Biomimetic nanosystems and novel composite nanobiomaterials

Biophysicochemical approaches to the solution of nanotechnology problems associated with the design of functional biomimetic nanosystems, hybrid and composite nanobiomaterials and study of their structure-function relationships. The results of studies concerned with physicochemical mechanisms of the formation of organized biomimetic nanostructures and bioinorganic nanomaterials in systems involving a bulky liquid phase and the interface (gas-liquid, solid-liquid, liquid-liquid)during the synthesis and structure formation with the participation of the components of colloid systems, inorganic nanoparticles of various composition and clusters of metals, surfactants, polyelectrolytes and their complexes are discussed. In the development of the methods for the formation of composite bioinorganic nanosystems containing inorganic nanocomponents, two major approaches were used: adsorption and incorporation into the biomolecular matrix or colloid system of presynthesized inorganic nanoparticles, as well as the synthesis of the inorganic nanophase immediately in the biomolecular system. The methods of obtaining biomaterials and nanosystems are based on the principles of biomimetics, biomineralization, self-assembly and self-organization, combination and integration of a number of synthetic and physicochemical methods (physical and chemical adsorption, Langmuir technique, the formation of polycomplexes, chemical linking, competitive interactions, and substitution of ligands in supramolecular and coordination complexes) and nanocomponents of different nature. In particular, a novel approach to the preparation of highly organized nanofilm materials was developed, which is based on the effect of self-assembly and self-organization of colloid nanoparticles during the formation of their complexes with polyfunctional biogenic ligands in the volume of the liquid phase in the absence of any surfaces and interfaces. The physical and chemical factors responsible for the formation of structurally ordered biomolecular and composite nanosystems including nano-sized components of different nature and the possibilities to control the composition, structure, and properties of resulting nanomaterials and nanosystems are discussed. The experimental methods and approaches developed may be useful in studies of structure-property relationships and basic mechanisms of structural organization and transformation at the nanoscales level in biological, artificial, and hybrid nanosystems. The problems of practical application of the synthetic methods and the corresponding nanomaterials are discussed.     

不同修剪措施对薄壳山核桃枝条生长及枝条和叶片碳氮代谢物积累的影响

以薄壳山核桃品种‘马罕’（Caryaillinoensis‘Mahan’）的5年生嫁接苗为实验材料,研究枝条短截（1/4、1/3和1/2短截）以及枝条和主干的环剥和环割对其枝条生长及枝条和叶片中碳氮代谢物积累的影响。结果显示：经不同程度短截处理后,枝条萌芽率均显著高于对照（未经任何修剪）,新枝的数量、长度和直径也均不同程度高于对照,而比叶质量及叶绿素含量总体上与对照无显著差异;经1/2和1/3短截处理后,长度0-10cm和30cm以上的新枝比例明显提高;枝条和叶片中可溶性糖含量和C/N比均高于对照、全N含量均低于对照,枝条中淀粉含量低于对照而叶片中淀粉含量高于对照。经枝条环剥和环割处理后,枝条萌芽率和比叶质量均高于对照但无显著差异,枝条平均长度增长量和叶绿素含量均显著低于对照、枝条平均直径增长量均显著高于对照;枝条和叶片中可溶性糖和淀粉含量以及C/N比均高于对照,全N含量均低于对照。经主干环剥和环割处理后,枝条的萌芽率和平均直径增长量以及比叶质量均显著高于对照,枝条平均长度增长量和叶绿素含量均显著低于对照;枝条和叶片中可溶性糖和淀粉含量以及C/N比均高于对照,枝条中全N含量高于对照而叶片中全N含量则低于对照。此外,品种‘马罕’的结果枝长度为0-30cm,其中长度0-10cm的结果枝数量最多。研究结果表明：不同短截措施均能提高薄壳山核桃的萌芽率、促进新枝伸长和增粗;而枝条和主干的环剥和环割处理对枝条萌芽率无明显促进作用,但有利于枝条增粗;不同修剪措施总体上有利于其叶片及枝条中碳水化合物的合成和积累。总体上,1/3短截及枝条和主干的适度环剥可促进品种‘马罕’结果枝的形成。     

平行岭谷生态区生态保护修复的思路、模式及配套措施研究——基于重庆市“两江四山”山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点

