) logarithmic function of successive trials, and (c) steeper logarithmic function of successive trials with increased dosage of sex pheromone. The baseline levels of responding were not affected by either the (a) dosage of sex pheromone, (b) posteclosion ages of individuals for their initial exposures once the main effect of age itself was estimated, (c) elapsed time in hours between trials, or (d) discrete days of testing as integral intervals, disregarding hours within days.     

Geostatistical characterization of the spatial distribution of Grapholita molesta and Anarsia lineatella males in an agricultural landscape

Abstract:  The results obtained in spatial analysis of pheromone trap catches of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) and Peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella (Zeller), are reported. The studies were performed in the Molise region, central Italy, during 2002 and 2003. Local distributions of oriental fruit moth and peach twig borer males were considered in a heterogeneous landscape. The aim of the study was to determine the temporal and spatial variation in distribution and abundance of the insect pests inside small plots of fruit orchards (apple, kiwi, peach, pear and plum fruits) and outside (in field crops, irrigation channels, hedgerows and a river), and to evaluate the importance of the host plants in relation to the adult distributions. Results showed that the main 'hot spot' for both lepidopterous pests was in a stone fruit orchard in the northern zone of the study area; other infested areas were in stone orchards and, in the case of A. lineatella , also in plum orchards. The river seems to act as a barrier rather than an ecological corridor. The observed spatio-temporal distributions of G. molesta and A. lineatella differed and were determined mainly by the location of the most important host plants and by the tendency of males to move in the environment, i.e. inside and outside the breeding and mating sites. Adequate knowledge of these spatial processes should be considered as an essential prerequisite for integrated pest management programmes in a precision farming approach.     

Oviposition preferences in Grapholita molesta: the relative importance of visual and olfactory cues

The oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a major pest of fruit trees worldwide. Females oviposit on the young leaves of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Rosaceae)] shoots at twilight, when light intensity changes markedly. Previous researches have shown that the oviposition response of this moth is guided particularly by visual and olfactory cues from host plants. However, the relative importance of visual and olfactory cues in their oviposition preference is largely unknown. As a crepuscular moth, how do choices change as light intensity drops rapidly from day to night? In the present study, through two‐choice behavioural experiments, the oviposition responses of G. molesta to visual and olfactory cues (alone or in combination) from peach shoots were tested at four light intensities ranging from daylight to starlight. Grapholita molesta showed similar oviposition responses to plant cues under 1 000, 100, 1 and 0.01 mW m^?2 illumination. Olfactory cues from peach shoots attracted significantly more oviposition than the negative control, whereas visual cues alone did not. Furthermore, olfactory cues were more attractive than visual cues, and no significant interaction was observed between the responses to the two cues. Our findings indicate that G. molesta females mainly rely on olfactory cues to recognize oviposition sites, regardless of differences in light intensity. These results do not provide evidence for attraction to visual cues, but the possibility that the brightness of leaves might be used to guide oviposition is discussed.     

Effects of intermittent and continuous pheromone stimulation on the flight behaviour of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta

ABSTRACT. When male oriental fruit moths, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Tortricidae), casting in clean air entered an airstream permeated with pheromone their flight tracks changed immediately on initial contact with pheromone, but after a few seconds returned to casting as if in clean air. The degree of change in the flight track was directly related to the concentration of pheromone. Although little net uptunnel movement occurred in response to the continuous stimulation provided by a uniformly permeated airstream, when an intermittent stimulus provided by a point-source plume was superimposed onto the permeated airstream moths were able to 'lock on' and zigzag uptunnel in the plume. The percentage of moths doing so corresponded to the difference between the peak concentration within the plume and the background concentration of pheromone permeating the airstream. Moths also locked onto, and flew upwind along the pheromone-clean-air boundary formed along a pheromone-permeated side corridor. Because a similar response was observed along a horizontal edge between a pheromone-permeated floor corridor and clean air, we conclude that the intermittent stimulation at the edge perpetuated the narrow zigzagging response to pheromone.     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌成虫对其不同虫态气味的行为反应

