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The slender loris (Loris tardigradus) is a rare, nocturnal prosimian found only in the tropical rainforest of southern India and Sri Lanka. Little is known about their diet, though it is assumed that insects comprise a majority of their wild diet. Based on this assumption, captive lorises are offered a variety of insects or insect life stages; the species of insect or the life stage is often determined by what is easiest to buy or rear. Captive lorises at the Duke Lemur Center (DLC) were offered the opportunity to choose which life stage of mealworms (Tenebrio molito), superworms (Zophobus morio), or waxworms (Galleria mellonella) they preferred. The DLC captive lorises did not select the largest life stages of any insect offered. They preferred the larvae stage to the adult stage in all three insect species, and males and females had different insect species and life stage preferences. Zoo Biol 30:189–198, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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People think they are in control of their own decisions: what to eat or drink, whom to marry or pick a fight with, where to live, what to buy. Behavioural economists and neurophysiologists have long studied decision‐making behaviours. However, these behaviours have only recently been studied through the light of molecular genetics. Here, we review recent research in mice, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, that analyses the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying decision‐making. These studies interrogate decision‐making about food, sexual behaviour, aggression or foraging strategies, and add molecular and cell biology understanding onto the consilience of brain and decision. 相似文献
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We first show how to formalize environments in which situations can be changed only by action, and in which a situation should be brought about that is acceptable. This leads us to the concept of a problem constellation that consists of an action system, a reaction system, a judgement system, and an initial situation. We then present a cybernetical system which we call Robbimat. It is capable of testing problem constellations, of modifying them according to the results of the tests, and of judging the final constellation. We designed Robbimat in order to have favourable problem constellations automatically generated. As an example we discuss a simple game. It constitutes a win-loss-environment the structure of which can be deduced from the payoff function. We show how Robbimat analyses such an environment, and utilizing its structure classifies the initial situation.
Wir danken Herrn Manfred Linder für seine Mitarbeit. 相似文献
Wir danken Herrn Manfred Linder für seine Mitarbeit. 相似文献
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E. Richard Gold Warren Kaplan James Orbinski Sarah Harland-Logan Sevil N-Marandi 《PLoS medicine》2010,7(1)
Background to the debate: Pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers argue that the current patent system is crucial for stimulating research and development (R&D), leading to new products that improve medical care. The financial return on their investments that is afforded by patent protection, they claim, is an incentive toward innovation and reinvestment into further R&D. But this view has been challenged in recent years. Many commentators argue that patents are stifling biomedical research, for example by preventing researchers from accessing patented materials or methods they need for their studies. Patents have also been blamed for impeding medical care by raising prices of essential medicines, such as antiretroviral drugs, in poor countries. This debate examines whether and how patents are impeding health care and innovation. 相似文献
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Traditional Mongolian Medicine: history and status quo 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A. Pitschmann S. Purevsuren A. Obmann D. Natsagdorj D. Gunbilig S. Narantuya Ch. Kletter S. Glasl 《Phytochemistry Reviews》2013,12(4):943-959
Traditional Mongolian Medicine (TMM) plays an important role within the medical system of Mongolia nowadays. This medical system is rather unknown in the Western world, and detailed information can hardly be found in literature. In this article various aspects of TMM are highlighted. The eventful history of TMM is presented, and the centres which offer today’s traditional medical care are introduced. Institutions which provide education in TMM are outlined, and the latest developments in the national standard are highlighted, according to which the different institutions have to develop their curricula. Furthermore, an overview is given about herbal medicines in Mongolia and the health situation in this country. Finally, the international and Mongolian literature of Achillea asiatica, Dianthus versicolor, Euphorbia pallasii, Lilium pumilum, and Saussurea amara, which are all used in TMM to cure liver diseases, is reviewed. 相似文献
