美国白蛾与其相似种—奇特望灯蛾在形态学和生物学上的区别（鳞翅目,灯蛾科）中国寄生于林木食叶害虫的短角平腹小蜂属（膜翅目,旋小蜂科）四新种记述

奇特望灯蛾与大害虫——美国白蛾在幼虫形态及危害方式方面都极其相似,其雌成虫与美国白蛾的成虫也很相像,极易引起混淆。并且奇特望灯蛾分布广,容易与美国白蛾的分布区重叠,这对美国白蛾准确及时的预测预报及防治工作造成了一定的干扰。本文就天津蓟县发生的奇特望灯蛾与美国白蛾在成虫、卵、幼虫和蛹的形态以及生活习性等方面进行了比较研究。     

美国白蛾与其相似种—奇特望灯蛾在形态学和生物学上的区别(鳞翅目,灯蛾科)

奇特望灯蛾与大害虫--美国白蛾侄幼虫形态及危害方式方而都极其相似,其雌成虫与美国白蛾的成虫也很相像,极易引起混淆.并且奇特望灯蛾分布广,容易与美国白蛾的分布区重叠,这对美国白蛾准确及时的预测预报及防治工作造成了一定的干扰.本文就天津蓟县发生的奇特望灯蛾与美国白蛾在成虫、卵、幼虫和蛹的形态以及生活习性等方面进行了比较研究.     

美国白蛾防控技术研究进展

美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea(Drury)原产于北美,是重要的国际性检疫害虫。自1979年我国首次发现该虫以来,已经对我国农林业生态系统特别是园林植物造成了严重危害。防控技术一直是美国白蛾研究领域的热点之一,利用性信息素、现代通讯技术和遥感技术,能够更精准地监测美国白蛾的发生危害情况。美国白蛾的防治措施主要以人工、物理、生物和化学防治为主,其中人工防治主要采取剪除网幕和草把诱集化蛹的方法,化学防治以飞机和机器人进行喷药,生物防治主要在美国白蛾幼虫期施用核型多角体病毒HcNPV,老熟幼虫和蛹期释放白蛾周氏啮小蜂Chouioia cunea Yang,可持续控制美国白蛾种群数量。该技术取得了良好的效果并大面积推广使用。尽管对美国白蛾防控技术的研究已经取得了重大进展,但仍存在一些问题需要进一步研究解决。如防治措施持续控制效果的科学评价方法、美国白蛾原产地天敌的引进利用、美国白蛾灾害分布特征与人类活动和生态环境的关系等。此外,随着害虫防治新技术的出现,如基因重组技术以及RNAi技术在多种害虫防治中的应用,均可为美国白蛾防治提供新的借鉴。本文还列出了国内外美国白蛾部分天敌昆虫名录,并对美国白蛾防控技术的未来发展趋势进行了展望,以期为美国白蛾及同类入侵生物的治理策略有所启示。     

基于Faster R-CNN的美国白蛾图像识别模型研究

昆虫监测中美国白蛾Hyphantria Cunea的人工辨识、分类费时费力,且主观性强。本文利用RPN人工神经网络模型对美国白蛾图像数据进行特征提取,并对比分析Inception_v2,ResNet50,ResNet101网络模型,设计了一种改进的美国白蛾人工神经网络识别模型IHCDM（Improved Hyphantria Cunea Artificial Neural Network Recognition Model,IHCDM）,采用端到端方法在GPU处理器上对该模型进行了训练,并对其进行了实验验证。结果表明：该模型对美国白蛾的识别准确率可达99.5%,相比于ResNet50与ResNet101网络模型,识别准确率提高了0.5%与0.4%。超参数微调后,在置信度阈值为0.85时,识别准确率99.7%,识别速度0.09 ms/张。IHCDM模型为美国白蛾的快速辨识、分类提供了一种新方法。     