【目的】明确韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysiaodoriphaga Yang et Zhang雌成虫对不同虫态的行为趋性及起作用的活性物质,为开发高效引诱剂诱杀成虫的绿色防控技术提供基础。【方法】采用Y型嗅觉仪测定未交配或已交配韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌成虫对2龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、蛹和卵块挥发物的趋性,应用固相微萃取和气-质联用仪对有引诱活性虫态挥发物进行定性和定量分析,然后进一步采用Y型嗅觉仪测定不同化学成分及比例对雌虫的引诱活性。【结果】结果表明,未交配或者已交配韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌成虫明显嗜好4龄幼虫,而对2龄幼虫、蛹和卵块无明显趋性。韭菜迟眼蕈蚊4龄幼虫体表挥发物主要成分是二丙基二硫醚和2,2-二甲基-1,3-噻烷等二硫化物,前者含量是后者的10倍。50 mg二丙基二硫醚单体对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊交配雌成虫具有明显吸引作用,50 mg和5 mg 2,2-二甲基-1,3-噻烷单体对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊交配雌成虫具有一定吸引作用;二丙基二硫醚与2,2-二甲基-1,3-噻烷以1︰1(50 mg︰50 mg)和10︰1(50 mg︰5 mg)混合物对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊交配雌成虫具有明显吸引作用;而将二丙基二硫醚和2,2-二甲基-1,3-噻烷以10︰1(50 mg︰5 mg)混合后与50 mg二丙基二硫醚单体比较,前者对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊交配雌成虫的吸引作用更明显。【结论】韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌成虫明显嗜好4龄幼虫,其体表挥发物二丙基二硫醚等二硫化物对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌成虫具有吸引作用,2,2-二甲基-1,3-噻烷对二丙基二硫醚单体吸引韭菜迟眼蕈蚊交配雌成虫具有增效作用。     

Synergism of pheromone and host‐plant volatile blends in the attraction of Grapholita molesta males

Control of Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a major pest of stone and pome fruits, is successfully achieved by mating disruption. Under these conditions, tools other than conventional pheromone dispensers are needed for flight monitoring. The objective of the present work was to determine whether plant volatiles synergize male G. molesta attraction to a suboptimal dose of synthetic sex pheromone. The plant blend (referred to as 5VB), a mixture of three green leaf volatiles [(Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate, (Z)‐3‐hexenol, and (E)‐2‐hexenal] and two aromatics [benzaldehyde (BZA) and benzonitrile (BZN)], was added to the suboptimal pheromone dose (2 ng on filter paper) in log steps (up to 10 000× the pheromone dose) to test synergism of pheromone and plant blends. In addition, the effect of individual plant volatiles on male responses was investigated by adding to the suboptimal pheromone dose each of the four‐compound plant‐volatile blends, resulting from eliminating one volatile from the 5VB at a time, or each plant volatile alone. Flight behaviour and the time to reach the source were recorded. The 5VB alone was not attractive to G. molesta males, but at a ratio of 1:1 000 (Ph:5VB) or higher, the attractiveness of the suboptimal pheromone dose increased, to a level similar to that of the optimal pheromone dose (10 ng). All tested plant volatiles, except BZA, synergized the response to the pheromone when added individually, but only (Z)‐3‐hexenol and BZN did so to a level not significantly different from the Ph:5VB blend. Aromatics had a stronger effect than green leaf volatiles (GLVs), because their removal, but not the removal of GLVs, decreased landing responses. The addition of the 5VB decreased significantly the time males needed to reach the odour source. The observed enhanced male attraction to mixtures of pheromone and plant volatiles will facilitate the development of lures for G. molesta adult flight monitoring.     