山水林田湖草生态保护修复是新时代生态文明建设和国土空间综合整治的重要内容。基于重庆市“两江四山”山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点,探索平行岭谷区山水林田湖草整体保护、系统修复、综合治理的科学思路以及“山岭”“谷地”“江河”差异化的生态保护修复模式与措施。研究发现：平行岭谷区特殊的地形地貌条件决定了生态系统各要素具有纵向差异大、层次性强的特点,其山水林田湖草生态保护修复宜按照“山为骨、水为脉、林田湖草为肌体”的脉络进行布局,并依据海拔高程自上而下,在“山岭”“谷地”“江河”分区分层采用差异化生态保护修复与治理模式：“山岭”区域采用“保育恢复”模式,以矿山地质环境治理、森林抚育和生物多样性保护为主,“谷地”区域采用“综合整治”模式,以土地综合整治与土壤污染修复为主,“江河”区域采用“防治结合”模式,以两江沿线地质灾害防治、水环境保护和岛屿生态系统治理为主;未来应从拓展重庆地票生态功能、实施自然资源确权制度、全面试行生态环境损害赔偿制度、健全生态保护补偿机制、建立激励引导机制等方面进行制度创新和机制创新,形成山水林田湖草生态保护修复的长效机制。     

史前人类的生存之火

用火是人类独有的行为能力,对人类的生存演化至关重要。用火熟食改善了人类的营养,导致人类生物特性发生一系列改变,人口、行为、社会关系和生存方式也发生相应变化。用火使人类获得更多的生存资源,并帮助人类改变工具与用具的材料特性,如对石料做热处理,进而发明了陶器和金属工具,开启了文明的历程。人类与火的互动是一个长期、曲折的过程,经历了偶尔利用自然火、时断时续对火控制和使用、有效保存火种乃至人工取火形成用火的日常习惯,进而发展到现代无所不在、不可或缺的复杂用火。人类用火被认为始于直立人的诞生,但目前提取到的证据指向150万年前。早期人类用火证据的提取和论证存在极大的困难和挑战,需要精细的野外工作,做高精度的遗址埋藏和遗物遗迹的空间分析,须采用现代科技手段和模拟实验对地层沉积物和燃烧物证做微形态、成分、色度、磁化率、微体植物化石等尽可能多的宏观和微观分析,排除自然因素的干扰,这样得出的结论才会坚实可信。本文介绍了人类用火的历史、作用和对用火证据提取与分析的思路、方法与技术,通过一系列案例阐述人类用火的方式、发展演化过程和考古学家为破译远古人类用火的谜团所做的努力和取得的成果,以期对这项意义重大但常被忽视的研究起到推动作用。     

Cryogenic changes in proteases and antiprotease activities of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle (Bos taurus) semen

The postthaw motility and fertility of buffalo and cattle semen is reduced when they are cryopreserved for artificial insemination. In the present study, an attempt was made to characterize the cryogenic changes in proteases and antiprotease activities (APA) of buffalo and cattle semen because these proteolysis regulators have been reported to be associated with sperm motility and fertility. Buffalo sperm demonstrated at least two major proteases of 45 and 42 kDa and three minor proteases of 95, 52, and 33 kDa. Similarly, cattle sperm demonstrated three major proteases of 62, 45, and 42 kDa and two minor proteases of 85 and 78 kDa. Buffalo seminal plasma demonstrated at least three major proteases of 78, 68, and 62 kDa and one minor protease of 98 kDa and cattle seminal plasma demonstrated one major protease of 68 kDa and two minor proteases of 78 and 75 kDa. Except for the 45 kDa protease, most of the previously mentioned proteases were found to be metalloproteinases. Compared with fresh sperm, cryopreserved buffalo and cattle sperm demonstrated a major protease band of 52/49 kDa and the activity of this protease reduced progressively with the duration of cryopreservation. On the contrary, compared with the fresh seminal plasma, cryopreserved buffalo and cattle semen extenders displayed the presence of a new protease band of 45 kDa and demonstrated that this protease activity was leaked from buffalo and cattle cryopreserved spermatozoa. Buffalo and cattle seminal plasmas displayed at least two major APA of 86 and 26 kDa. Compared with buffalo, cattle seminal plasma demonstrated significantly greater APA. Thus, the present study demonstrated the presence of an array of proteases and APA in buffalo and cattle semen and the activities of which changed during cryopreservation. The leakage of the specific protease activity and changes in the proteases and APA might be attributed to reduced motility and fertility of cryopreserved semen in these species.     