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Debra C. McKenzie Rachel K. Johnson Jean Harvey‐Berino Beth Casey Gold 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2002,10(6):471-477
Objective: To determine if overweight and obese women provide more accurate reports of their energy intake by 1) in‐person recall with an obese interviewer, 2) in‐person recall with a lean interviewer, or 3) telephone recall with an unknown interviewer. Research Methods and Procedures: Eighty‐eight overweight and obese women participated in this study. Subjects completed one telephone‐administered multiple‐pass 24‐hour recall (MP24R) with an unknown interviewer and were then randomly assigned to an in‐person MP24R with either a lean or obese interviewer to gather reported energy intake (rEI). Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured using a Deltrac monitor, and physical activity (EEPA) was estimated using a Caltrac accelerometer. Therefore, estimated energy expenditure was determined by: estTEE = (BMR + EEPA) × 1.10. Results: No significant differences were found between the two in‐person interview modes for subject age, weight, body mass index, percentage of body fat, total energy expenditure, rEI, and misreporting of energy intake. In‐person recall data were combined for comparison with the telephone recalls. No significant difference was found between the in‐person and telephone recalls for rEI and misreporting. Mean reported energy intake was significantly lower than estimated total energy expenditure for the telephone recalls and combined (lean and obese modes) in‐person recalls. Conclusions: This study found that interviewer body mass index had no impact on self‐reported energy intake during an in‐person MP24R, and that telephone recall data were comparable with in‐person recalls. Underreporting was a widespread problem (~26%) for all modes in this sample. 相似文献
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Gilbert Barrantes William G. Eberhard 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》2012,118(5):438-449
Adaptive flexibility in response to environmental variation is often advantageous and occurs in many types of traits in many species. Although the basic designs of the orb webs of a given species are relatively uniform, spiders can adjust their webs to some types of environmental variation. This study of adult female Leucauge argyra tests the extremes to which they can adjust with respect to reduced area in which to build, and documents probably the most pronounced flexibility in orb design ever recorded. These adjustments revealed several behavioral rules that guide orb construction behavior. Spiders adjusted at least seven probably independent aspects of orb design when confined in tiny spaces that spanned about 7% of the maximum distance normally spanned by webs in the field and that had diameters that were only about three times the length of the spider itself. Webs in intermediate sized containers had intermediate designs, and many of the adjustments appear to result from extensions of the behavioral rules guiding orb construction in less severely restricted spaces in the field. 相似文献
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Jochen Zeil 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1998,183(3):367-377
Fiddler crabs emerge from burrows on intertidal sand- and mudflats to feed during low tide. In the species studied here (Uca lactea annulipes, Uca vomeris) a crab normally wanders no more than about 1 m away from its burrow and, when frightened, dashes back along a straight line
to take cover. Feeding crabs tend to move sideways, without changing orientation, along paths radiating from the burrow. When
they move along circumferential paths they adjust their orientation so that one side continues to point towards the burrow.
The crabs do not need to see the burrow in order to stay aligned with the home vector, and they are not misled by a dummy
hole close to their own burrow unless they have come to within about 10 cm of it. The home runs of crabs end within a few
centimeters of a burrow that is covered with a sheet of sandpaper and then give way to search runs, centred upon a position
slightly short of the burrow location. Feeding crabs can be displaced on sandpapers and their subsequent home runs end at
a position where the burrow would be, had there been no displacement. Landmarks close to the burrow do not influence the home
runs of displaced crabs. Crabs that are rotated on a sheet of sandpaper, counter-turn to keep their original orientation constant.
Fiddler crabs thus employ path integration with external compass information and close range visual guidance for homing.
Accepted: 11 May 1998 相似文献
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Yvonne Meyer-Lucht Celine Otten Thomas Püttker Renata Pardini Jean Paul Metzger Simone Sommer 《Conservation Genetics》2010,11(5):2001-2013
The adaptive potential of a species to a changing environment and in disease defence is primarily based on genetic variation.
