甜(辣)椒单倍体培养研究进展

介绍了甜(辣)椒花药培养和游离小孢子培养的研究概况,花药培养应用相对成熟,游离小孢子培养尚未获得突破性进展。对影响花药培养的各关键因素(包括材料基因型、供体植株生长状态、小孢子发育时期、培养基、培养方法、变温处理、培养条件等)进行了综述,并讨论了甜(辣)椒单倍体培养存在的问题和进一步研究方向。     

基因型与培养条件对羽衣甘蓝小孢子胚胎发生的影响

本文详细地研究了小孢子发育时期、基因型与培养条件对羽衣甘蓝小孢子胚胎发生的影响,建立了一个稳定、高频地获得小孢子胚胎的有效体系。结果表明,不同基因型材料相同大小的花蕾其小孢子发育时期存在很大差异,需针对不同基因型材料选取适合大小的花蕾。供试的37个基因型中,有20个获得了胚状体,占供试材料的54．1％,其中基因型‘桃舞’获得了最高的出胚率,为123．6个·皿-1。自交系的出胚率比商业品种和F,代杂种的出胚率要低得多,且自交代数越高,小孢子的胚胎发生能力就越弱。在热激培养48hN加液培养对小孢子的发育能起到积极作用,向培养基中添加激素和活性炭对小孢子的胚胎发生无促进作用。     

小麦不同发育时期花药的花粉白苗分化初探（简报）

花粉白苗的研究,以水稻为材料的较多,且大多研究培养基成分、培养温度、培养材料等对白苗分化的影响、花粉白苗的亚显微结构及遗传生化分析等。但就花粉白苗的成因问题目前仍不清楚。我们对小麦不同小孢子发育时期的花药分别培养,初步探讨了花粉白苗分化与小孢子发育时期之间的关系。     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子胚状体发生的细胞学观察

应用甘蓝型油菜ＤＨ系保６０４为材料研究小孢子胚发生过程,结果表明,在小孢子离体培养１～５ｄ内,随培养天数增加,小孢子的存活率迅速下降,部分小孢子培养后出现细胞膨大和分裂,并沿２－细胞。“ｆ”形３细胞,多细胞原体,胚柄球形胚,心形胚最终发育成鱼雷形胚,一般在心形胚阶段,胚柄脱离胚主体部分游离到培养基中,大多数膨大的细胞不能分裂或分裂后停止发育或发育异常。     

电子束辐照诱变烟草材料的小孢子培养研究

本研究以自有亲本材料B0与地方品种泉烟、柳烟杂交后与云85、红花大金元组配的三交材料为试材,用辐照剂量为100 Gy的电子束对其进行辐照处理,对辐照后代烟草材料小孢子培养技术进行研究。结果表明:不同基因型材料对游离小孢子培养的敏感性不同,所有的材料中产胚率最高的是(B0×柳烟)×云85组合,产胚率17.2;在材料4和材料6中随着秋水仙碱浓度的提高,两个材料的加倍率均增加,在浓度为100 mg/L时两个材料的加倍率最大。     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子胚状体发生的细胞学观察

应用甘蓝型油菜ＤＨ系保６０４为材料研究小孢子胚发生过程,结果表明,在小孢子离体培养１～５ｄ内,随培养天数增加,小孢子的存活率迅速下降,部分小孢子培养后出现细胞膨大和分裂,并沿２－细胞。“ｆ”形３细胞,多细胞原体,胚柄球形胚,心形胚最终发育成鱼雷形胚,一般在心形胚阶段,胚柄脱离胚主体部分游离到培养基中,大多数膨大的细胞不能分裂或分裂后停止发育或发育异常。     