全球木本植物叶片硅钙生态化学计量学特征

收集全球803种木本植物叶片硅（Si）、钙（Ca）数据,研究不同木本植物生活型（常绿植物以及落叶植物、针叶植物以及阔叶植物）叶片Si、Ca元素的化学计量学特征及其与纬度、气候因子（年平均温度,年平均降水量）间的关系。结果表明：（1）全球尺度上木本植物叶片Si、Ca含量存在较大变异性,且含量均低于中国境内的研究结果;（2）不同生活型树种间存在差异,针叶树叶片Si含量及Ca/Si显著高于阔叶树,落叶树叶片Si、Ca含量及Ca/Si均显著高于常绿树种;（3）随着纬度升高、年平均温度及年平均降水量的下降,全球尺度木本植物叶片Si、Ca含量显著升高,而Ca/Si显著下降;（4）不同生活型木本植物对气候因子的响应不同,除针叶及落叶树种的Ca含量外,其余各生活型树种Si、Ca含量与纬度及气候因子显著相关,随着纬度升高而升高,随年平均温度及年平均降水量的升高而降低,且随着年平均温度的降低,常绿及阔叶树种叶片Si含量下降速度显著高于落叶及针叶树种。研究结果能够为全球尺度生态化学计量学模型的发展提供数据基础,有助于更好地理解和模拟区域乃至全球尺度上纬度和气候因子对植物叶片Si、Ca含量的影响。     

Development of the Systematic Approach to Studying Agricultural Land and Agrolandscape Management

This paper develops the methodological foundations of agrolandscape-environmental studies and management of agricultural land that are based on the concept of conservation and reproduction of land and other natural resources used in agriculture, soil fertility, productive longevity of agro-ecosystems and agrolandscapes (All-Russian Williams Fodder Research Institute), and the concept of the ecological framework of agricultural landscapes and ecological–economic balance (Moscow State University, Institute of Geography Russian Academy of Sciences). An integrative understanding of the essence of agricultural lands allows us to consider them as natural agricultural systems, which have a specific structure, functions, and links and are interrelated with other agrogeo-ecosystems and geo-ecosystems that form the environment. They supply agricultural products and other side derivatives of their functioning that are associated with the development of negative processes outside their limits. The features of study, construction, and management of agricultural land are determined by the dual nature-productive essence of agrogeo-ecosystems and the presence of three subsystems in them (abiotic, biotic, and anthropogenic). A special role is played by a control and monitoring unit. Agrogeoecosystems are characterized by the presence of three types of relationships (substance-energy, informational, and management); three main functions of agrogeo-ecosystems (productive, environment-forming, and nature-protective); the ability of agrogeo-ecosystems to respond to anthropogenic impacts; the ability of adaptation and recovery; and their distinctive openness and dynamism. The priorities of studies and management of agricultural land are formulated in several principles (systematic approach, emergence, environmental framework, landscape-ecological balance, multilevel and multifactor adaptation, etc.). They are intended to improve the adaptability, sustainability, productivity, and resource-saving and environmental role of agro-ecosystems and agricultural landscapes, which is only possible by creating favorable conditions for their functioning, ensuring a balance between the productive and protective agro-ecosystems and favorable conditions for the development of soil and soil biota, for the active life of major soil-formers (perennial grasses and microbes).     

