Diet‐induced Changes in Intra‐abdominal Adipose Tissue and CVD Risk in American Women

The aim of the study was to determine what effect weight loss had on intra‐abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in 135 premenopausal overweight African‐American (AA) and European‐American (EA) women matched for BMI. Blood lipids, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and IAAT (computed tomography determined) were examined prior to and after an 800 kcal/day diet producing 12 kg‐weight loss. Significant decreases in IAAT (～38%), total cholesterol (TC; 3%), low‐density lipoproteins (LDLs: 6%), triglycerides (TGs: 27%), cholesterol/high‐density lipoprotein ratio (C/HDL ratio: 18%), SBP (3%), and DBP (3%) occurred while HDL increased (16%), following weight loss and 1 month energy balance. Significant interactions between time and race showed that AA women decreased TG and increased HDL proportionately less than EA women. After adjusting for ΔIAAT, none of the CVD variables significantly changed after weight loss with the exception of HDL and C/HDL ratio. After adjusting for ΔLF (leg fat), ΔTC, ΔTG, ΔLDL, and ΔC/HDL ratio were significantly different. Multiple regression showed that independent of each other, ΔIAAT was significantly and positively related to ΔTC (adjusted β = 0.24) and ΔTG (adjusted β = 0.47), and ΔLF was negatively related to ΔTC (adjusted β = ?0.19) and ΔTG (adjusted β = ?0.18). Overweight and premenopausal AA and EA women benefitted from weight loss by decreasing IAAT and improving CVD risk. The changes in IAAT were significantly related to blood lipids, but loss of LF seems to be related to reduced improvement in TC and TG. Based on these results, interventions should focus on changes on IAAT.     

妊娠糖尿病中肌肉/脂肪质量比与胰岛素抵抗的关系

摘要 目的：探究妊娠糖尿病中肌肉/脂肪质量比与胰岛素抵抗的相关性。方法：选择2015年1月至2020年1月于我院接受治疗的300例产妇为研究对象,按照美国糖尿病学会（American Diabetes Association,ADA）标准将产妇区分为妊娠期糖尿病组（GDM=90例）、妊娠期糖耐量受损组（GIGT=110例）和糖耐量正常组（NGT=100例）,分别检测三组产妇的总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）、三酰甘油（Triglycerides,TG）、糖化血红蛋白（glycosylated hemoglobin,HbAlc）、肌肉/脂肪质量比（muscle / fat mass ratio,M/F）以及空腹血清胰岛素（fasting insulin,FINS）水平。结果：（1）GDM组患者HbAlc、TC以及TG水平均明显高于GIGT组以及NGT组（P<0.05）,GIGT组患者HbAlc、TC以及TG水平均明显高于NGT组（P<0.05）;（2）GMD组产妇的M/F明显低于GIGT组产妇,GIGT组产妇明显低于NGT组产妇（P<0.05）,而GMD组产妇FINS以及胰岛素抵抗（insulin resistance,IR）明显高于GIGT组,GIGT组明显高于NGT组（P<0.05）;（3）胰岛素抵抗（IR）同M/F呈现负相关联系（r=-0.218,P<0.05）,同时与HbAlc、TC、TG（r=0.346,r=0.412,r=0.372,P<0.05）等呈现正相关。结论：妊娠女性的M/F值不足同胰岛素抵抗的出现具有一定的相关性,过分强调产妇节食可能会使产妇出现较低的肌肉质量,从而增加GDM的发生风险。     

Vanished Gender Differences of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors After Matching the Apnea Hypopnea Index at Postmenopausal Age

BackgroundSleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and cardiometabolic risk factors are male prevalent.ObjectiveThis study investigated whether gender differences remained prominent after matching for the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and postmenopause.MethodsIn a retrospective analysis of 350 eligible SDB patients, female patients were matched with male patients of the same age and body mass index (BMI) (age-BMI-matched [nAHImt]; n = 102 pairs) or were matched with male patients of the same age, BMI, and AHI (age-BMI-AHI-matched [AHImt]; n = 66 pairs). The nAHImt or AHImt patients were further separated into junior and senior subgroups.ResultsIn the nAHImt/junior group, women had shorter neck circumferences, better sleep architecture, and lower AHI, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score, blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and uric acid (UA) than nAHImt/junior men. In the AHImt/junior group, women had shorter neck circumferences, lower waist/hip ratios, ESS, BP, TG, and UA than AHImt junior men. In the nAHImt/senior group, women had lower AHI, neck circumferences, waist/hip ratios, diastolic BP, and UA than men. In contrast, in the AHImt/senior group, most cardiometabolic parameters were similar between women and men. After further matching for the AHI, many elements of gender differences disappeared.ConclusionsCompared with AHImt men, women had lower UA, TG, BP, and daytime sleepiness before menopause, but gender differences became indistinguishable postmenopause. We suggested that matching sleep quality or adjusting AHI would be noteworthy and required for studying gender differences.     

Postprandial leg uptake of triglyceride is greater in women than in men

The postprandial excursion of plasma triglyceride (TG) concentration is greater in men than in women. In this study, the disposition of dietary fat was examined in lean healthy men and women (n = 8/group) in either the overnight-fasted or fed (4.5 h after breakfast) states. A [14C]oleate tracer was incorporated into a test meal, providing 30% of total daily energy requirements. After ingestion of the test meal, measures of arteriovenous differences in TG and 14C across the leg were combined with needle biopsies of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and respiratory gas collections to define the role of skeletal muscle in the clearance of dietary fat. The postprandial plasma TG and 14C tracer excursions were lower (P = 0.04) in women than in men in the overnight-fasted and fed states. Women, however, had significantly greater limb uptake of total TG compared with men on both the fasted (3,849 +/- 846 vs. 528 +/- 221 total micro mol over 6 h) and fed (4,847 +/- 979 vs. 1,571 +/- 334 total micromol over 6 h) days. This was also true for meal-derived 14C lipid uptake. 14C content of skeletal muscle tissue (micro Ci/g tissue) was significantly greater in women than in men 6 h after ingestion of the test meal. In contrast, 14C content of adipose tissue was not significantly different between men and women at 6 h. The main effect of nutritional state, fed vs. fasted, was to increase the postmeal glucose (P = 0.01) excursion (increase from baseline) and decrease the postmeal TG excursion (P = 0.02). These results support the notion that enhanced skeletal muscle clearance of lipoprotein TG in women contributes to their reduced postprandial TG excursion. Questions remain as to the mechanisms causing these sex-based differences in skeletal muscle TG uptake and metabolism. Furthermore, nutritional state can significantly impact postprandial metabolism in both men and women.     

Prediction of body density in young and middle-aged women.

The purpose of this investigation was to predict body density of young and middle-aged women and to determine if the use of a greater variety of variables, particularly those for fat in the bust and hip regions, increases the predictability of body density. Body density determined by the hydrostatic technique (dependent variable) was obtained from 83 volunteer young women and 60 middle-aged women ranging from 18 to 22 and 33 to 50 yr of age, respectively. Independent variables included 8 skinfold, 13 girth, and 7 diameter measures; age; height; weight; and bra and cup sizes. Mean body density for young women was 1.043 g/ml (SD plus or minus 0.014) and percent fat, 24.8 (SD plus or minus 6.4); 1.031 g/ml (SD plus or minus 0.015) and 29.8% (SD plus or minus 6.7) for middle aged subjects. Percent fat was calculated by the formula of Siri. Factor analysis was used to examine the dimensions measured by the independent variables as a function of age. A multiple regression model was used to develop predictions of body density from the independent variables. The best combination of four variables for predicting body density was skinfold thigh, skinfold suprailiac, cup size, skinfold suprailiac, girth waist, and skinfold thigh (R = 0.89) for middle-aged women. The data showed that the highest predictons were found by using combinations of skinfold, girth, and diameter variables; cup size also supported the need for different regression equations for different age groups.     