结球甘蓝游离小孢子胚胎发生

以结球甘蓝品种“强夏”为材料进行游离小孢子培养,对与胚胎发生关系密切的因子进行探讨。研究结果表明,在盛花前期取材最适宜;单核晚期至双核期的小孢子才能发育成胚状体;含17%蔗糖的培养液在培养初期有利于小孢子存活;培养3d后胚胎诱导则以14％蔗糖浓度为最好;高浓度（17％）蔗糖培养3d后添加低浓度（11％）蔗糖培养液能大大提高胚胎发生能力,比一直在14％蔗糖培养液培养的提高282．4％,比更新培养液培养的提高126．1％。     

甘蓝型油菜游离小孢子培养的胚胎发生

以生长在非控温控光下的４个冬性甘蓝型油菜（ＢｒａｓｓｉｃａｎａｐｕｓＬ．）品种为供体,进行游离小孢子培养。研究发现,多数品种在开花３－７天取材最为适宜。在甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养中只有单核晚期的小孢子才可能发育成胚状体,而花药培养时处于单核早期的小孢子易于发育成胚状体。在适当花期选取发育比较一致的单核晚期小孢子培养,经数小时后,部分小孢子便开始膨大,这是小孢子发育成胚的最早标志,膨大的小孢子中,有部分形成多细胞球并进一步发育成胚。用春性甘蓝型油菜为材料进行蔗糖浓度的实验结果表明：培养３天后,在１６％蔗糖培养基中存活的小孢子最多,达１６．１３％;培养３０天后,胚状体诱导频率则以１３％蔗糖浓度为最高,每花蕾可达１４４个胚状体。如果在１６％蔗糖培养基中培养３天后,添加等体积的１３％蔗糖培养基,能够大大提高胚状体的诱导频率,为仅用１３％蔗糖培养基培养的３．７倍。这一实验体系正在用于抗菌核病的诱变与筛选,并作为外源基因导入的实验体系。     

响叶杨大、小孢子母细胞减数分裂进程及其对应关系

以响叶杨(P opu lus ad enop od a M ax im.)为材料,就大、小孢子母细胞减数分裂进程及其对应关系进行了研究.结果表明:响叶杨大、小孢子母细胞减数分裂进程与花芽外部形态存在一定的相关性,可从花芽外部形态变化估计大、小孢子母细胞减数分裂进程;响叶杨大、小孢子母细胞减数分裂进程亦存在一定的时序性相关,当雄配子发育至单核靠边期时,大孢子母细胞减数分裂进入粗线期;通过相同培养条件下小孢子发育进程的观察,可以实现响叶杨大孢子母细胞减数分裂进程的即时判别.     

化学诱变剂和^60Co处理对大麦小孢子低氮胁迫培养的影响

以大麦品种‘花30’为材料,用不同剂量化学诱变剂（EMs和PYM）处理大麦游离小孢子,不同剂量^60Co辐照处理大麦离体穗和干种子,比较其对在低氮胁迫下小孢子培养诱导愈伤组织产量和绿苗分化数量的影响。结果表明,EMS处理离体小孢子和^60Co辐照干种子明显比PYM处理小孢子和^60Co辐照离体穗的培养效果好。     

水稻游离小孢子培养最新研究进展

水稻小孢子培养技术不但可用来生产单倍体植株和加倍单倍体植株,而且可望成为转基因的理想受体系统。目前转基因技术、分子杂交技术与小孢子培育技术的有机结合已成为加快水稻育种速度的有效途径。本文从水稻小孢子分离纯化、影响愈伤组织或胚状体发生的因素以及植株再生三个方面综述了水稻游离小孢子培养的最新研究进展。最后就水稻小孢子培育技术急需解决的问题进行了讨论,并对小孢子培育技术发展前景进行了展望。     