Effects of breed, age of donor and dosage of follicle stimulating hormone on the superovulatory response of beef cows

Data were obtained on 1039 recoveries of embryos from beef cows of four breeds at two locations, in clinic and on farm. General linear models procedures were utilized to determine the effects of breed, location, age of donor, dosage of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and the interaction of age and FSH on the following dependent variables: 1) the mean number of ova (unfertilized oocytes and embryos) recovered; 2) the mean number and percentage of embryos (fertilized; live and dead) recovered; and 3) the mean number and percentage of transferable embryos recovered. The interaction of age of donor and dosage of FSH with breed and location prevented the pooling of data over breed and location. The mean number of ova recovered was affected by age of the donor (Charolais-in clinic), or the interaction between age of donor and dosage of FSH (Polled Hereford-in clinic and -on farm and Simmental -on farm). The mean number of embryos was affected by age of donor (Polled Hereford-in clinic), dosage of FSH (Simmental-in clinic) or their interaction (Angus-on farm). The mean number of transferable embryos was affected by age of donor (Polled Hereford-in clinic and -on farm, Simmental-in clinic and Angus-on farm). General linear models procedures were utilized to determine the effects of the embryo (stage of development and quality) and the recipient (synchrony with the donor) on the rate of pregnancy. Rate of pregnancy varied with embryo quality score and synchrony of the recipient and the embryo. In conclusion, the superovulatory response was found to be highly breed-specific, and most of the variability in embryos produced was attributed to the number of ova recovered. However, the number of ova, embryos and transferable embryos recovered was further influenced by age of the donor, dosage of FSH or their interaction.     

不同施肥处理对桂花品种‘浦城丹桂’幼苗生长和生理的影响及施肥成本分析

采用L9(33)设置3因素(包括氮、磷和钾肥)3水平(N单株施用量分别为0、10和20 g,P2O5单株施用量分别为0、4和8 g,K2 O单株施用量分别为0、6和12 g)正交实验,在2015年3月和4月分2次施肥,对9个施肥处理组施肥前后2年生桂花品种‘浦城丹桂’( Osmanthus fragrans ‘Pucheng Dangui’)幼苗的生长和生理指标进行测定;并采用Pearson相关性分析法和回归分析法分别对各指标间的相关性以及各生长指标与施肥成本的关系进行分析。结果表明：与对照组( N、P2 O5和K2 O单株施用量均为0 g)相比,各处理组幼苗的株高和地径增长量及全株干质量总体上显著提高(P<0.05)。3月份至10月份,各处理组幼苗叶片的叶绿素a(Chla)和叶绿素b(Chlb)含量总体呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,并在12月份明显升高;而施肥后(6月份至12月份)各处理组叶片的Chla/Chlb比值总体呈先降低后升高的变化趋势,并且在12月份显著高于对照组。施肥后,各处理组叶片的SOD和POD活性及可溶性蛋白质含量也呈先高后低的变化趋势。相关性分析结果表明：施肥后,全株干质量与株高增长量和地径增长量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),并与POD活性呈显著负相关;株高增长量与地径增长量和Chla/Chlb含量比值分别呈极显著和显著正相关;Chla含量与Chlb含量和可溶性蛋白质含量分别呈极显著和显著正相关。回归分析结果表明：单株施肥成本与幼苗的株高增长量和地径增长量及全株干质量均呈线性关系,且均呈极显著正相关;其中, A8(N、P2O5和K2O单株施用量分别为20、8和6 g)和A7(N、P2O5和K2O单株施用量分别为20、4和0 g)处理组的幼苗生长指标较高且差异不明显,但A8处理组的单株施肥成本高于A7处理组。研究结果表明：氮、磷和钾肥合理配施能够有效调节‘浦城丹桂’幼苗叶片的光合色素含量和抗氧化酶活性,并可促进幼苗生长。综合考虑施肥成本和生长指标,单株分别施用N和P2 O520和4 g较适宜‘浦城丹桂’幼苗的生长。     