Distribution of the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta Busck (Lep., Tortricidae) infestation on newly planted peaches before and during 2 years of mating disruption

Abstract:  Oriental fruit moth (OFM) Grapholita molesta Busck (Lep., Tortricidae) is one of the most important pests of commercial stone fruit orchards in the Goulburn-Murray Valley region of Victoria, Australia. OFM populations have been successfully controlled by the use of the mating disruption (MD) technique for many years, but damage to shoot tips and fruit has now started to increase. The most severe damage under MD is found at the edge of peach blocks, adjacent to the pear blocks under insecticide treatment. In 1997–98, OFM infestation levels were examined in a newly planted peach block surrounded by older peaches, pears, apples and pasture. The infestation distribution was followed up for four consecutive years. No treatments were used against OFM for the first 2 years in the newly planted peaches, but in years 3 and 4 the whole block was treated with MD. At the end of year 2, shoot tip damage was randomly distributed throughout the newly planted peach block with no 'edge effect'. After MD was applied in year 3, the damage was confined to the edges of the block adjacent to insecticide-sprayed apples and pears. No 'edge effect' was detected along the border with an older peach block treated with MD or on the border with pasture. Extending the MD treated area for 25–30 m into the neighbouring apples and pears in year 4 reduced the 'edge effect'.     

红甜素对苹果,桃,葡萄果实品质的影响

红甜素对苹果、桃、葡萄果实品质的影响夏春森周萍耿毅夏忠武司少鹏（江苏省淮阴市果树研究所,淮阴２２３００１）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＲｅｄＳｗｅｅｔＡｇｅｎｔｏｎｆｒｕｉｔｑｕａｌｉｔｙｏｆａｐｐｌｅ,ｐｅａｃｈａｎｄｇｒａｐｅＸｉａＣｈｕｎＳｅｎ,Ｚ...     

The effects of different blend ratios and temperature on the active space of the Oriental fruit moth sex pheromone

Abstract The wing-fanning activation response of male Oriental fruit moths (OFM), Grapholita molesta (Busck), in the field to the three-component pheromone containing the female-produced ratio of components (Z8-12:OAc + 6% E8-12:OAc + 3% Z8-12:OH) was compared with the response to blends containing 2,10 and 20% E with 3% OH, and the 6% E blend containing 30 and 100% OH. Comparisons were made over three temperature ranges: 15–17, 20–21 and 26–28^oC. Both the maximum response distance and male response specificity were significantly altered by changes in odour quality as well as temperature. For blends containing different Z/E ratios the maximum response distance increased significantly with temperature. Response specificity was most pronounced at the 20–21^oC range, with males displaying a lower threshold for the natural 6% E ratio, evidenced by the fact that fewer males responded and at closer distances to the source with off-ratios. At 26–28^oC response specificity for the Z/E ratios was much reduced, primarily due to more males activating to off-ratios. With blends containing different proportions of Z8-12:OH in the 6% E blend, increasing temperature increased the maximum response distance for all treatments, but in addition increasing the proportion of OH alone from 3% to 30% significantly increased the maximum response distance over the three temperature ranges tested. This increase occurred without affecting the proportion of responders or the distribution of response distances around the mean value. However, with 100% OH added to the blend, whereas male response was high at 20–21^oC, the distribution of response distances was significantly more variable than with 3% or 30%, and male response was eliminated or very low at 15–17^oC and 26–28^oC. Our results support previous studies showing that peak response levels in this species are dependent on male perception of the natural blend of components, and that males have a high degree of specificity for the qualitative properties of the pheromone. However, the present results also extend those of previous flight tunnel tests in which response specificity was most pronounced in the upwind flight phase of the sequence, by showing that male OFM also display a     

Cocoon-spinning larvae of Oriental fruit moth and Indianmeal moth do not produce aggregation pheromone

