Important laboratory animal resources: selection criteria and funding mechanisms for their preservation

Members of the committee were Dorothea Bennett (Chairman), Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin (deceased); Linda C. Cork, Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Thomas J. Gill III, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Jon W. Gordon, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York; Andrew G. Hendrickx, California Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California; Larry E. Mobraaten, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine; and John L. VandeBerg, Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas.     

基于MSIASM方法的中国省级行政区体外能代谢分析

通过社会代谢多尺度综合分析方法,采用社会不同层次人类活动时间、体外能代谢率与人类活动的社会开支和体外能的社会开支等指标,评价我国30个北京、天津、河北、山西、内蒙古自治区、辽宁、黑龙江、上海、福建、山东、河南、湖南、陕西、甘肃、宁夏回族自治区、新疆维吾尔自治区、吉林、江苏、浙江、安徽、江西、湖北、广东、广西壮族自治区、海南、重庆、四川、贵州、云南和青海30个省级行政区的社会代谢状况,识别出限制区域可持续发展的关键因素可持续发展水平,并通过因子分析和相关分析方法,识别限制区域可持续发展的因素。结果表明,该方法社会代谢多尺度综合分析方法适合于中国省级行政区的可持续发展评价;与2003年相比,2007年我国各省级单位的社会生产和消费水平普遍提高。在内蒙古自治区,矿业的迅速发展及其对工业和服务业的剧烈带动作用,造成了体外能代谢改善水平高于全国其他省级行政区。在海南省,整体工业化水平不高,以农业和旅游业为主的产业特点,使其体外能代谢的改善水平低于全国其他省级行政区。在江西和贵州,生产性行业发展过快,而服务业发展的和民生的工程人民生活水平改善发展的滞后,导致生产部门体外能代谢水平提高,而消费部门体外能代谢水平下降。在河北、青海和新疆维吾尔自治区,社会各行业均发展较快,而人民生活水平的改善较慢,使其付薪部门体外能代谢水平提高,而家庭部门体外能代谢水平下降。在安徽和广西壮族自治区,农业生产发展和消费水平提高较快,而工业生产水平和服务业发展有所降低,使其非农生产部门体外能代谢水平下降,而农业和家庭部门的体外能改善水平提高。在山西和上海地区,工业、服务业的发展和人民生活水平改善较叫快,而农业生产发展较慢,导致非农部门和家庭的体外能代谢水平提高,而农业部门的体外能代谢水平有所降低,这为地区可持续发展政策的制定提供了科学依据。与2003年对比,2007年资本和技术聚集是我国大部分地区社会发展的重要影响因素。北京、天津、河北、山西、内蒙古自治区、辽宁、黑龙江、上海、福建、山东、河南、湖南、陕西、甘肃、宁夏回族自治区和新疆维吾尔自治区仍需加大力度调整地区产业结构;吉林、江苏、浙江、安徽、江西、湖北、广东、广西壮族自治区、海南、重庆、四川、贵州、云南和青海继续加大资本技术的引进力度,以解决个省级行政区经济发展中的资本技术聚集与区域产业结构的不协调问题。而且,2007年中国省级行政区社会代谢表现异常,大多数省级行政区社会开支并未随社会发展而增加,社会负担表现为自南方向北方转移的倾向;内蒙古、宁夏和新疆3个矿产资源丰富的省级行政区的经济发展使当地环境承压过重。30个省级行政区中只有上海接近中等发达国家水平,北京、天津、河北等16个省级行政区仍需着力调整区域的产业结构,吉林、江苏、浙江等14个省级行政区仍需着力资本技术的引进力度,中国的社会负担出现南方转移到北方的倾向;与其他国家和地区相比,大部分省级行政区仍处于发展中国家水平,对这些国家和地区曾遇到的不可持续发展问题我们应引以为戒。     

Traditional management of ear, nose and throat (ENT) diseases in Central Kenya

Animals and products derived from different organs of their bodies have constituted part of the inventory of medicinal substances used in various cultures since ancient times. The article reviews the history of healing with animals in the Levant (The Land of Israel and parts of present-day Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan, defined by the Muslims in the Middle Ages as Bilad al-Sham) in the medieval and early Ottoman periods. Intensive research into the phenomenon of zootherapy in the medieval and early Ottoman Levant has yielded forty-eight substances of animal origin that were used medicinally. The vast majority of these substances were local and relatively easy to obtain. Most of the substances were domestic (honey, wax, silkworm, etc.), others were part of the local wildlife (adder, cuttle fish, flycatcher, firefly, frog, triton, scorpion, etc.), part of the usual medieval household (milk, egg, cheese, lamb, etc.), or parasites (louse, mouse, stinkbug, etc.). Fewer substances were not local but exotic, and therefore rare and expensive (beaver testicles, musk oil, coral, ambergris, etc.). The range of symptoms that the substances of animal origin were used to treat was extensive and included most of the known diseases and maladies of that era: mainly hemorrhoids, burns, impotence, wounds, and skin, eye, and stomach diseases. Changes in the moral outlook of modern societies caused the use of several substances of animal origin to cease in the course of history. These include mummy, silkworm, stinkbug, scarabees, snail, scorpion, and triton.     

