几种不同基质对阿萨希毛孢子菌形成生物膜影响的初步观察

目的观察不同基质对阿萨希毛孢子菌生物膜形成能力的影响。方法在聚芳脂、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯上构建阿萨希毛孢子菌生物膜,在生物膜形成过程中采用XTT法对其活性进行定量分析,倒置显微镜和扫描电镜下观察不同基质上阿萨希毛孢子菌生物膜形态特征。结果 3种基质上均能形成阿萨希毛孢子菌生物膜,且形成广泛的的生物膜。比较成熟期不同基质上形成生物膜的活性有差别(F=14.743,P0.01),活性由高到低为聚芳脂=聚氯乙烯聚苯乙烯。倒置显微镜和扫描电镜下观察发现聚芳脂、聚氯乙烯形成的生物膜可见孢子、菌丝、假菌丝结构,聚苯乙烯上形成以孢子为主要结构的微生物群落。结论阿萨希毛孢子菌可在聚芳脂、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯上形成生物膜,但形成生物膜的能力不同。聚芳脂、聚氯乙烯比聚苯乙烯更易于真菌的黏附;且以菌丝、假菌丝为主要结构的微生物群落活力比单纯孢子的活力强。     

烟曲霉rRNA基因ITS区的克隆测序分析

对烟曲霉rRNA基因内转录间区(ITS区)进行了克隆测序,并将之与其他几种常见曲霉的相应序列进行了比较.发现3株烟曲霉的ITSⅠ区完全相同,而其中1株烟曲霉的ITSⅡ区与一条已知相应序列仅有2个碱基的变异.提示烟曲霉rRNA基因的两个ITS区序列均十分保守,而且与黄曲霉、黑曲霉、土曲霉及构巢曲霉的相应序列相比较,均有一定程度的变异.     

烟曲霉rRNA基因ITS区的克隆测序分析*

对烟曲霉rRNA基因内转录间区（ITS区）进行了克隆测序,并将之与其他几种常见曲霉的相应序列进行了比较。发现3株烟曲霉的ITSⅠ区完全相同,而其中1株烟曲霉的ITSⅡ区与一条已知相应序列仅有2个碱基的变异。提示烟曲霉rRNA基因的两个ITS区序列均十分保守,而且与黄曲霉、黑曲霉、土曲霉及构巢曲霉的相应序列相比较,均有一定程度的变异。     

黄曲霉毒素生物防控菌的筛选及鉴定

筛选黄曲霉毒素生物防控菌,为黄曲霉毒素的生物防控提供支持。以花生原产地土壤为材料,采用牛津杯法筛选所需菌株。对筛选出的拮抗菌株进行抑制产毒曲霉菌株的生长、产孢、降解黄曲霉毒素实验。筛选出2株黄曲霉毒素生防细菌,编号21-1-2、17-3,经鉴定,拮抗菌21-1-2为枯草芽胞杆菌,拮抗菌17-3为地衣芽胞杆菌。分别对拮抗菌对曲霉孢子萌发的抑制、抑制黄曲霉的生长和菌丝延长以及减少黄曲霉毒素的产生、对黄曲霉毒素的分解作用等几个方面进行研究,结果表明,拮抗菌可以明显抑制产毒曲霉孢子的萌发、生长、菌丝的延长,减少黄曲霉毒素的产生以及分解黄曲霉毒素。     

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察细菌生物膜形成的方法学研究

目的:建立激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察生物膜形成过程的方法,为进一步研究生物膜的形成机制奠定基础。方法:以临床分离金葡菌X428为研究对象,在盖玻片上形成生物膜,分别于接种后的4、8、12、16、24和48h取出玻片,采用免疫荧光技术标记多糖和细菌,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)观察生物膜形成情况。结果:取得了生物膜形成过程的不同时间点的CLSM图像,4h时细菌在盖玻片上粘附形成小菌落,8h和12h细菌聚集成簇,多糖基质产生并逐渐增多,至16h形成成熟生物膜结构;24h和48h生物膜已经播散,其结构变小。结论:应用免疫荧光技术和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术研究生物膜形成过程是一种简便可行的方法。     