Immune genes, such as genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), may thereby be of particular importance. In marsupials,
however, there is very little knowledge about natural levels and functional importance of MHC polymorphism, despite their
key role in the mammalian evolution. In a previous study, we discovered remarkable differences in the MHC class II diversity
between two species of mouse opossums (Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops incanus) from the Brazilian Atlantic forest, which is one of the most endangered hotspots for biodiversity conservation. Since the
main forces in generating MHC diversity are assumed to be pathogens, we investigated in this study gastrointestinal parasite
burden and functional associations between the individual MHC constitution and parasite load. We tested two contrasting scenarios,
which might explain differences in MHC diversity between species. We predicted that a species with low MHC diversity would
either be under relaxed selection pressure by low parasite diversity (‘Evolutionary equilibrium’ scenario), or there was a recent loss in MHC diversity leading to a lack of resistance alleles and increased parasite burden
(‘Unbalanced situation’ scenario). In both species it became apparent that the MHC class II is functionally important in defence against gastrointestinal
helminths, which was shown here for the first time in marsupials. On the population level, parasite diversity did not markedly
differ between the two host species. However, we did observe considerable differences in the individual parasite load (parasite
prevalence and infection intensity): while M. incanus revealed low MHC DAB diversity and high parasite load, G. microtarsus showed a tenfold higher population wide MHC DAB diversity and lower parasite burden. These results support the second scenario
of an unbalanced situation. 相似文献
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In the vegetable crop leek, Allium porrum L., the performance of observers was compared to the real situation of pest and disease infestation. In two experiments the infestation of plants in a number of rows was meticulously investigated thus reflecting the real situation as contrasted with the results of one or more observers. Included were the symptoms of leek moth (Acrolepiopsis assectella Zeller) feeding, both fresh and old, of onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman) feeding and of infestation with rust (Puccinia allii Rud.). The method of scouting was similar to growers' practice in commercial leek growing. The results show that even trained scouts vary considerably in accuracy when assessing infestation in rows at the same field. A group of observers show individual patterns of estimation, a wide variation in ability to make a correct assessment and a strong density dependencey of deviations of the real situation with the perceived density of the symptoms in the crop. 相似文献
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Zhao Liu Aifang Yang Bingbing Xu Hongxia Fang Zongping Xie 《Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS》2017,20(3):205-218
Bear bile is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for millennia. Several arguments support and oppose the use of bear farming in terms of conservation and nonhuman animal welfare. This study involved designing a questionnaire and surveying a random sample of general citizens and college students in Beijing to elicit their attitudes on bile extraction from living bears. Older people and people with lower education levels used more bear bile medicines. In total, 29.47% (n = 204) of citizens and 23.14% (n = 81) of students surveyed used bear bile medicine since 1990. Students were less willing to use bear bile medicines than citizens (p < .05). The level the respondents agreed with the blue side (against the extraction of bile from living bears; anti for short) was significantly higher than that for the red side (support the extraction of bile from living bears; pro for short; p < .05). Additionally, college students had a more distinct attitude toward the opposing views, which indicates they were more inclined to oppose bile extraction from living bears. 相似文献
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Perspectives of diverse constituencies need to be incorporated when developing conservation strategies. In Menri (Medicine Mountains) of the Eastern Himalayas, Tibetan doctors and professional botanists were interviewed about conservation
of useful plants. We compare these two perspectives and find they differ significantly in conservation priorities (Wilcoxon
Signed Ranks P < 0.05), both in how they prioritized, as well as the priorities themselves. Tibetan doctors first consider which plants
are most important to their medical practice and, then secondarily, the conservation status of these plants. Additionally,
perceptions of threatened medicinal plants differ among Tibetan doctors who received medical training in Lhasa, who were local
trained, and who were self-taught. In contrast, professional botanists came to a consensus among themselves by first considering
the conservation status of plants and then considering use. We conclude that, in order to effect community based conservation,
opinions from both Tibetan doctors and professional botanists should be considered in establishing conservation priorities
and sustainable conservation programs. Furthermore, we set our own research agenda based on combined perspectives. 相似文献
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《Chronobiology international》2013,30(6):1019-1027