基于着生藻类的太子河流域水生态系统健康评价

本研究以辽宁省太子河流域为研究范例,调查了全流域范围内69个样点的着生藻类群落和水环境理化特征,并在此基础上应用硅藻生物评价指数(DBI)和生物完整性评价指数(P-IBI),同时结合栖息地环境质量评价指数(QHEI),对太子河流域水生态系统进行健康评价。结果表明,太子河流域着生藻类群落结构具有明显的空间异质性,CCA结果显示驱动着生藻类群落结构形成的水环境因子为电导率、总溶解固体和总氮。虽然DBI、P-IBI和QHEI在太子河流域某些河段上的评价结果有较大出入,但从全流域尺度上看,DBI、P-IBI和QHEI的评价结果基本一致,表现为太子河上游健康状况较好,中游健康状况一般,而下游健康状况较差。文中讨论了水环境理化因子与着生藻类群落结构的相互关系,并对比分析了DBI、P-IBI和QHEI这三种河流健康评价方法。     

国产驴蹄草的细胞地理学研究（英文）

为探讨国产毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)驴蹄草属(Caltha)两种植物的演化,该文利用传统染色体压片技术和流式细胞术,并结合前人染色体研究结果,对我国驴蹄草23个居群和花葶驴蹄草10个居群进行了细胞学研究。结果表明:驴蹄草是由四倍体(2n=4x=32)、六倍体(2n=6x=48)和八倍体(2n=8x=64)构成的多倍体复合群,花葶驴蹄草具有四倍体(2n=4x=32)和八倍体(2n=8x=64)两种倍性水平。驴蹄草和花葶驴蹄草均是四倍体较为常见,目前尚未见有二倍体报道。由于驴蹄草和花葶驴蹄草大部分居群采自中国青藏高原地区,可能在冰期时存在古二倍体,其适应性较弱,逐渐被其他的倍性取代,这是由于不同细胞型对环境适应性的结果。驴蹄草可能存在两条进化路线:一条是从甘肃到达云南;另一条是从西藏到达云南。前期分子系统学研究显示花葶驴蹄草与驴蹄草的亲缘关系较近,该研究结果中花葶驴蹄草染色体比驴蹄草要小,花葶驴蹄草可能比驴蹄草相对进化。目前花葶驴蹄草只有10个居群,还需进一步增加居群量来解析其演化路线。     

浙江油茶产地土壤和果实金属元素含量特征

为探讨油茶(Camellia oleifera)产地土壤和油茶果实中金属元素分布和富集特征,在油茶果实成熟期,对浙江5个油茶产地土壤及油茶果实中金属元素进行污染分析和富集能力评价.结果表明,浙江油茶产地土壤中Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Ni、Cu和Zn含量低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,综合污染等级为安全.个别产区常山...     

英德西南旅游区水源河流水质与浮游生物群落特征

通过野外采样及实验室分析,调查了英德市西南旅游区水源河流上、中、下游的水质状况及浮游生物的多样性。结果表明,(1)英德市西南旅游区上、中、下游河段亚硝酸盐、氨、硝酸盐、总氮、镉、铅、铬、镍、铜、锌的含量低于国家标准,铝、钙、钴、铁、钼、硒的含量超过国家标准,而总磷、砷、镁、锰的含量在部份区段已超过国家标准;(2)浮游动物种类的个体数在整条河中以桡足类最多,上游通天岩中浮游动物个体数最多,下游碧落湖浮游动物多样性最低;此次调查总共发现68种浮游植物,其中主要集中在下游碧落湖,在中游碧落洞绿藻、蓝藻、硅藻总个体数最低,上游通天岩绿藻及甲藻总个体数最多,而下游碧落湖的蓝藻和硅藻的总个体数最多;(3)总氮、总磷、铅、钙、浮游动物Shannon-Weaver指数与浮游植物Shannon-Weaver指数从上游向下游增加,而锰与镍含量则成相反趋势。文中探讨了水中元素之间、元素与生物之间、浮游动植物之间的相互关系。本文对风景区水源的生态环境的研究风景区旅游资源开发与管理提供参考。     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