阿萨希毛孢子菌生物膜构建及水杨酸干预策略研究

目的在医院内常用生物材料聚氯乙烯（PVC）表面构建阿萨希毛孢子菌的生物膜,评估该生物膜对几种临床抗真菌药物的耐药性,并观察水杨酸是否对阿萨希毛孢子菌生物膜的形成有干预作用。方法菌株鉴定采用API20CAUX并经PCR鉴定复核;使用PVC于RPM11640-MOPS中培养进行阿萨希毛孢子菌生物膜构建;MIC测定采用法国生物梅里埃公司ATB Fungus-3真菌药敏试剂条以及微量液体稀释法,并观察水杨酸对生物膜构建的影响。结果阿萨希毛孢子菌可以通过几个不连续阶段在聚氯乙烯表面形成生物膜,且已使用PVC块上附着的生物膜细胞比未使用PVC块上黏附的生物膜细胞明显密集;固着相即生物膜细胞的MIC比浮游相成倍提高;24h两性霉素B的MIC〉512μ/ml,且经两性霉素B的药物刺激后,阿萨希毛孢子明显可见芽管延长,菌丝交织;水杨酸作用后阿萨希毛孢子菌的菌丝明显变短,孢子短小。结论介入性器械可以作为阿萨希毛孢子菌生物膜构建的黏附基质,使微生物群体黏附于细胞外多聚材料表面而造成持续播散感染,因此生物膜干预对阿萨希毛孢子菌深部感染的治疗有很重要的意义。     

曲霉检验方法对侵袭性曲霉病的诊断意义

随着免疫抑制剂、广谱抗生素等的广泛应用以及器官移植、导管留置操作等的普及,深部真菌感染的发病率不断升高,其中,曲霉感染越来越受到临床医生的重视。曲霉菌广泛存在于自然界中,目前已知的约350种,而对人类有致病力的约为33种,最常见的致病菌包括烟曲霉（Aspergillus fumigatus）、黄曲霉、黑曲霉、土曲霉及构巢曲霉等5种。     

铜绿假单胞菌脂多糖对阿萨希毛孢子菌生物膜形成的影响

目的研究铜绿假单胞菌脂多糖(LPS)对阿萨希毛孢子菌生物膜形成的影响。方法将不同浓度(100~0.1μg/mL)铜绿假单胞菌脂多糖与阿萨希毛孢子菌共培养后,利用倒置显微镜观察生物膜的形态学变化,并利用甲基四氮盐(XTT)减低法检测不同时间点生物膜生成量的变化。结果与生长对照组相比,实验组铜绿假单胞菌LPS对阿萨希毛孢子菌生物膜的生成具有菌株差异性和LPS浓度依赖性。其中,黏附阶段(2h),各浓度组铜绿假单胞菌LPS对生物膜形成的影响没有统计学差异。生物膜形成阶段(24h),与生长对照比,100μg/mL、10μg/mL、1μg/mL的铜绿假单胞菌LPS对阿萨希毛孢子菌的生物膜形成的抑制作用均有统计学意义作用。而在生物膜成熟阶段(48h),只有100μg/mL的铜绿假单胞菌LPS对阿萨希毛孢子菌的生物膜形成的抑制作用具有统计学意义。倒置显微镜下,实验组菌丝形成明显受到抑制,以孢子相为主。结论铜绿假单胞菌脂多糖可以通过抑制阿萨希毛孢子菌菌丝的形成来减少生物膜的形成,并且抑制作用具有时间和浓度依赖性,以24h时,100μg/mL作用最为显著。     