Discriminant analysis by anthropometric measures in elderly Bengalee Hindus of Calcutta, India

Although a sizeable proportion of India's population is elderly (55 years and above), virtually no information exists on how well anthropometric measures could be utilized to correct age group size in elderly individuals. The present investigation was aimed to study how good anthropometric measures could be manoeuvre for corrected group size in the elderly Bengalee Hindu population of Calcutta, India. A cross-sectional study was undertaken among 410 elderly (55 years and above) Bengalee Hindu individuals (men = 210, women = 200) utilizing various anthropometric measures, namely height, weight, body mass index (BMI), mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) and triceps skinfold. A discriminant analysis was then undertaken separately for men and women using the above mentioned anthropometric measures. The results revealed that overall 77.1% for men and 78.6% for women of all cases were correctly classified. No individuals were misclassified in the predicted groups III and I for both the sexes. The most discriminating variable for the groups was triceps skinfold in both sexes. These results provided evidence that the anthropometric characteristics of group III and I were very different from each other with those belonging to group II having intermediate characteristics.     

Effects of exercise training at an intensity relative to lactate threshold in mildly obese women.

To determine the effects of exercise training on the anthropometric and physiologic characteristics, twenty-eight mildly obese women were studied prior to and following a 14-week exercise training program. The present data demonstrated that regular aerobic training at an intensity corresponding to lactate threshold (LT) led to significant improvements in VO2max (12%) and VO2LT (16%) and significant reductions in systolic (5%) and diastolic blood pressure (9%). Weight (5%) and percent body fat (11%) decreased significantly, while LBM remained essentially unchanged. Although the change in HDLC and HDLC/TC did not reach statistical significance, the TC (8%) and LDLC (7%) decreased significantly. These alterations in cardiorespiratory, anthropometric, and metabolic characteristics clearly demonstrate that training intensity relative to LT may be appropriate for obese individuals to improve the aerobic capacity, lipid-lipoprotein metabolism, and anthropometric profile.     

Identification of Hemoglobin Levels Based on Anthropometric Indices in Elderly Koreans

ObjectivesAnemia is independently and strongly associated with an increased risk of mortality in older people and is also strongly associated with obesity. The objectives of the present study were to examine the associations between the hemoglobin level and various anthropometric indices, to predict low and normal hemoglobin levels using combined anthropometric indices, and to assess differences in the hemoglobin level and anthropometric indices between Korean men and women.MethodsA total of 7,156 individuals ranging in age from 53–90 years participated in this retrospective cross-sectional study. Binary logistic regression (LR) and naïve Bayes (NB) models were used to identify significant differences in the anthropometric indices between subjects with low and normal hemoglobin levels and to assess the predictive power of these indices for the hemoglobin level.ResultsAmong all of the variables, age displayed the strongest association with the hemoglobin level in both men (p < 0.0001, odds ratio [OR] = 0.487, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve based on the LR [LR-AUC] = 0.702, NB-AUC = 0.701) and women (p < 0.0001, OR = 0.636, LR-AUC = 0.625, NB-AUC = 0.624). Among the anthropometric indices, weight and body mass index (BMI) were the best predictors of the hemoglobin level. The predictive powers of all of the variables were higher in men than in women. The AUC values for the NB-Wrapper and LR-Wrapper predictive models generated using combined anthropometric indices were 0.734 and 0.723, respectively, for men and 0.649 and 0.652, respectively, for women. The use of combined anthropometric indices may improve the predictive power for the hemoglobin level.DiscussionAmong the various anthropometric indices, with the exception of age, we did not identify any indices that were better predictors than weight and BMI for low and normal hemoglobin levels. In addition, none of the ratios between pairs of indices were good indicators of the hemoglobin level. Finally, the Korean men tended to have higher associations between the anthropometric indices and anemia than the women.     