贵州省布依族和仡佬族的皮纹研究

本文报告了450例布依族和410例仡佬族的12项皮纹正常值测定,在左右手间和男女性间进行了比较,并以汉族作为对照。     

十种苯丙氨酸衍生物对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞系B16的作用研究

该文研究了十种苯丙氨酸（Phe）的对位衍生物Fp、Clp、Bp、Ip、Ap、Np、Sp、Mp、Pp、Cp对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞系B16的细胞毒性、诱导细胞凋亡作用和抑制细胞成集落作用。结果表明,它们的细胞毒性大小依次为Pp、Fp、Mp、Ip、Sp、Ap、Bp。其中Mp和Ip的毒性相近,Sp和Ap的毒性相近。它们诱导细胞凋亡的作用强弱依次为Fp、Mp、Ip。其中Mp和Ip的作用相近。它们抑制细胞成集落的作用大小依次为Pp、Fp、Ip、Mp、Sp、Bp、Np、Ap。其中Pp、Fp、Ip、Mp的作用相近,Sp、Bp、Np的作用相近。初步的细胞毒理分析表明,Fp、Mp、Ip能够诱导B16细胞凋亡和抑制B16细胞形成集落。     

Select nutrients in the ovine uterine lumen. I. Amino acids, glucose, and ions in uterine lumenal flushings of cyclic and pregnant ewes

Nutrients in uterine secretions are essential for development and survival of conceptuses (embryo and associated extraembryonic membranes) during pregnancy; however, little is known about changes in the amounts of specific nutrients in the uterine fluids of cyclic and pregnant ruminants. This study determined quantities of glucose, amino acids, glutathione, calcium, sodium, and potassium in uterine lumenal fluid from cyclic (Days 3-16) and pregnant (Days 10-16) ewes. Total recoverable glucose, Arg, Gln, Leu, Asp, Glu, Asn, His, beta-Ala, Tyr, Trp, Met, Val, Phe, Ile, Lys, Cys, Pro, glutathione, calcium, and sodium were greater in the uterine fluid of pregnant compared with cyclic ewes between Days 10 and 16. In cyclic ewes, only modest changes in the total amounts of glucose, Asn, Cit, Tyr, Trp, Met, Val, Cys, glutathione, calcium, and potassium were detected between Days 3 and 16. However, in pregnant ewes, amounts of glucose, Arg, Gln, Glu, Gly, Cys, Leu, Pro, glutathione, calcium, and potassium in uterine fluids increased 3- to 23-fold between Days 10 and 14 and remained high to Day 16. Of particular interest were increases in glucose, Arg, Leu, and Gln in uterine flushings of pregnant ewes between Days 10 and 16 of pregnancy. Total amounts of His, ornithine, Lys, Ser, Thr, Ile, Phe, Trp, Met, and Cit in uterine fluids also increased, but to a lesser extent during early pregnancy. These novel results indicate activation of pregnancy-associated mechanisms for transport of nutrients into the uterine lumen, and they provide a framework for future studies of nutrients, including glucose, amino acids, and glutathione, required to activate nutrient-sensing cell signaling pathways for growth, development, and survival of conceptuses, as well as for optimization of culture media for in vitro studies of conceptus development.     

利用培养特征和生理特性鉴别担子菌菌种的研究

担子菌菌种多是菌丝型的培养物,在长期保藏中如发生错误也较难辨别。本文报道了以培养特征和生理特性作为保藏的担子菌菌种的特征集要,并根据集要制定出鉴别他们的检索表。通过对48属、71种、142株菌种的实验结果,利用培养特征和生理特性鉴别保藏的担子菌菌种是可行的。     

Gifts of Pride and Love: The Cultural Significance of Kiowa and Comanche Lattice Cradles

Gifts of Pride and Love: The Cultural Significance of Kiowa and Comanche Lattice Cradles. Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University, Bristol, RI, 1998; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, OK, December 4, 1999-February 2000; Heard Museum, Phoenix, AZ, April 20-July 16, 2001; Fowler Museum of Cultural History, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, August 27, 2000-January 16, 2001; National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, Gustav Heye Center, New York, NY, March-May 2001; Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman, OK, June-September 2001; Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center, Ledyard, CT, October 2001-January 2002.
Gifts of Pride and Love: Kiowa and Comanche Cradles. Barbara A. Hail. ed. Bristol, RI: Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University, 2000. 135 pp.     

