Growth of Dalbergia sissoo in desert regions of western India using municipal effluent and the subsequent changes in soil and plant chemistry

Increasing demand for fodder and fuelwood and the scarcity of a good quality water in arid areas has resulted in a search for an alternative source of water for biomass production. An experiment utilizing municipal effluent in growing Dalbergia sissoo was conducted. Five treatments included T1, municipal effluent at 1 PET (Potential evapo-transpiration) (without plant); T2, municipal effluent at 1/2 PET; T3, municipal effluent at 1PET; T4, municipal effluent at 2 PET; and T5, canal water at 1 PET. Observations included plant height, collar diameter at one-month intervals and plant mineral composition, mineral uptake and changes in soil properties at 24 months of plant age. Application of municipal effluent produced better growth in D. sissoo seedlings. Concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) were greater in seedlings irrigated with municipal effluent than those of the seedlings irrigated by the treatment T5, and positively related with the quantity of irrigation. The concentrations were greatest in foliage compared to the other parts of seedling, with the exception of Cu concentration. Application of municipal effluents resulted in a 2- to 3-fold increase in the concentrations of soil K, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, whereas NH4-N and PO4-P availability increased by 8.1- and 4.5-fold, respectively. The increase in soil organic carbon was only observed in treatments T3 and T4. The accumulations of soil NO3-N, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were more in lower soil layers but the other soil parameters showed their greatest values in the upper soil layer. Irrigation using municipal effluent did not result in toxicity to the seedlings before the age of 24 months. The results suggest that municipal effluent could be utilized, as an important source of water and nutrients in growing D. sissoo to increase biomass production in the needs of suburban dwellers. However, a preliminary treatment to reduce excess NH4-N and PO4-P will be required before application to the plantation.     

Effect of textile effluents on growth performance of wheat cultivars

Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of different concentrations in the range of 0-100% textile effluents (untreated and treated) on seed germination (%), delay index (DI), plant shoot length and root length, plant biomass, chlorophyll content and carotenoid of three different cultivars of wheat. The textile effluent did not show any inhibitory effect on seed germination at low concentration (6.25%). The other reported plant parameters also followed the similar trend. Seeds germinated in undiluted effluents did not survive for longer period. Based on the tolerance to textile effluent, the wheat cultivars have been arranged in the following order: PBW-343 < PBW-373 < WH-147. It has also been concluded that effect of the textile effluent is cultivar specific and due care should be taken before using the textile effluent for irrigation purpose.     

城市生活污水浇灌对金盏菊生长的影响

用三种稀释倍数的城市生活污水[污水:清水(v/v)为1:0、1:0.5、1:1]处理金盏菊种子及盆花,结果表明,污灌处理不仅显著地降低种子的萌发率,还增加萌发后幼苗病害的发生率;未经稀释的原生污水显著抑制金盏菊幼苗的生长,而稀释后抑制作用降低,当稀释至适当浓度时,则对幼苗生长起促进作用;对于金盏菊成年植株,污灌处理(不论稀释与否)显著地增加其茎、叶和根的鲜重,分别较对照增加161.63%~215.12%、86.77%~109.23%和23.89%~34.13%。综合分析表明,原生污水经过适当稀释后用于草花污灌,可以使污水中的营养盐得到回用,提高草花的观赏性。     

钙离子浓度对青檀生长和檀皮质量的影响

以Hoagland完全营养液为基质,利用5、10和15mmol·L^-13个Ca^2+浓度处理水平及一个无钙对照处理。对青檀苗木各生物组分积累的钙含量、生物量、密度、纤维长度、纤维宽度和纤维素含量进行测定分析．结果表明。对照处理下的青檀苗大部分死亡,且生长不良,其高生长量仅为有钙处理的50％左右;在有钙处理中,青檀一年苗的高生长和生物量差异不明显,但以10mmol·L^-1钙处理浓度的生长量和生物量最大;Ca^2+促进了根、叶和檀皮中钙的积累,并随着Ca^2+浓度的增加而提高,其分布为根>叶>檀皮;浓度钙处理对青檀木质部和檀皮密度、青檀木质部和檀皮的纤维形态影响不显著,其中10mmol·L^-1钙处理下木质部纤维长度和宽度最大,5mmol·L^-1钙处理下檀皮的纤维长度和长／宽比最大;不同钙处理间,檀皮(韧皮部)纤维均在2．0mm以上,檀皮的纤维长／宽比约为木质部长宽比值的4倍;浓度钙处理对青檀木质部和檀皮中纤维素含量有显著影响,且均以10mmol·L^-1。钙处理下纤维素含量最高．     