北京地区美国白蛾时空分布变化及其影响因素

美国白蛾是我国农林对外重大检疫对象之一,已经对我国的生态和经济造成了巨大损失,且十分难以防治。基于地统计学和地理信息系统原理,通过半变异函数分析,选取最优拟合模型,利用克里金插值法对2008-2016年北京地区美国白蛾的种群时空分布特征进行制图,并结合气象数据,运用冗余分析探究了美国白蛾种群动态变化与气候因子的关系。结果表明：（1）空间特征上,美国白蛾种群呈现聚集分布,分布趋势为东部、南部高,西部、北部少,主要集中在海拔400m以下的地区;（2）时间特征上,北京地区的美国白蛾种群一年3代,单年内越冬代数量远大于第一代和第二代,第一代和第二代种群数量相近,到次年越冬代种群数量回升,依此呈现周期性变化;（3）冗余分析结果显示影响北京地区美国白蛾种群变化与3月份平均相对湿度、7月份平均气温、上一年8月份最高温度呈正相关关系,与2月份日照时数、4月份最高温度、上一年9月份最低温度呈负相关关系;（4）插值结果表明在北京东部和南部边界与河北省交界处分布有一个较大的美国白蛾种群,能够影响该地区的美国白蛾种群数量。     

重大外来入侵害虫——美国白蛾生物防治技术研究

美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea(Drury)是重大外来入侵害虫,对我国林业和园林绿化造成重大危害,尤其是近年来美国白蛾传入北京,严重威胁着我国“绿色奥运”的顺利举办和首都园林绿化及生态环境安全。根据美国白蛾多发生在居民区、乡镇和城市的特点,作者开展对环境安全的生物防治技术研究。汲取前苏联等国家从美国白蛾的原产地引进天敌进行生物防治没有成功的经验和教训,立足调查和寻找我国本土天敌。经过21年的努力,发现和筛选出白蛾周氏啮小蜂Chouioia cunea Yang(新属新种)这种寄生美国白蛾的特优天敌;研究这种小蜂的行为学、生态学、生物学、解剖学及人工大量繁殖、放蜂防治技术;筛选出人工大量繁殖小蜂的替代寄主,解决小蜂的大量繁殖的瓶颈问题;通过放蜂防治试验,取得良好的防治效果。同时,筛选出防治美国白蛾的高毒力HcNPV病毒毒株,研制出美国白蛾人工饲料,利用人工饲料大量饲养美国白蛾幼虫,然后接种扩增病毒,成功解决HcNPV病毒大量扩增生产和常年生产的技术难题,做到病毒的规模化生产和常年生产,保证大面积生产防治的需要和病毒质量。研究出利用天敌昆虫和病原微生物综合应用的防治模式:在美国白蛾幼虫期喷洒HcNPV病毒,蛹期释放白蛾周氏啮小蜂,达到既控制当代美国白蛾的危害,又有效抑制其下代的种群数量,取得长期的持续控制美国白蛾的防治效果。上海市、大连市、烟台市和青岛市利用该项技术已经完全控制美国白蛾,特别是上海市利用本项生物防治技术防治后,已经连续6年没有再发现美国白蛾。由于该项生物防治技术利用的是自然界原有的控制害虫的生态因子,因而对环境安全,做到既消灭害虫,又保证生态环境和人畜的安全,也保护生物多样性。该项研究成果也为北京采用“绿色”防治技术有效控制美国白蛾提供重要的科技支撑和技术保障。     

利用生命表评价白蛾周氏啮小蜂对美国白蛾的控制作用

为了研究白蛾周氏啮小蜂对侵入性害虫-美国白蛾的控制作用,在山东省烟台市美国白蛾发生区,选择美国白蛾发生程度中等的两块样地,一块样地作为释放白蛾周氏啮小蜂防治美国白蛾的防治区,另一块样地作为对照区。应用生命表技术,连续2年共4代对美国白蛾种群数量进行定点观察。防治区每代美国白蛾在化蛹初期和化蛹盛期各放蜂1次,即每代美国白蛾共放蜂2次。将2年的第1代和第2代观测数据分别综合平均,制成4个生命表。结果表明,在放蜂防治区,第1代和第2代美国白蛾的种群趋势指数（I）分别为0.29和0.14,说明下代美国白蛾种群数量将急剧下降;放蜂区的I值显著小于对照区的8.74和4.48。生命表研究结果清楚地表明,通过人工释放白蛾周氏啮小蜂能够达到良好的控制美国白蛾的效果。     