新疆南北疆灌木植物组成及区系比较

在文献和标本查阅以及野外调查的基础上,比较了北疆和南疆灌木植物的种类、组成及分布区类型的差异,并分析了北疆和南疆灌木植物的相似性。结果表明:新疆共分布有野生灌木植物39科127属462种,其中北疆分布有37科104属350种,南疆分布有28科63属160种。北疆和南疆灌木植物中含2~10种的科最多,分别占北疆和南疆灌木植物总科数的59.5%和60.7%,共有的优势科为菊科(Compositae)、豆科(Leguminosae)和藜科(Chenopodiaceae);在属级水平上均以含1种的属和含2~10种的属占优势。北疆和南疆灌木植物科的分布区类型均以世界广布型和北温带分布型为主,其中,在北疆灌木植物中这2个分布型科的数量分别占总科数的43.2%和32.4%、在南疆灌木植物中分别占总科数的50.0%和28.6%。北疆和南疆灌木植物属的分布区类型均以地中海区、西亚至中亚分布型和北温带分布型为主,其中,在北疆灌木植物中这2个分布型属的数量分别占总属数的26.9%和22.1%、在南疆灌木植物中则分别占总属数的31.7%和27.0%。北疆和南疆灌木植物中分别包含特有种15和8种,此外还包含一些珍稀濒危种类及古老的孑遗种。北疆与南疆灌木植物区系在科、属、种水平上的相似性系数分别为86.1%、69.4%和40.8%,表明在科、属水平上2个区域的灌木植物区系有较为密切的关系。研究结果显示:北疆和南疆灌木植物在种类组成、分布区类型和特有种数量等方面有一定差异,但均具有明显的温带性质,并形成了一系列适应于当地生态环境的生存策略。     

Interaction of phosphorus and molybdenum in relation to uptake and utilization of molybdenum,phosphorus, zinc,copper and manganese by rice

Summary The effect of phosphorus and molybdenum alone and combined, on the uptake and utilization of Mo, Mn, Zn, Cu and P by rice (Var. IR-579) was studied in the greenhouse at varying levels of Mo (0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm) and (0,100 and 200 ppm). Application of P increased the dry matter yield of shoot and root. Combined application of P and Mo increased the dry matter yield of shoot. Application of Mo increased the concentration of Mo and P in shoot. Applied P caused an increase in the concentration of Mo, Zn and P in shoot. Combined application of P and Mo resulted in an increase in concentration and uptake of Mo in shoot.     

Molecular approaches to origin,ancestry and domestication history of crop plants: Barley and clover as examples

Knowledge of the origin and domestication history of crop plants is important for studies aiming at avoiding the erosion of genetic resources due to the loss of ecotypes and landraces and habitats and increased urbanization. Such knowledge also strengthens the capacity of modern farming system to develop and scale-up the domestication of high value potential crops that can be achieved by improving the knowledge that help to identify and select high value plant species within their locality, identify and apply the most appropriate propagation techniques for improving crops and integrate improved crop species into the farming systems. The study of domestication history and ancestry provide means for germplasm preservation through establishment of gene banks, largely as seed collections, and preservation of natural habitats. Information about crop evolution and specifically on patterns of genetic change generated by evolution prior, during, and after domestication, is important to develop sound genetic conservation programs of genetic resources of crop plants and also increases the efficiency of breeding programs. In recent years, molecular approaches have contributed to our understanding of the aspects of plant evolution and crops domestication. In this article, aspects of crops domestication are outlined and the role of molecular data in elucidating the ancestry and domestication of crop plants are outlined. Particular emphasis is given to the contribution of molecular approaches to the origin and domestication history of barley and the origin and ancestry of the Egyptian clover.     

Morphology and histochemistry of ovarian changes in the field rat, Millardia meltada

A study has been made of the morphological and histochemical changes of the ovary of the field rat, Millardia meltada during its oestrous cycle and pregnancy. The follicular growth and atresia, ovulation and formation of corpora lutea occur throughout the year except severe winter months (December and January). Fluctuations in the follicular development occur on different days of the oestrous cycle and pregnancy. The granulosa cells show a progressive increase in their size in successive stages of follicle growth. The granulosae of normal follicles show some sparsely scattered lipid bodies which consist of phospholipids. Theca interna cells during follicular growth develop diffuse lipoproteins and lipid droplets consisting of triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol and/or its esters. The luteal cells of corpora lutea are formed by the granulosa cells as the theca interna cells degenerate and disappear. The fibroblast-like cells of thecal origin, alongwith the blood vessels, invade the luteal cell mass. The luteal cells during metoestrus, dioestrus and first half of pregnancy show abundant diffuse lipoproteins and a few lipid droplets composed mainly of phospholipids and some triglycerides, which are indicative of active steroidogenesis. The details of degenerative histological and histochemical alterations of corpora lutea during oestrous cycle and pregnancy are also described and discussed. Morphological and histochemical changes of follicular atresia are described. The granulosa cells of atretic follicle degenerate and disappear leaving behind theca interna cells which form patches of interstitial gland cells during the reproductive activity of the present rat. Interstitial gland cells show diffusely distributed sudanophilic lipoproteins and lipid droplets consisting of triglycerides, cholesterol and/or its esters and some phospholipids, which are indicative of steroidogenesis. The functional significance of histological and histochemical changes, which occur in various components of the ovary during oestrous cycle and pregnancy, has been discussed.     