Enhanced biodecolorization of synthetic textile dye effluent by Phanerochaete chrysosporium under improved culture conditions

Biodecolorization of a synthetic commercial textile dye effluent (0.1 gl^–1) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium was enhanced by improving the original Kirk's medium with respect to buffer, C:N ratio, Mg²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions, inoculum, temperature shifts, agitation and sunflower oil additon. An increase of 6.7-fold in lignin peroxidase (LIP) level, 4-fold in biomass and 45.5% enhanced decolorization of effluent was achieved. Degradation was both enzymatic (47.2%) and by biosorption (61.67%).     

盐碱胁迫对海岛棉幼苗生物量分配和根系形态的影响

为探求海岛棉幼苗生物量分配和根系生长对混合盐碱胁迫的响应,探索海岛棉幼苗对混合盐碱胁迫的适应特点,以新疆阿克苏地区主栽海岛棉品种新海31号(XH31)、新海35号(XH35)、新海43号(XH43)及新海48号(XH48)为试材,采用NaCl、Na_2SO_4和NaCl、NaHCO_3以物质的量1∶1混合分别模拟中性盐混合盐(中性盐)和碱性盐混合盐(碱性盐)2种盐类型,总盐浓度(Na~+)0(CK)、120、180、240、300、360 mmol/L,对2种盐胁迫下不同浓度海岛棉幼苗生物量、根系长度、根系体积以及根系表面积等海岛棉幼苗根系形态特征指标变化差异以及不同茎级的根系形态特征进行了分析。结果表明,中性盐下,盐浓度在0—180 mmol/L时,对海岛棉幼苗的根系总长度、总表面积、总体积、总根尖数有显著的促进的作用或不显著的抑制作用,尤其盐浓度为120 mmol/L对海岛棉幼苗细根(0d0.5 mm)的长度有显著的促进作用;大于180 mmol/L后,随着盐浓度的增加各项根系参数均显著减小;碱性盐下,除新海31号的总根尖数、细根及中根根尖数在120 mmol/L的盐浓度下比CK增加,其余处理均随着盐浓度的增加再减小;地上部生物量、根系生物量及根冠比在两种盐下随着盐浓度的增加逐渐减小,减小程度也由小变大。低盐(120 mmol/L)环境能促进细根的伸长,使海岛棉幼苗可以更加多的吸收养分和水分,这是根系接触低盐环境时做出的响应,高盐环境对海岛棉幼苗造成较大的损伤。     

模拟精炼糖厂废水云芝脱色及对多糖含量影响*

比较了4株不同云芝PVC0、PVCl、PVC2、PVC3对模拟糖厂废水的总脱色能力及对美拉德反应色素、碱降解色素及焦糖色素的降解能力;比较了添加色素培养对不同云芝菌株生物量及菌丝体多糖(PSK)产量的影响。结果表明,PvCO对模拟废水的脱色率最高,其在废水中培养的菌丝体眺含量虽然较PVC1稍低,但其生物量最大,PSK产量仍然最大。以PVCO为当选菌株进行实验,研究表明浓度75％实际废水的PVCO脱色率为53％,低于对模拟废水的脱色率71％,但两培养的PvCO生物量与PSK产量相当。     

Cultivation of a new microalga,Micractinium reisseri,in municipal wastewater for nutrient removal,biomass, lipid,and fatty acid production

Coupling of advanced wastewater treatment with microalgae cultivation for low-cost lipid production was demonstrated in this study. The microalgal species Micractinium reisseri and Scenedesmus obliquus were isolated from municipal wastewater mixed with agricultural drainage. M. reisseri was selected based on the growth rate and cultivated in municipal wastewater (influent, secondary and tertiary effluents) which varied in nutrient concentration. M. reisseri showed an optimal specific growth rate (μ_opt) of 1.15, 1.04, and 1.01 1/day for the influent and the secondary and tertiary effluents, respectively. Secondary effluent supported the highest phosphorus removal (94%) and saturated fatty acid content (40%). The highest lipid content (40%), unsaturated fatty acid content, including monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (66%), and nitrogen removal (80%) were observed for tertiary effluent. Fatty acids accumulating in the microalgal biomass (M. reisseri) were mainly composed of palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and a-linolenic acid. Cultivation of M. reisseri using municipal wastewater served a dual function of nutrient removal and biofuel feedstock generation.     