美国白蛾幼虫消化道形态和超微结构观察

美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea Drury是我国重要的林业检疫性害虫之一,世界范围内寄主多达600余种,对我国林业生产和生态环境建设造成了巨大损失。明确美国白蛾幼虫消化道各部分的形态结构,可为进一步研究其幼虫的食性及消化机能奠定基础。利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜与透射电子显微镜观察了美国白蛾6龄幼虫消化道形态及超微结构。美国白蛾幼虫的消化道由前肠、中肠、后肠组成。前肠是消化道最长的部分,占整个消化道的54.27%,包括咽、食道、嗉囊、前胃四部分;中肠较短,占整个消化道的21.28%,内部具围食膜;后肠由幽门、回肠、结肠和直肠组成,幽门由幽门锥和幽门瓣组成。马氏管共6条,丝腺2条。美国白蛾幼虫消化道总体结构大部分鳞翅目消化道结构相似,但是其前肠在长度上发生了较大的变异,本文进一步讨论了美国白蛾幼虫消化道结构与其食性及耐饥饿能力等的相关性。     

美国白蛾高毒力球孢白僵菌菌株筛选

【目的】美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea(Drury)是世界性检疫害虫,目前已经入侵到我国长江下游地区(从辽宁丹东至安徽芜湖)。作者在前期研究中,在芜湖地区成功获得了被球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana侵染的美国白蛾僵虫。本研究拟在前期已获取菌株的基础上,筛选生物学性状良好且对美国白蛾幼虫具有高致病力的球孢白僵菌菌株,以期为我国长江下游地区利用昆虫病原真菌防治美国白蛾奠定基础。【方法】对采集自美国白蛾僵虫的7株球孢白僵菌菌株(Bb01-1,Bb08-5,Bb08-6,Bb08-11,Bb22-2,Bb22-3和Bb22-5)进行生物学特性研究,以候选菌株菌落形态、生长速率、产孢量、萌发率和抗紫外能力等参数确定优良菌株;并将生物学性状良好的球孢白僵菌菌株配制成5个浓度(5×10~6,1×10~7,5×10~7,1×10~8和5×10~8孢子/m L)的孢悬液,采用浸渍法处理美国白蛾4龄幼虫,以幼虫死亡率、侵染率等指标评价菌株的致病力。【结果】供试菌株Bb22-2,Bb22-3和Bb22-5为粉状菌落,其菌落直径大,产孢早且孢子层厚;同时,这3个菌株在菌落生长速率和产孢量以及孢子萌发率、紫外照射处理后的萌发率也均显著优于其他4个菌株。毒力测定结果表明,这3个菌株对美国白蛾4龄幼虫表现出很强的致病力,各菌株处理11 d后美国白蛾幼虫校正死亡率为80%~90%。这3个菌株对美国白蛾幼虫的侵染率均高(侵染率53%~87%),并且呈现随浓度升高侵染率上升的趋势。其中,菌株Bb22-2侵染率均要高于其他2个菌株。【结论】本研究成功筛选获得了生物学性状良好且对美国白蛾高毒力的球孢白僵菌菌株。鉴于中国长江下游地区气候特点与美国白蛾生物学习性,可以预期采用昆虫病原真菌防治美国白蛾在该地区将具有很好的应用前景,但其实际应用价值尚需进一步的田间试验进行确认。     