Comparison of the physiological and biochemical indices of the phagocytosis of ram erythrocytes by macro- and microphages]

Morita and Perkins' method was applied to the study of the stage of ingestion and destruction of an antigen (sheep erythrocytes) in the macrophages of peritoneal exudate of rabbits and rats and in the microphages of rabbit pleural exudate. Ingestion and intracellular destruction of the antigen were accompanied by intensified respiration and glycolysis of phagocytes. Respiration of the three types of phagocytes at two stages of phagocytosis and also the digestive capacity of microphages proved to be sensitive to cyanide and colchicine. The latter failed to influence the ingestion of the antigen by the three types of phagocytes and its digestion by macrophages. The differences in the metabolism routes of macro- and microphages in intracellular destruction of the antigen was postulated. An intensification of the phagocytic activity after the immunization was characteristic of rabbit and rat macrophages.     

自然生态价值、生态资产管理及价值实现的生态经济学基础研究——科学概念、基础理论及实现途径

自然界的生态系统为人类繁衍发展提供各式各样的生活、生产和生计的环境条件与自然资源。基于自然规律的生态系统管理是人类社会不断认知自然生态价值、保护利用自然环境和资源、创造积累生态资产、维持社会经济系统永续发展的基本途径。以此为核心认知的区域生态经济学或经济生态学,正在成为探讨人类世地球系统演变及社会经济可持续发展问题的科学研究前沿。本文以大尺度区域宏观生态系统科学为学术视角,以生态系统的多功能性与多元价值观为基础,综合论述了自然生态价值、生态资产、生态产品等基本概念;从生态学、社会学和经济学融合角度,分析讨论了生态资产形成与变化、生态产品生产与消费、生态投资与生态资产损益等过程原理;提出了区域生态资产的系统经营与生态价值实现途径,期望为我国及区域生态系统价值及生态资产的评估,生态产业及生态价值实现体系的发展提供理论和方法学参考。     

扎龙湿地不同生境芦苇分株的形态特征及生物量分配的异速关系

不同环境条件下的植物个体可以表现出形态特征的分异和物质分配的权衡与调整。采用大样本抽样调查与统计分析方法,比较研究扎龙湿地不同生境芦苇(Phragmites Australis)生殖株和营养株的形态特征以及生物量分配的异速关系。结果表明：在9月末,盐碱生境、旱生生境、湿生生境和水生生境芦苇分株的生长表现出较大的生态可塑性,株高和株重均以盐碱生境最小,水生生境最大,最大值与最小值的比值分别为1.3—3.3和1.8—5.1,分株生长在种群间的变异度高于种群内,与营养株相比,生殖株的变异度较低;分株的支持分配与生产分配的比值为1.8—4.2,生产分配以盐碱生境最高,以水生生境最低,而支持分配和生殖分配表现与生产分配相反的序位;生殖株的花序长和花序重与株高间呈直线函数形式增长,株高和株重低于种群平均值的20%和35%的分株不进行有性生殖;叶重、叶鞘和茎重以及分株重与株高间呈幂函数形式的异速生长关系。植物通过改变个体的形态特征以及调整构件间生物量分配适应不同环境,而受遗传因素控制的构件间生长关系却相对稳定。     