Reuse of Textile Wastewater after Treatment with Isolated Bacteria from Oued Hamdoun River

Industrialization is a boon for developing countries such as Tunisia. However, textile effluents that are being discharged are environmental pollutants, extremely toxic to plants and other living organisms, including humans. The current study was conducted to determine the phytotoxic effect of textile effluents, collected near an industrial zone in the center of Tunisia (Ksar Helal), on the germination and various growth indices of durum wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). Results showed that textile effluent treatments reduced significantly the percentage of seed germination and slowed its kinetic as compared with control. Roots and leaves were also significantly reduced. The phytotoxicity was highly reduced from textile effluents after aerobic biotreatment with bacteria. It can be concluded that the biological treatment process of textile wastewater might serve as a fertilizer production that is able to improve the growth of plants. These results are encouraging in the context of developing a low-budget technology for the effective management of these effluents.     

The effects of a primary-treated municipal effluent on the immune system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): exposure duration and contribution of suspended particles

Municipal sewage effluents are complex mixtures of contaminants known to disrupt both immune and endocrine functions in aquatic organisms. The present study sought to determine the impacts of municipal effluent on the immune systems of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), by exposing specimens to low concentrations (0.01%, 0.1%, 1% or 10%) of sewage effluent for periods of 28 or 90 days. The soluble and insoluble fractions of the effluent were also studied to assess the contribution of fractions rich in microorganisms and particles on fish immune systems. To this end, the trout were also exposed to soluble and insoluble fractions of the effluent for a period of 28 days. Immunocompetence was assessed by the following three parameters: phagocytosis, natural cytotoxic cells (NCC) and blastogenesis of lymphocytes under mitogen stimulation. Fish exposed to the 1% sewage effluent concentration for 28 days had enhanced phagocytic activity; at 90 days, phagocytic activity was reduced. T and B lymphocyte proliferation in fish from both groups was similarly stimulated. Phagocytosis and NCC activities were influenced more by the insoluble fraction than the soluble fraction of the effluent. Conversely, mitogen-stimulated T lymphocyte proliferation was enhanced in cells of fish exposed to the soluble fraction of the effluents, with a dampening effect on the insoluble (particulate) fraction of the effluent. In conclusion, the effects of the effluent and its fractions were higher at the cellular-mediated immunity level than at the acquired immunity level. Immunotoxicity data on the soluble fraction of the effluent were more closely associated to data on the unfractionated effluent, but the contribution of the particulate fraction could not be completely ignored for phagocytosis and B lymphocyte proliferation.     

Removal of heavy metals using a brewer's yeast strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the flocculation as a separation process

In this work, a brewer's yeast strain was used to remove heavy metals from a synthetic effluent. The solid-liquid separation process was carried out using the flocculation ability of the strain. The yeast strain was able to sediment in the presence of Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Cr3+, which evidences that the flocculation can be used as a cheap and natural separation process for an enlarged range of industrial effluents. For a biomass concentration higher than 0.5 g/l, more than 95% of the cells were settled after 5 min; this fact shows that the auto-aggregation of yeast biomass is a rapid and efficient separation process. Cells inactivated at 45 degrees C maintain the sedimentation characteristics, while cells inactivated at 80 degrees C lose partially (40%) the flocculation. The passage of metal-loaded effluent through a series of sequential batches allowed, after the second batch, the reduction of the Ni2+ concentration in solution for values below the legal limit of discharge of wastewater in natural waters (2mg/l); this procedure corresponds to a removal of 91%. A subsequent batch had a marginal effect on Ni2+ removal (96%). Together, the results obtained suggest that the use of brewing flocculent biomass looks a promising alternative in the bioremediation of metal-loaded industrial effluents since the removal of the heavy metals and cell separation are simultaneously achieved.     