Isolated wheat microspore culture

The use of doubled haploid plants in a wheat breeding program requires an efficient haploid production system. While the techniques for producing doubled haploids from anther culture are well established, those for isolated microspores are complicated and inefficient. Four methods of isolating microspores from anthers (blending, stirring, macerating, and floating) were compared. Isolated microspores were washed and cultured in liquid medium. The effects of pre-isolation mannitol conditioning, cell density, culture dilution, and sucrose centrifugation on microspore viability were evaluated. Isolation by blending gave the highest initial microspore viability (75%). Mannitol conditioning and purification by sucrose centrifugation had a detrimental effect on initial viability. An initial microspore density of 2 × 10⁵ microspores per ml was necessary for continued microspore viability. One hundred and nine haploid or spontancously doubled haploid plants were regenerated from microspores isolated without mannitol conditioning using the blending method. Based on this research, blender isolation with an initial density of 2 × 10⁵ microspores per ml is recommended for isolated microspore culture.Abbreviations LSmean least square mean - MES 2-N-morpholinoethane sulfonic acid - 2,4-d 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - NAA -naphtaleneacetic acid     

Isolated microspore culture of chickpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cicer arietinum</Emphasis> L.): induction of androgenesis and cytological analysis of early haploid divisions

Routine production of haploid plants has not been reported for any legume, despite the major role these species play in sustainable farming systems and human nutrition. It is within this context that we report a protocol for the induction of haploid development in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) using isolated microspore culture. The cultivars “Rupali”, “Narayen”, and “Kimberley Large” were identified as responsive to isolated microspore culture. Flower bud length and microspore developmental stage were correlated for these cultivars. Depending on the cultivar, buds 2.85–3.5 mm in length contained uninucleate microspores. Microspores from donor plants grown in winter and spring were more responsive than those grown in summer. A cold treatment (4°C) of between 24 and 48 h enhanced microspore response in winter- and spring-grown material but was not effective in summer-grown material. A medium developed by the authors was effective for microspore induction and early-stage embryo development. The addition of hormones to this medium was promotive of microspore induction in winter- and spring-grown material, but not in summer-grown material. The initial haploid division predominantly occurred via symmetrical division of the vegetative nucleus. Further research is under way to convert pro-embryos into plants.     

Genetic manipulation of microspores and microspore-derived embryos

Summary Recent advances in plant cell and molecular biology have furthered the genetic manipulation of many plant species and advanced the options for crop improvement. Among the many targets for genetic manipulation, microspores offer several unique advantages: they are haploid, single-celled, and highly synchronized. In many plant species microspores develop into haploid embryos, and eventually haploid and doubled haploid plants, after in vitro anther or microspore culture. This induced in vitro developmental pathway of microspores, termed microspore embryogenesis, can be used to recover individual homozygous plants from microspores and microspore-derived embryos after genetic manipulation such as mutagenesis and gene transfer. The highly efficient microspore embryogenesis system inBrassica napus has been used successfully to obtain various mutants after microspore mutagenesis, and to achieve gene transfer mediated byAgrobacterium tumefaciens. Presented in the Session-in-Depth In Vitro Gametophyte Biology at the 1991 World Congress on Cell and Tissue Culture held in Anaheim, California, June 16–20, 1991.     

一种快速生长的甘蓝型油菜DH系的获得和鉴定

从快速生长的甘蓝型油菜的小孢子培养中共获得23个再生植株。经倍性鉴定,其中自发加倍成二倍体的有10株,单倍体13株。单倍体再用秋水仙碱处理后获得DH系,所得材料对油菜功能基因组学的研究可能有一定的价值。     

Inducing homozygosity in transgenic barley (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hordeum vulgare</Emphasis> L.) by microspore culture

Homozygosity was induced in transgenic barley by microspore culture. Spikes of transgenic barley plants carrying microspores in the late uni-nucleate stage were cold pretreated. Teflon rod maceration and a density of 100 000 viable micropores per plate were used. The developed calli were regenerated and plantlets were treated with colchicine. The microspore culture of 16 mother plants (three transgenic lines) resulted in 927 green regenerants. Of these plants, 476 were transferred to soil, 380 were transgenic, 358 reached maturity and 350 were fertile with a normal seed-set carrying a yield of 6.9 kg. A production efficiency of 0.8 fertile transgenic doubled haploid barley plants per spike used for microspore isolation was recorded. The produced transgenic seeds were used in malting experiments.     