城市绿地与居民健康福祉相关性研究进展——基于生态系统服务供需匹配视角

城市绿地耦合了生态系统服务与人类福祉,兼顾公平与效率的城市绿地空间格局,是提升人居环境和改善民生的重要途径。在厘清相关概念内涵的基础上,基于Citespace软件对城市绿地生态系统服务与健康福祉及其相近概念进行关键词共现图谱与聚类分析,可以发现：研究集聚性强、各集群下研究领域重叠度高,研究尺度逐渐精细化,城市绿地与建成环境、休闲性体力活动与健康空间分异成为近几年研究热点。从供给侧：城市绿地绿地生态系统服务类型以及其估与测度方法,需求侧：居民健康福祉需求测度方法及时空表达,供需匹配：城市绿地生态系统服务供需匹配方法与空间公平,提升与调控：城市绿地时空结构优化与高效服务4个方面系统地综述了绿地生态系统服务与居民健康相关性研究,并指出目前城市绿地生态系统服务供需研究在研究内容、研究逻辑、研究方法及研究结果等方面还需进一步深化与提升。未来研究应重点关注城市绿地生态系统服务空间特征关系与居民健康需求层级的供需匹配程度,通过耦合新数据环境下精细化、规范性居民健康时空行为空间研究,总结供需平衡状态下多维度城市绿地高效服务的空间形态、功能结构与要素组织,并将其应用到城市绿地空间格局研究与绿地系统规划实践中,拓展人居环境优化提质的理论与方法。     

土壤干旱胁迫和复水后3个杨树品种叶片部分生理指标变化及抗旱性评价

以美洲黑杨品种‘2025’（Populus×deltoides‘2025’）及其2个芽变彩叶品种‘全红杨’（P.×deltoides‘Quanhong’）和‘中红杨’（P.×deltoides‘Zhonghong’）当年生嫁接苗为实验材料,对土壤干旱胁迫0、4、7、14、21和28d以及复水7d后叶片中MDA含量及PPO、SOD、CAT和POD活性的变化以及MDA含量与4种酶活性的相关性进行了分析,并采用隶属函数法和灰色关联分析法对3个品种的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明：随干旱胁迫时间的延长,3个品种的MDA含量总体呈增加趋势,并在处理的中期和后期显著或极显著高于各自的对照;PPO和SOD活性总体上先升高后降低,均在处理的前期和中期高于各自的对照;‘中红杨’和‘2025’的CAT活性先升高后下降,而‘全红杨’的CAT活性持续下降,均在处理14d后极显著或显著低于各自的对照;‘全红杨’和‘2025’的POD活性先降低后升高且均低于各自的对照,而‘中红杨’的POD活性则呈波动趋势但总体上与对照无显著差异。复水7d后,3个品种的MDA含量均有所降低,而PPO和CAT活性均有所提高;‘全红杨’和‘2025’的SOD和POD活性升高,而‘中红杨’的SOD和POD活性则降低。在土壤干旱胁迫条件下,仅‘全红杨’的PPO和CAT活性与MDA含量以及‘中红杨’的CAT活性与MDA含量呈极显著负相关,各品种的其他酶活性与MDA含量均无显著相关性。‘全红杨’、‘中红杨’和‘2025’的平均隶属函数值分别为0.482、0.527和0.533,据此判断3个品种中‘2025’的抗旱性最强、‘全红杨’的抗旱性最弱。3个品种抗旱性与各生理指标的关联度均大于0.64,其中与CAT和PPO活性的关联度分别为0.793和0.761,因而,可将CAT和PPO活性作为评价杨树品种抗旱性的首选指标。     

Beyond Participation: Politics,Incommensurability and the Emergence of Mental Health Service Users’ Activism in Chile

Although the organisation of mental health service users and ex-users in Latin America is a recent and under-researched phenomenon, global calls for their involvement in policy have penetrated national agendas, shaping definitions and expectations about their role in mental health systems. In this context, how such groups react to these expectations and define their own goals, strategies and partnerships can reveal the specificity of the “user movement” in Chile and Latin America. This study draws on Jacques Rancière’s theorisation of “police order” and “politics” to understand the emergence of users’ collective identity and activism, highlighting the role of practices of disengagement and rejection. It is based on interviews and participant observation with a collective of users, ex-users and professionals in Chile. The findings show how the group’s aims and self-understandings evolved through hesitations and reflexive engagements with the legal system, the mental health system, and wider society. The notion of a “politics of incommensurability” is proposed to thread together a reflexive rejection of external expectations and definitions and the development of a sense of being “outside” of the intelligibility of the mental health system and its frameworks of observation and proximity. This incommensurability problematises a technical definition of users’ presence and influence and the generalisation of abstract parameters of engagement, calling for approaches that address how these groups constitute themselves meaningfully in specific situations.