实时荧光PCR结合融解曲线分析快速鉴定临床常见曲霉菌

目的 采用实时荧光PCR结合融解曲线分析的方法快速将临床常见曲霉菌鉴定到种的水平.方法 ①普通PCR扩增真菌ITS区后进行序列比对,准确鉴定菌种并设计种特异性引物和探针.②采用实时荧光PCR的方法及融解曲线分析,根据不同的解链温度将5种临床常见曲霉菌鉴定到种的水平.③特异性、敏感性、重复性试验.结果 ①解链曲线分析显示,不同种曲霉菌的种特异性探针有特异的Tm值,根据Tm值的不同可以将5种曲霉菌区分开来:烟曲霉Tm =61.4℃,黄曲霉Tm=57.4℃,黑曲霉Tm=67.7℃,土曲霉Tm=55.2℃和64.5℃,构巢曲霉Tm=65.8℃.其中小孢根霉和疣状瓶霉与烟曲霉探针发生交叉反应,阴性对照不出现特异性的解链曲线.②该方法对5种曲霉菌的检测下限分别为:烟曲霉56.8 fg,黄曲霉1 110fg,黑曲霉13.7 fg,土曲霉123 fg,构巢曲霉780 fg.③重复性试验结果显示,同一种曲霉菌的Tm值波动范围不超过0.5℃.结论 采用实时荧光PCR结合融解曲线分析的方法可以快速准确地将临床常见曲霉菌鉴定到种的水平,具有良好的敏感性、特异性和可重复性,有助于临床侵袭性曲霉感染的诊断和指导抗真菌药物使用.     

烟曲霉生物膜耐药性研究进展

<正>烟曲霉是曲霉中最常见的一种致病真菌^[1],其无性孢子可释放到空气中,人类每天吸入成百上千的这种传染性繁殖体,由于烟曲霉孢子体积小(直径2～3μm),可绕过黏液纤毛清除而滞留在下呼吸道。在免疫功能低下的个体中,曲霉分生孢子可以萌发成具有组织侵袭性的菌丝,传播并引起侵袭性曲霉病(invasive aspergillosis,IA)^[2]。IA是一种很难控制的真菌疾病,病死率极高^[3]。在侵袭性曲霉病中,烟曲霉表现为被细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)包围的多细胞群落,这是生物膜的特征^[4],生物膜增加了耐药性,使一些曲霉病对传统的抗真菌治疗无效,这为我们的治疗带来了重大的临床挑战^[5]。尽管目前一些抗真菌药被有效地用于侵袭性曲霉病的治疗,但它们的使用也导致了一些问题,在过去十年中,唑类、多烯类和棘白菌素类等药物的过度使用以及长疗程和环境暴露导致了真菌耐药性发生的增加^[6],当一种抗真菌药物产生耐药性时,使治疗选择减...     

Specificity of antigens from pathogenic Aspergillus species. II. Studies with line immunoelectrophoresis

Somatic (mycelial) and metabolic (culture filtrate) antigens of Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. niger and A. terreus were compared by line immunoelectrophoresis with sera from patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) or aspergilloma, or from immunized animals. Number of lines observed when tested with human sera were similar for somatic and metabolic preparations of A. fumigatus, but up to 33 lines were present when both types of antigens were tested simultaneously. Cross-reactions between heterologous antigens and sera from patients with aspergilloma or ABPA were uncommon. In contrast, cross-reactions were common when standard antisera prepared in animals against heterologous species of Aspergillus were tested against A. fumigatus antigens. Lines of identity between homologous antigens and those from A. fumigatus were observed in 5 of 9 lines obtained with A. flavus, 4 of 16 lines of A. nidulans, 4 of 9 lines of A. niger and 4 of 8 lines of A. terreus.     