Application of trifluralin to embryogenic microspore cultures to generate doubled haploid plants in Brassica napus

Microspore or anther culture has been used to produce desirable meiotic recombinants in numerous species. However, the utilization of these recombinants relies on inefficient genome doubling procedures to obtain fertile doubled haploid plants. This study presents a simple and rapid procedure to generate fertile doubled haploids in Brassica napus cv. Topas using trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl- p -toluidine), a plant specific microtubule inhibitor. The effects of trifluralin on microtubule depolymerization and chromosome doubling in embryogenic microspore cultures of B. napus were examined and compared with those of colchicine. Indirect immunofluorescence labeling of isolated microspores indicated that microtubules were depolymerized within 30 min of trifluralin treatment and after 3–8 h of colchicine treatment. The direct application of these microtubule inhibitors to microspore cultures resulted in the recovery of fertile doubled haploid plants. Continuous culture in the presence of colchicine, was more effective than 18-h treatments for fertile plant production but resulted in abnormal embryo formation and recalcitrant plant regeneration. The application of 1 or 10 μ M trifluralin during the first 18 h of microspore culture was found to be the superior method for doubled haploid production. The embryos generated after trifluralin treatment developed normally, germinated readily and of the plants produced, close to 60% were fertile. The use of trifluralin to double chromosomes very early in microspore cultures is a simple process requiring minimal manipulation and should be very useful for genetic studies and breeding programs of B. napus and possibly other species.     

植物花粉培养研究进展

花粉培养又称为游离小孢子培养,指将发育到一定阶段的花粉从花药中游离出来成为分散或游离状态,通过培养使花粉粒脱分化,进而发育成完整植株的过程。花粉培养的主要目的是获得单倍体植株,进而得到双单倍体(double haploid,DH)植株,最终获得纯合系物种。本文对花粉培养形成植株的物种信息进行了收集整理,概述了国内外花粉培养的一些最新研究进展,包括影响花粉培养形成胚的因素以及提高花粉胚产量的措施,并对花粉培养的前景进行了展望。     

Isolated microspore culture techniques and recent progress for haploid and doubled haploid plant production

An isolated microspore culture provides an excellent system for the study of microspore induction and embryogenesis, provides a platform for an ever-increasing array of molecular studies, and can produce doubled haploid (DH) plants, which are used to accelerate plant-breeding programs. Moreover, isolated microspore cultures have several advantages over anther culture, wherein presence of the anther walls can lead to the development of diploid, somatic calli and plants. Although protocols for isolated microspore culture vary from laboratory to laboratory, the basic steps of growing donor plants, harvesting floral organs, isolating microspores, culturing and inducing microspores, regenerating embryos, and doubling the chromosomes, remain the same. Over the past few years, a large proportion of the research reports on isolated microspore culture have focused on cereal and Brassica species. For some of these species, isolated microspore culture protocols are well established and routinely used in laboratories around the world for developing new varieties, as well as for basic research in areas such as genomics, gene expression, and genetic mapping. Although these species are considered highly responsive to microspore culture, improvements in efficiency are still being made. However, with many species, isolated microspore culture is simply not yet efficient enough at producing DH plants to be cost-effective for breeding programs. There has been a recent resurgence of haploidy research with response being reported in some species once considered recalcitrant. Future research programs aimed at elucidating pathways involved in microspore induction and embryogenesis will be of benefit, as will novel approaches to improve the efficiency of microspore culture for DH production. With many species, anther culture has proven to be more effective than isolated microspore culture, necessitating more research to clarify the contribution of the anther wall to embryogenesis. The development of molecular markers for use in determining the gametic origin of regenerated plants, irrespective of their ploidy, would also be beneficial. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the basic isolated microspore culture protocol with an emphasis on recent progress in several crop species.