美国白蛾危害前后树木蛋白质含量与抗虫性关系

以廊坊市主要园林绿化树种白蜡(Fraxinus chinensis Rosb.)、法国梧桐(Platanus orientalis L.)、桑树(Morus alba L.)、臭椿(Ailanthus altissima(Mill.)Swingle)、毛白杨(Populus tomentosa Carr.)和香椿(Toona sinensis(A.Juss.)Roem.)为目标树种,于2014年9月在其3年生林地中进行美国白蛾(Hyphantria cunea(Drury))人工接种试验,并用目标树种的离体叶片饲喂美国白蛾的幼虫,统计其食叶量,同时测定目标树种非自然侵染前后可溶性蛋白质含量的变化。结果表明:美国白蛾对目标树种取食量的高低顺序为桑树法国梧桐臭椿白蜡毛白杨香椿;美国白蛾取食2、4、6、8、10 d后,对美国白蛾抗性低的桑树、法国梧桐、臭椿、白蜡的可溶性蛋白质含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,而对美国白蛾抗性高的毛白杨体内蛋白质含量首先表现出降低趋势,但二者均表现为被持续取食10 d后体内蛋白质含量低于取食前和对照;表明不同树种(耐虫和感虫)受美国白蛾侵害后蛋白质含量变化规律不同,抗虫性高低与蛋白质含量的高低没有对应关系。     

Previous herbivore attack of red alder may improve food quality for fall webworm larvae

Summary Three hypotheses of insect-plant interactions were tested by rearing fall webworm larvae in the laboratory on foliage from red alder trees with different histories of western tent caterpillar herbivory. Fall webworm larvae raised on foliage from trees which had been attacked previously for two summers by moderate densities of western tent caterpillars grew faster and attained heavier pupal weights than did those fed foliage from unattacked trees. This contradicts the hypothesis that moderate levels of previous herbivory induces the production of plant defensive chemicals in red alders. Growth of webworms, when fed foliage from unattacked trees adjacent to alders that were attacked by fall webworm larvae, was the same as when fed foliage from trees isolated by distance from attacked trees. This contradicts the hypothesis that attacked trees stimulate the production of defensive chemicals in neigh-boring trees. Young and mature alder foliage was equally good for fall webworm growth and survival, and foliage from trees heavily attacked by both fall webworm and western tent caterpillars for three years produced slow growth rates and small pupal sizes. This supports the hypothesis that continued heavy insect attack can cause the deterioration of the food quality of attacked trees.     

Survey of the native insect natural enemies of Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in China

The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), is an invasive and important pest in China. Investigations on insect natural enemies have been conducted from 1996 to 1999 in five provinces and one municipality of China in order to select effective species for biological control. Two carabid predators (Coleoptera) and 25 parasitoid species were found, among which 23 were parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera), including five hyperparasitic species and two tachinid flies (Diptera). The two carabids preyed on young larvae inside webs, two braconid wasps parasitized larvae, and 18 parasitoid species attacked the fall webworm during the pupal and/or 'larval-pupal' stages. Among these parasitoids, there were one genus and nine species that are new to science and four species new to China, which were described and published by the senior author Yang. The average parasitism rates of fall webworm pupae were 25.8% and 16.1% in the overwintering generation and the first generation (summer generation), respectively. These findings reveal that these natural enemies play an important role in the natural control of the pest. Chouioia cunea Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a gregarious pupal endo-parasitoid, was recommended as a promising biological control agent against the fall webworm in China.     

美国白蛾天敌研究进展

美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea(Drury)是国家林业和草原局的重点防控对象,也是我国重大外来林业检疫性有害生物.现阶段美国白蛾在我国的种群密度持续增加和扩散,缺乏有效天敌的控制应该是重要的原因之一.本文综述了国内、外美国白蛾的捕食性和寄生性天敌的种类.捕食性天敌主要包括昆虫、蜘蛛、两栖类和鸟类,整理出国外报道的捕食性天敌名录119种,国内捕食性天敌名录29种;寄生性天敌主要包括寄生蜂和寄生蝇类,整理出国外报道的寄生性天敌名录47种,国内寄生性天敌名录53种.本文回顾了我国在美国白蛾天敌利用方面取得的阶段成果,并针对将来天敌复合体的应用和原产地天敌的引进提出了展望.     