Effect of Feeding on Three Eucalyptus Species on the Development of Brontocoris tabidus (Het.: Pentatomidae) Fed with Tenebrio molitor (Col.: Tenebrionidae)

Brontocoris tabidus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is an important predator of defoliating Lepidoptera in Brazil, which has been mass produced and released against defoliating caterpillars in Eucalyptus plantations. We aimed to improve the mass production of this predator by providing eucalypt seedlings, in addition to an alternative prey, for its development. The effect of three Eucalyptus species on the development of B. tabidus fed with Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) pupae, was studied at a temperature of 25.0 ±2.5 o C; a relative humidity of 70.0 ±10.0% and a photophase of 12:12 hours (light:dark). Pupae of T. molitor were provided in each of the following feeding treatments: treatment 1, Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings; treatment 2, Eucalyptus camaldulensis seedlings; treatment 3, Eucalyptus grandis seedlings; and treatment 4, no seedling (only pupae of T. molitor ). Duration of the nymphal phase of the predator was similar in all treatments with plant and prey. It was observed that adults developed from nymphs fed on T. molitor only, had deformed wings and a small abdomen. B. tabidus fed during their nymphal and adult stages with prey together with Eucalyptus seedlings, had improved longevity, higher egg viability and a larger number of eggs and nymphs, than those insects fed only with prey. Therefore, it seems advisable to rear B. tabidus with prey and seedlings of Eucalyptus species, to improve the mass production of this predator for biological control of defoliating caterpillars of eucalypt plantations.     

棘孢木霉组合应用对杨树生长和光合特性影响

为研制复方棘孢木霉菌肥制剂,在大田条件下将等浓度（5×10³cfu·cm^-3土）不同组合的棘孢木霉（Trichoderma asperellum）分生孢子T1（Ta536+Ta4）、T2（Ta536+Ta4+Ta492）和T3（Ta536+Ta4+Ta492+Ta650）根施山新杨（Populus davidiana×P.alba var. Pyramidalis）组培移栽苗,研究棘孢木霉组合施用对山新杨生长及光合特性的影响。方差分析结果表明,诱导时间和不同处理对苗高、地径、叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b值、P_n、Cond、C_i和T_r均有显著影响（P<0.05）：处理组的山新杨苗高、地径及干物质量均在不同程度上高于对照组（CK）,作用效果为T3 >T2 >T1 >CK;60d时,T3、T2和T1组杨树苗生物量分别比CK增加17.99%、14.28%和10.54%;15d时叶绿素含量比CK分别提高7.79%,6.91%和4.17%;叶绿素a/b值分别比CK提高7.79%、5.84%和4.73%。此外,处理组净光合速率（P_n）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、气孔导度（Cond）、蒸腾速率（T_r）均高于CK,并且处理组的最大净光合速率、表观量子效率以及光饱和点均高于CK。同时,诱导时间和不同处理的交互作用对检测的多数指标（除P_n和C_i外）均具有显著影响（P<0.05）。说明4个棘孢木霉菌株组合施用具有协同作用,能提高菌株对环境条件的适应性,增强促生长和改善光合的作用效果。并且T3组对山新杨苗的影响最大、作用速度最快。     

Effect of natural mediators on the stability of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trametes trogii</Emphasis> laccase during the decolourization of textile wastewaters

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of natural mediators on the stability of the Trametes trogii crude laccase in the process of decolourization of textile effluents. Acetosyringone allowed the highest wastewaters decolourization rate of 25%. At higher concentrations of acetosyringone, the relative activity of laccase decreased approximately by between 38% and 88% after 5 days of incubation. T. trogii laccase was strongly inactivated at 3 mM syringaldehyde, after 3 days of incubation. However, laccase activity is more stable in the presence of the vanillin and m-coumarate. The T. trogii growth on solid effluent-based-medium was examined and evaluated by measuring the colony diameter in cm. T. trogii was completely inhibited on 100:0 and 80:20 effluent:water solid medium, however, colony diameter reached 5 cm on 60:40 effluent:water solid medium after 13-14 days incubation. When the textile effluent was pre-treated with laccase and laccase-acetosyringone system, the colony diameter of 2 cm of T. trogii on 80:20 effluent:water solid medium was reached after 14 and 10 days of incubation respectively.     