PCR结合反向斑点杂交法检测石蜡包埋组织中的曲霉感染

目的评价PCR结合反向斑点杂交法检测福尔马林固定、石蜡包埋组织中曲霉感染的可行性。方法选取39例病理证实曲霉感染的患者活检标本（21例为鼻窦感染标本、18例为尸检标本）,以1对真菌特有的28SrRNA保守序列结构作为真菌通用引物,以临床常见的4个曲霉菌种：烟曲霉、黄曲霉、黑曲霉、土曲霉的种特异性序列为种特异性探针,与扩增产物进行反向斑点杂交。结果尸检标本阳性率为55．6％（10／18）,鼻窦标本阳性率为76．2％（16／21）,特异性均为100％。在这些曲霉所致的系统性感染中,烟曲霉是主要的致病真菌。结论该方法能对临床无法培养的石蜡组织块进行回顾性病原学研究,并可以鉴定常见的曲霉菌种,有良好的特异性和敏感性,适用于临床曲霉感染的检测。     

Multiplex PCR for the discrimination of A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger and A. terreus

Aspergillus pathogens usually infect immunocompromised patients with lethal outcome. We report a multiplex PCR assay for the discrimination of the most frequent Aspergillus pathogens, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger and A. terreus, through distinct amplicons of 250 bp, 200 bp, 150 bp and 450 bp respectively, derived from the rDNA gene of A. terreus and the aspergillopepsin genes of the remaining species.     

Culture supernatants of patient-derived Aspergillus isolates have toxic and lytic activity towards neurons and glial cells

Infection of the central nervous system by the ubiquitous fungi Aspergillus spp. is a life-threatening disease. Therefore we investigated the mechanism of brain damage by fungal infection. To examine whether secretory factors of Aspergillus isolates derived from patients can induce death of different brain cells, culture supernatants of Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus niger were added to different astrocytes as well as to the neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH, and to the microglial cell line CHME. All four fungal species were shown to secrete toxic factors with neurons being most sensitive against these factors. Very low amounts and short incubation times are sufficient to induce irreversible cell damage, indicating that secreted factors might also affect distant brain regions. Further characterization of the toxic factors revealed that A. fumigatus and A. terreus produced small, heat-stable components whereas the toxic activity of A. niger filtrates was triggered by a high molecular mass factor which could be inactivated by heat. The active component of A. flavus had a molecular mass similar to that of A. niger but was heat-stable and had a significantly lower activity. Taken together these results indicate that secretion of different necrotizing factors might contribute to brain lesions in patients with cerebral aspergillosis.     

Variation of a 470 000 daltons antigen complex and catalase antigen in clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus

Antigens in ruptured mycelium of 18 Aspergillus strains including 14 clinical isolates of A. fumigatus were studied by immunoelectrophoresis. One antigenic component of molecular weight 470 000 previously characterized by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and gel filtration and a second component with catalase activity were detected in all A. fumigatus isolates but in varying quantities. The 470 000 antigen complex cross-reacted with antigens in A. flavus and A. nidulans but not in A. niger or A. terreus. A. fumigatus catalase antigen cross-reacted with catalase in A. flavus, A. nidulans and A. terreus, but not in A. niger. One A. fumigatus isolate produced two catalase antigens showing a reaction of partial identity. A. flavus also produced two catalase antigens, one of which was species-specific.     

Taxonomy and identification of the species involved in nosocomial aspergillosis

Although Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common etiological agent of invasive aspergillosis, other Aspergillus spp. such as A . flavus, A. niger, A. terreus and A. nidulans (Emericella nidulans) among others, have been also implicated. In this article, the taxonomy of the genus Aspergillus and the characteristics of the species most frequently isolated from patients with nosocomial aspergillosis are reviewed.     

布洛芬对曲霉的体外抗真菌活性评价

目的观察布洛芬对曲霉临床分离株的体外抗真菌活性。方法分别用微量液基稀释法和纸片扩散法,测定布洛芬对10株烟曲霉、黄曲霉和土曲霉的抗菌活性。结果微量液基稀释法显示布洛芬对曲霉的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）范围为1000～2000μg/mL,最低杀菌浓度（MFC）范围为2000～8000μg/mL;纸片扩散法也显示布洛芬有体外抗曲霉活性：48h时,1000μg布洛芬对曲霉产生的抑菌圈直径为（20.1±3.89）mm。结论布洛芬有体外抗曲霉活性。     