Certain sleep-wake schedule disorders (SWSDs) cannot be successfully managed clinically using conventional methods of sleep therapy. We describe two cases of SWSD, the first following head trauma and the second originating during childhood, that had been misdiagnosed by physicians for many years. After conventional treatment for SWSD with light therapy and melatonin failed to bring about substantial improvement, it was determined that they were suffering from an incurable disability. Hence, we propose new medical terminology for such cases—SWSD disability. SWSD disability is an untreatable pathology of the circadian time structure. Patients suffering from SWSD disability should be encouraged to accept the fact that they suffer from a permanent disability, and that their quality of life can only be improved if they are willing to undergo rehabilitation. It is imperative that physicians recognize the medical condition of SWSD disability in their patients and bring it to the notice of the public institutions responsible for vocational and social rehabilitation. (Chronobiology International, 18(6), 1019–1027, 2001) 相似文献
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M. J. A. Simpson 《International journal of primatology》1988,9(3):257-274
Ten-to 17-week-old rhesus monkey infants that received hits from companions other than their mother at high rates (relative
to their rates of involvement in playful social encounters with those companions) tended to be members of mother-infant dyads
that were vigilant. Criteria of vigilance were frequent contacts between mother and infant during the first 5 sec of the infants’
social encounters and/or a bias of mother-infant contacts toward that time. Infants that received few hits per encounter came
from both vigilant and nonvigilant dyads. When analyzed alone, mothers’ rates showed the same trends. High levels of vigilance
tended to reduce infants’rates of making social contacts. Maternal social rank and other measures of the infants’ social involvement
were not correlated with vigilance. There is no evidence that mothers and infants were in conflict with each other about interrupting
the infants’ encounters. Understanding vigilance becomes important whenever vigilant activity conflicts with other activities.
Special problems arise because decisions about vigilance levels require judgments of risk based on the kinds of events that
occur only rarely if vigilance is effective. A model providing a framework for studies of vigilance against the risks of infants’
social activities was developed. It recognizes that (1) risk-reducing vigilant behavior can conflict with acquiring information
about risk; (2) in social situations where reliable estimates of risk are impossible, individuals might follow rules of thumb (e.g., be
restrictive) rather than modify behavior moment by moment according to the current situation;and (3) at the dyad’s optimum balance between vigilance for the current infant and investment in subsequent off-spring, the
infant will not be totally protected, so that while dyads at higher risks are more vigilant, the risks are also realized to
a greater extent (e.g., itin terms of the number of hits received per encounter). 相似文献
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Nir Ben‐Moshe 《Bioethics》2019,33(7):835-841
I defend the feasibility of a medical conscience in the following sense: a medical professional can object to the prevailing medical norms because they are incorrect as medical norms. In other words, I provide an account of conscientious objection that makes use of the idea that the conscience can issue true normative claims, but the claims in question are claims about medical norms rather than about general moral norms. I further argue that in order for this line of reasoning to succeed, there needs to be an internal morality of medicine that determines what medical professionals ought to do qua medical professionals. I utilize a constructivist approach to the internal morality of medicine and argue that medical professionals can conscientiously object to providing treatment X, if providing treatment X is not in accordance with norms that would have been constructed, in light of the end of medicine, by the appropriate agents under the appropriate conditions. 相似文献
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Linnea I. van Griethuijsen Barry A. Trimmer 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2010,196(6):397-406
Animal locomotion is produced by co-coordinated patterns of motor activity that are generally organized by central pattern
generators and modified by sensory feedback. Animals with remote sensing can anticipate obstacles and make adjustments in
their gait to accommodate them. It is largely unknown how animals that rely on touch might use such information to adjust
their gait. One possibility is immediate (reflexive) change in motor activity. Elongated animals, however, might modulate
movements by passing information from anterior to posterior segments. Using the caterpillar Manduca sexta we examined the movements of the most anterior abdominal prolegs as they approached an obstacle. The first pair of prolegs
anticipated the obstacle by lifting more quickly in the earliest part of the swing phase: the caterpillar had information
about the obstacle at proleg lift-off. Sometimes the prolegs corrected their trajectory mid-step. Removal of sensory hairs
on the stepping leg did not affect the early anticipatory movements, but did change the distance at which the mid-step corrections
occurred. We conclude that anterior sensory information can be passed backwards and used to modulate an ongoing crawl. The
local sensory hairs on each body segment can then fine-tune movements of the prolegs as they approach an obstacle. 相似文献