模拟氮沉降对夏蜡梅幼苗生长及非结构性碳水化合物的影响

以一年生夏蜡梅（Sinocalycanthus chinensis）幼苗为研究对象,设置4种氮水平：对照（CK,0 gN·m^-2·a^-1）、低氮（N1,2 gN·m^-2·a^-1）、中氮（N2,8 gN·m^-2·a^-1）、高氮（N3,32 gN·m^-2·a^-1）,处理1年后,测定不同氮沉降水平下夏蜡梅幼苗生长指标、生物量分配以及非结构性碳水化合物的差异,探讨夏蜡梅幼苗对氮沉降的响应机制。结果表明：随着氮浓度的增大,夏蜡梅幼苗的株高、基径呈现先升高后降低的趋势,它们均以中氮处理最高。随着氮浓度的升高,夏蜡梅幼苗的叶、冠层生物量呈现出逐渐升高的趋势,而茎、根、总生物量、根生物量比和根冠比则表现出先升高后降低的趋势。叶生物量比随着氮浓度的升高呈现先降低后升高的趋势。叶平均周长、叶平均长度、叶平均面积均以中氮处理最大;叶宽长比以高氮处理最高;中氮、高氮处理的比叶面积明显低于对照。叶中的淀粉、非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）含量均以中氮处理最高;茎中的淀粉、NSC含量以高氮处理最低。总之,不同浓度氮沉降均促进了夏蜡梅的生长,中氮处理促进作用最明显,对其他生长和生理指标也产生了一定的影响。     

Treatment of dairy and swine manure effluents using freshwater algae: fatty acid content and composition of algal biomass at different manure loading rates

An alternative to land spreading of manure effluents is to mass-culture algae on the N and P present in the manure and convert manure N and P into algal biomass. The objective of this study was to determine how the fatty acid (FA) content and composition of algae respond to changes in the type of manure, manure loading rate, and to whether the algae was grown with supplemental carbon dioxide. Algal biomass was harvested weekly from indoor laboratory-scale algal turf scrubber (ATS) units using different loading rates of raw and anaerobically digested dairy manure effluents and raw swine manure effluent. Manure loading rates corresponded to N loading rates of 0.2 to 1.3 g TN m⁻² day⁻¹ for raw swine manure effluent and 0.3 to 2.3 g TN m⁻² day⁻¹ for dairy manure effluents. In addition, algal biomass was harvested from outdoor pilot-scale ATS units using different loading rates of raw and anaerobically digested dairy manure effluents. Both indoor and outdoor units were dominated by Rhizoclonium sp. FA content values of the algal biomass ranged from 0.6 to 1.5% of dry weight and showed no consistent relationship to loading rate, type of manure, or to whether supplemental carbon dioxide was added to the systems. FA composition was remarkably consistent among samples and >90% of the FA content consisted of 14:0, 16:0, 16:1ω7, 16:1ω9, 18:0, 18:1ω9, 18:2 ω6, and 18:3ω3.     

Decolorization of practical textile industry effluents by white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor IBL-04

Textile industry discharges a vast amount of unused synthetic dyes in effluents. The discharge of these effluents into rivers and lakes leads to a reduction in sunlight penetration in natural water bodies, which, in turn, decreases both photosynthetic activity and dissolved oxygen concentration rendering it toxic to living beings. This paper describes the decolorization potential of a local white rot fungus, Coriolus versicolor IBL-04 for practical industrial effluents collected from five different textile industries of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Screening of C. versicolor IBL-04 on five effluents showed best decolorization results (36.3%) for Arzoo Textile Industry (ART) effluent in 6 days followed by Crescent Textile Industry (CRT), Itmad Textile Industry (ITT), Megna Textile Industry (MGT) and Ayesha Textile Industry (AST) effluents. Optimization of different process parameters for ART effluent decolorization by C. versicolor IBL-04 showed that manganese peroxidase (MnP) (486 U/mL) was the lignolytic enzyme present in the culture filtrates with undetectable lignin peroxidase (LiP) and laccase. The MnP synthesis and effluent decolorization could be enhanced to 725 U/mL and 84.4%, respectively, with a significant time reduction to 3 days by optimizing pH and temperature and using 1% starch as a supplementary carbon source.     