Geographic variation in performance of a widespread generalist insect herbivore

1. Generalist herbivores are often widespread and occur in a variety of environments. Due to their broad distribution, it is likely that some populations of generalists will encounter host plants with geographic variation in traits that could affect the herbivore's growth and survival (i.e. performance). However, the geographic pattern of performance has rarely been studied for generalists, especially across large geographic ranges. 2. This study used one of the most generalist herbivore species known, the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury 1773, Erebidae, Lepidoptera), to experimentally test how the performance of a local population of fall webworms varies with increasing geographic distance of the host plant population from the local herbivore population. Specifically, a transplant experiment was used to compare the performance of one fall webworm population feeding on its local host plants with its performance on host populations from two other locations, 1300 and 2600 km away. 3. It was found that fall webworms performed better on their local host plant populations than on populations from other regions, with performance at its lowest when reared on hosts of the same species from the farthest region. It was also found that local fall webworms do not perform well on hosts commonly used by fall webworms at the other two, more distant sites. 4. This study helps to elucidate how the performance of generalist herbivores varies along their geographic range and suggests possible local adaptation to different sets of hosts across sites.     

Biology ofHyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: arctiidae) in Japan. V. Preliminary life tables and mortality data in urban areas

Studies on the population dynamics of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea have been carried out at three survey stations and along selected roads in the urban area of Tokyo since 1966. Twelve survivorship curves obtained during two years and 8 life tables show that the mortality rate in early developmental stages of the fall webworm is remarkably low as compared with that of other lepidopterous defoliaters and the mortality rate in later developmental stages is compensatory high. The low mortality rate in early stages is considered to be due to the protective role of the nest-web and the lack of egg and larval parasites. All but one parasitic species emerge from prepupae and pupae. Spiders living in the nest-web of the fall webworm play an important role in reducing the number of young larvae. Direct observations and caging experiments showed that relatively high mortality during later larval stages is mainly due to predation by birds (in the first generation) and wasps (in the second generation). The generation mortality in the survey stations always exceeded the level where the population is kept at the steady state, and the outbreak of this moth is considered to be continued by the immigration of adults from large trees growing in gardens on which the larvae can escape from predation pressure.     

Research and application of Chouioia cunea Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in China

Chouioia cunea Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is an effective parasitoid of many lepidopteran pests in China. Specifically, C. cunea has successfully suppressed populations of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), an invasive and quarantined pest in China. Fall webworm biological control programmes in China have been aided by the development of artificial rearing technology for C. cunea. While researchers have determined some aspects of this parasitoid’s biology, such as fecundity and ratio of female offspring, as well as rearing methods, there was less information on the behavioural and ecological mechanisms by which C. cunea regulates host populations. Here, we review the research and application of C. cunea since it was first discovered in China.     

Further studies on the distribution of a nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of the fall webworm,Hyphantria cunea,in soil

The median infectious concentration (IC₅₀) of a nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, in soil was 7.14×10⁷ polyhedra per gram of soil. The number of virus-killed larvae equivalent to IC₅₀ decreased with the advance of the larval instar from 22 first-instar to 0.04 seventh-instar larvae per gram of soil. The degree of virus contamination of the surface soil in an area where the virus disease had occurred naturally in host populations was estimated to be as high as IC₅₀ on the basis of soil bioassays. Nearly 1000 virus-killed seventh-instar larvae/m² were necessary to obtain such extensive soil contamination. The possibility of the occurrence of so many virus-killed cadavers in the study area was discussed in relation with the past records of epizootics and host population trends. The distribution of the fallen leaves of large trees favorable to the fall webworm, such as plane and poplar trees, correlated with that of the nuclear-polyhedrosis virus in the soil.     

寄生于美国白蛾的啮小蜂一新种(膜翅目：姬小蜂科)

描述了从美国白蛾蛹中养出的一种啮小蜂新种-白蛾黑棒啮小蜂 Tetrastichus septentrionalis sp. nov., 属啮小蜂属Tetrastichus黑棒啮小蜂种团(howardi-group)。该新种在我国北方美国白蛾发生区分布普遍,也分布韩国。在美国白蛾越冬蛹中及夏季蛹中的寄生率一般为12%～24%,每头寄主蛹出蜂数为78～182 头,雌雄性比为10∶1。在生物防治上具有很好的利用前景。