1 Mature larvae of the Oriental fruit moth (OFM) Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and the Indianmeal moth (IMM) Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) leave their food source in search of suitable pupation sites in which to spin cocoons. These sites are typically well-concealed cracks and crevices within the environment. Such cocooning behaviour is also observed in larvae of the codling moth (CM) Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), which aggregate prior to pupation in response to a pheromone blend produced by cocoon-spinning conspecific larvae.
2 In laboratory experiments, we tested whether cocoon-spinning OFM and IMM larvae produce aggregation pheromones and whether CM larvae are cross-attracted to closely-related OFM larvae.
3 Fifth-instar OFM and IMM larvae were not attracted to, or arrested by, cocoon-spinning conspecifics. Moreover, fifth-instar CM larvae were not cross-attracted to either cocoon-spinning OFM or IMM larvae.
4 Analyses of volatiles released from cocoon-spinning OFM and IMM larvae revealed that both OFM and IMM lack components that are present in the aggregation pheromone of CM larvae. This information may help explain why CM larvae are not cross-attracted to cocooning OFM or IMM larvae.     

枸杞红瘿蚊对寄主植物挥发物的电生理和行为反应

植物挥发物是植食性昆虫定位寄主的重要信息物质。枸杞红瘿蚊是宁夏枸杞的主要成灾害虫,野外发现其雌虫对枸杞幼嫩花蕾具有更强的产卵趋性。为明确枸杞红瘿蚊对枸杞不同阶段花蕾挥发物的选择差异性,解析吸引其选择产卵的关键信息化学物质,采用顶空固相微萃取法和气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS),系统研究枸杞幼嫩花蕾和成熟花蕾挥发物的成分差异,选择幼嫩花蕾挥发物中的特有成分及其与成熟花蕾挥发物共有成分共8种作为候选挥发物;通过气相色谱-触角电位联用仪(GC-EAD)和Y型嗅觉仪,测定枸杞红瘿蚊对上述挥发物的电生理和行为反应,筛选关键活性挥发物。结果显示: 枸杞幼嫩花蕾和成熟花蕾挥发物的种类和释放量存在明显差异;8种化合物能激发枸杞红瘿蚊产生持续触角电生理反应,其中,有5种[3-蒈烯、莰烯、萜品油烯、d-柠檬烯和(+)-α-蒎烯]能刺激枸杞红瘿蚊产生显著趋向或躲避行为。利用枸杞挥发物设计枸杞红瘿蚊引诱剂或忌避剂,可为田间安全防控红瘿蚊提供新的途径。     

Preference and performance of peach fruit fly (Bactrocera Zonata) and Melon fruit fly (Bactrocera Cucurbitae) under laboratory conditions

In Pakistan and all over the world, the Peach Fruit Fly (PFF), Bactrocera zonata (Saunders.) and the Melon Fruit Fly (MFF), Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett.) are considered severe and polyphagous insect pests for various fruits and vegetables. The current study was conducted to check the Laboratory preference and performance of B. cucurbitae and B. zonata on selected Fruits Citrus (Citrus sinensis), Apple (Malus domestica), Banana (Musa acuminate), and vegetable, Sponge gourd (luffa aegyptiaca), Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) under laboratory conditions. The study showed that Sponge Gourd was the preferable host with the mean pupae resurgence of (242.33), followed by Bitter Gourd (78.333) among selected vegetables. At the same time, among fruits, a banana was the preferable host with mean pupae resurgence (204.33), followed by orange (158.33). The pumpkin and apple was the least preferable host for both B. cucurbitae and B. zonata, with mean pupae resurgence (35.667) and (79.000), respectively. Furthermore, the study showed that Banana was the preferable host for B. Zonata among intact and infested fruits, whereas B. cucurbitaee showed the most preference to Bitter gourd among intact and infested vegetables showing significantly different results among intact and infested fruits and vegetables. Maximum number of eggs, pupa, female flies, male flies, adult emergence from pupa (flies) and period of pupa of B. zonata and B. cucurbitae on banana and bitter gourd. While, other fruits and vegetables showed the minimum number of eggs, pupa, female flies, male flies, adult emergence from pupa (flies) and period of the pupa. The current study concluded there is a need to evaluate other host plants against these fruit fly species for effective control.