应用反向线点杂交技术鉴定临床常见曲霉属和毛霉目真菌

目的应用反向线点杂交技术(reverse line blot hybridization,RLB)快速鉴定临床常见的曲霉属和毛霉目真菌。方法收集我院真菌和真菌病研究中心保存的5种曲霉菌(烟曲霉、黄曲霉、黑曲霉、土曲霉、构巢曲霉)和7种毛霉目真菌(冻土毛霉菌、总状毛霉菌、卷枝毛霉菌、少根根霉、小孢根霉、微小根毛霉、伞状犁头霉),共计98株菌株。利用真菌通用引物ITS1和ITS4对菌株进行PCR扩增,用12个真菌种特异性探针与扩增后产物进行反向线点杂交。将RLB结果与真菌传统形态学鉴定结果、ITS区DNA测序结果进行比较。结果 RLB可以正确鉴定98株实验菌株,与形态学方法和ITS区测序方法鉴定结果100%一致,种特异性探针之间未见交叉杂交,显示出该方法的高度敏感性和特异性。8株阴性对照菌株(白念珠菌、茄病镰刀菌、尖端赛多孢、马尔尼菲青霉、疣状瓶霉、棒曲霉、日本曲霉以及雅致小克银汉霉),使用RLB方法无法鉴定。通过烟曲霉基因组DNA浓度10倍倍比稀释法验证RLB的敏感性为1.8×10-3 ng/μL。结论 RLB技术为实验室早期快速诊断、鉴定临床常见的曲霉属和毛霉目真菌提供参考。     

Standardization and characterization of antigens for the diagnosis of aspergillosis

The aim of this study was to develop and characterize antigens for the diagnosis of aspergillosis. Nine strains of Aspergillus species Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillus flavus , and Aspergillus niger were grown in Sabouraud and Smith broth to produce exoantigens. The antigens were tested by immunodiffusion against sera from patients with aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses. The protein fraction of the antigens was detected by SDS-PAGE; Western blot and representative bands were assessed by mass spectrometry coupled to a nano Acquity UltraPerformance LC and analyzed by the Mascot search engine. Concurrently, all sera were tested with Platelia Aspergillus EIA. The most reactive antigens to sera from patients infected by A. fumigatus were produced by A. fumigatus MG2 Sabouraud and pooled A.?fumigatus Sabouraud samples, both with a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 100% and 97%, respectively. Aspergillus niger and A. flavus antigens were reactive against A. niger and A. flavus sera, each one with a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Two proteins, probably responsible for antigenic activity, β-glucosidase in A. fumigatus and α-amylase in A. niger were attained. The commercial kit had a specificity of 22%, sensitivity of 100%, positive predictive value of 48%, and negative predictive value of 100%. The antigens produced showed high sensitivity and specificity and can be exploited for diagnostics of aspergilloma.     

Aspergillus Spp. as an important occupational risk factor among susceptible individuals

The prevalence of different species of aspergilli was studied for two consecutive years (from April 1989 to March 1991) in a mechanised bakery, a poultry farm and a large municipal hospital in Delhi, India using an Andersen six stage volumetric sampler. A rich diversity of aspergilli (26 species) were recorded in each environment. The major contributors in each environment were Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. versicolor, A. sydowi, A. fumigatus, A. japonicus. The concentration of aspergilli was higher inside the work place compared to the outside air, with 25% to 45% contribution to the total fungal load. The concentration of A. flavus was higher in the storage section of the bakery and in the shed of the poultry farm, while A. niger was characteristic of the packing section and the hatchery. The hospital, which was naturally ventilated with a continuous mixing of indoor and outdoor air had a significantly high concentration of A. flavus (p < 0.05) inside the ward. Some of the frequently encountered species of Aspergillus are A. janus, A. ochraceous, A. nidulans, A. variecolor, A. luchuensis and A. terreus. Other species of Aspergillus had a very low occurrence, accounting for less than 1% of the total fungal load.