Four marine-derived fungi for bioremediation of raw textile mill effluents

Textile dye effluents pose environmental hazards because of color and toxicity. Bioremediation of these has been widely attempted. However, their widely differing characteristics and high salt contents have required application of different microorganisms and high dilutions. We report here decolorization and detoxification of two raw textile effluents, with extreme variations in their pH and dye composition, used at 20–90% concentrations by each of the four marine-derived fungi. Textile effluent A (TEA) contained an azo dye and had a pH of 8.9 and textile effluent B (TEB) with a pH of 2.5 contained a mixture of eight reactive dyes. The fungi isolated from mangroves and identified by 18S and ITS sequencing corresponded to two ascomycetes and two basidiomycetes. Each of these fungi decolorized TEA by 30–60% and TEB by 33–80% used at 20–90% concentrations and salinity of 15 ppt within 6 days. This was accompanied by two to threefold reduction in toxicity as measured by LC₅₀ values against Artemia larvae and 70–80% reduction in chemical oxygen demand and total phenolics. Mass spectrometric scan of effluents after fungal treatment revealed degradation of most of the components. The ascomycetes appeared to remove color primarily by adsorption, whereas laccase played a major role in decolorization by basidiomycetes. A process consisting of a combination of sorption by fungal biomass of an ascomycete and biodegradation by laccase from a basidiomycete was used in two separate steps or simultaneously for bioremediation of these two effluents.     

Inhibiting effect of textile wastewater on the activity of sludge from the biological treatment process of the activated sludge plant

Textile industry represents an important source of toxic substances rejected in environment. Indeed, effluent of these industries contains dyes and chemicals. They are rejected in environment without any treatment. The aim of this work is to evaluate ecotoxicological effect of industrial textile effluents on the sludge harvested from activated sludge treatment plant of Marrakech city (Morocco). For this, we are interested in determining the inhibition condition that corresponds to 50% decrease of bacterial activity in sludge. Obtained results showed that inhibition percentage of bacterial activity depends narrowly on contact time and on added effluent volume, until a limit concentration where there is no degradation of substratum. In fact, substratum degradation speed shows about 65 times decrease when 80% (v/v) of textile wastewater is added, in comparison with the controlled one. Consequently the inhibition constant (Ki) that corresponds to 50% of bacterial inhibition activity is estimated to 0.65 mg l^?1 of dye. These studies confirm a real ecotoxicological risk of these effluents. Therefore, a treatment is mandatory before their rejection in environment.     

模拟氮沉降和不同外生菌根真菌侵染对樟子松幼苗生长的影响

盆栽条件下,采用单接种Suillus bovines(以下简称SB)和混合接种(Suillus luteus、Suillus grevillea、Tricholoma fulvum、Boletinus grisellus、Suillus bovinus、Leucocortinarius bulbiger、Rhizopogon luteolus、Pisolithus tinctorius 8个菌种的等量混合菌剂接种,以下简称HJ)方法对樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)2个月幼苗进行接种处理,幼苗生长6个月形成菌根后对樟子松幼苗进行模拟氮沉降实验,5个月后通过测定幼苗生长指标、根系形态结构和菌根侵染率,旨在探讨模拟氮沉降对樟子松不同接种处理幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:①随着氮浓度的增加,单接种乳牛肝(SB)和混合接种(HJ)菌根侵染率均呈下降趋势,且氮沉降对SB处理的菌根侵染率影响更显著。②接种显著促进幼苗地上和地下生物量积累,且混合接菌效果更好;同一接菌处理中,氮浓度增加对地上生物量的积累有抑制作用;接种和氮浓度对地径和地上生物量有显著交互作用,但对苗高和地下生物量无交互作用。③HJ处理中不施氮(CKN)和1倍氮浓度(CN)较不接菌(CK)和SB处理显著促进幼苗根系的平均直径、总根长和总表面积;氮浓度增加显著促进CK和SB处理的幼苗根系平均直径、总根长和总表面积,但是对HJ处理的根系各形态结构指标均产生抑制作用。接种和氮浓度以及两者的交互作用均极显著影响幼苗根系形态结构。