渭河陕西段沉积物重金属空间分布及来源解析

为了了解渭河陕西段河道沉积物重金属空间分布特征,本研究对渭河陕西段干流及其支流17个采样点沉积物中的10种重金属元素(Cd、Sb、As、Co、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Zn、Mn)含量进行测定及来源辨析。结果表明: 重金属元素Cd、Sb、As、Co、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Zn、Mn的平均含量分别为0.10、1.24、11.73、11.95、24.90、24.91、29.31、54.18、72.74、626.85 mg·kg^-1, 除Cd的变异系数大于1以外,其他元素的变异系数均低于0.5。其中,Cd、Pb、Cr含量于灞河入渭处达到峰值,Co和Mn在黑河入渭处达到峰值,Cu和Zn在清姜河入渭处达到峰值, Sb、As和Ni分别于沙王渡、咸阳铁桥和林家村处达到峰值。相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析表明,Cd、Co、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Zn、Mn主要来源于以工业源和生活源为主的污染源;Sb、As主要来源于农业和地球化学污染源。     

Ca在水稻籽粒中的富集及其与其它7种元素的关系

通过环境扫描电镜结合X射线电子探针显微分析技术,对21种不同基因型的水稻籽粒颖壳内、外表面以及颖果表面、糊粉层、近糊粉层和米中部的Ca含量进行测定。结果表明,Ca元素在水稻籽粒不同部位的含量有明显差异,颖壳内外表面和颖果表面Ca含量较高,近糊粉层和颖果中部含量较低,在颖果中Ca主要富集在糊粉层中;而且不同基因型水稻籽粒同一部位或不同部位Ca的积累量也有较大差异,这可能是由遗传差异引起的。糊粉层中的Ca含量影响着颖壳外表面、颖果表面、近糊粉层和米中部的Ca含量。另外,籽粒不同部位Ca含量与P、Mg、K、Si、Al、Cd含量之间存在显著或极显著的非线性关系,与Pb含量之间不存在显著的非线性关系。说明Ca在水稻籽粒中富集的同时也影响着P、Mg、K、Si、M、Cd等元素的富集。     

KRT1 gene silencing ameliorates myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury via the activation of the Notch signaling pathway in mouse models

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MIRI) includes major drawbacks, such as excessive formation of free radicals and also overload of calcium, which lead to cell death, tissue scarring, and remodeling. The current study aims to explore whether KRT1 silencing may ameliorate MIRI via the Notch signaling pathway in mouse models. Myocardial tissues were used for the determination of the positive rate of KRT1 protein expression, apoptosis of myocardial cells, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expression, expression of related biomarkers as well as myocardial infarction area. The transfected myocardial cells were treated with KRT1-siRNA, Jagged1, and DAPT (inhibitor of Notch-1 signaling pathway). The expression of KRT1, NICD, Hes1, Bcl-2, and Bax protein was detected. The MTT assay was applied for cell proliferation and flow cytometry was used for cell apoptosis. Mice with MIRI had a higher positive rate of KRT1 protein expression, apoptosis of myocardial cells, CK and LDH expression, myocardial infarction area, increased expression of MDA, NO, SDH, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, KRT1, Bax protein, CK, and LDH, and decreased expression of SOD, NICD, Hes1, and Bcl-2. The downregulation of KRT1 led to decreased expression of KRT1 and Bax protein, increased expression of NICD, Hes1, and Bcl-2, decreased cell apoptosis, and improved cell proliferation. The inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway leads to reduced expression of Bax, increased expression of NICD, Hes1, and Bcl 2, and also decreased cell apoptosis and increased cell proliferation. Our data conclude that KRT1 silencing is able to make MIRI better by activating the Notch signaling pathway in mice.     

Plant physiology,genetics, biotechnology and pathology in the Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (1962–1992)

The main scientific results achieved in individual departments of the Institute of Experimental Botany during 30 years of its existence are briefly summarized. They include methods of studying photosynthesis, ontogenetic changes of photosynthetic characteristics, stress factors affecting photosynthetic activities, photosynthesis of transgenic plants and duringin vitro cultivation, roles of auxins and cytokinins in plant growth and development, development and testing of new plant growth regulators, models of organogenesisin vitro, metabolic and mutagenic activities of phenolic substances, hormonal regulation of flowering, activities of promutagens (nitrosamines, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene), model systems of genetic damage, repair synthesis and post-replication repair, developmental pollen biology and biotechnology, extracellular nucleolytic activity of pollen, selection of apple scab immune cultivars of apple tree, chemotaxonomy ofFabaceae andAllium species, selection pressures in embryoids, somatic embryogenesis and nuclear genome changes in plant cell and callus cultures, discoveries of new plant viruses, virus spread and persistence in crops, development of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, role of oxidative pentosephosphate cycle in biosynthesis of viral RNA, and virus diseases of forest trees.