High total cholesterol and triglycerides levels increase arginases metabolism,impairing nitric oxide signaling and worsening fetoplacental endothelial dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancies

Maternal physiological dyslipidemia (MPD) supports fetal development in human pregnancy. However, some women develop maternal supraphysiological dyslipidemia (MSPD: increased total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) levels). MSPH is present in normal and also in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pregnancies. MSPD and GDM associate with fetoplacental endothelial dysfunction, producing alterations in nitric oxide (NO)-L-arginine/arginase metabolism. Nevertheless, the effect of MSPD on GDM, and how this synergy alters fetoplacental endothelial function is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, the effects of MSPD in GDM and how these pathologies together affect the fetoplacental endothelial function. 123 women at term of pregnancy were classified as MPD (n = 40), MSPD (n = 35), GDM with normal lipids (GDM-MPD, n = 23) and with increased lipids (GDM-MSPD, n = 25). TC ≥291 mg/dL and TG ≥275 mg/dL were considered as MSPD. Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), human cationic amino acid transporter 1 (hCat1), and arginase II protein abundance and activity, were assayed in umbilical vein endothelial cells. In MSPD and GDM-MSPD, TC and TG increased respect to MPD and GDM-MPD. eNOS activity was reduced in MSPD and GDM-MSPD, but increased in GDM-MPD compared with MPD. However, decreased tetrahydrobiopterin levels were observed in all groups compared with MPD. Increased hCat1 protein and L-arginine transport were observed in both GDM groups compared with MPD. However, the transport was higher in GDM-MSPD compared to GDM-MPD. Higher Arginase II protein and activity were observed in GDM-MSPD compared with MPD. Thus, MSPD in GDM pregnancies alters fetal endothelial function associated with NO metabolism.     

Anthropometric, body composition and health determinants of active ageing: a gender approach

This study applied a gender perspective to establish some of the anthropometric, body composition, health and socio-cultural determinants of active ageing. The variable 'active ageing' (presence/absence) was created based on cognitive and disability/illness/physical functioning, subjective health, satisfaction with life and productive activity performed, and used in predictive models to establish its relationship with anthropometric variables, physical health indicators and educational level. The sample consisted of 456 home-living individuals (169 men and 287 women; age range 54-75 years) from Madrid and Toledo in Spain. The women had a higher prevalence of obesity than the men (37.6% vs 29.0%), significantly greater fat accumulation in the abdominal area and worst perceived health (p=0.003). The frequency of active agers is higher in men than in women (38.4% vs 21.9%; p<0.001). Men and women were found to have distinctive ageing patterns. Health factors condition the presence of active ageing in women, while education factors are also relevant in men.     

Association between ABO blood group and osteoporosis among postmenopausal women of North India

The present study is an attempt to examine possible associations between ABO blood groups and the risk of osteoporosis among postmenopausal women of North India. This cross-sectional study involved 250 postmenopausal women from North India, ranging in age from 45 to 80 years. Four anthropometric measurements (height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference), blood sample (ABO status and haemoglobin concentration) and grip strength (dominant as well as non-dominant hand) of all the participants were taken. Bone mineral density (BMD) was evaluated by using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at lumbar spine (L1–L4) and proximal femur. Analysis of data revealed that at lumbar spine (L1–L4) osteoporosis was more prevalent among individuals with blood group A (31.58%), followed by those with blood group B (29.67%), AB (28.57%) and then blood group O (15%), whereas for proximal femur individuals with blood group AB (21.43%) showed the highest prevalence of osteoporosis followed by a decreasing trend from blood group A (17.54%) to B (12.08%) and then O (5%). Total prevalence of osteoporosis was 26.4% in lumbar spine and 13.2% in proximal femur, indicating that lumbar spine had an elevated risk for osteoporosis among postmenopausal women. All the anthropometric variables, haemoglobin concentration as well as grip strength of individuals with blood group O demonstrated non-significant differences with non-O blood group except for weight and body mass index, where differences were statistically significant. Women with blood group O exhibited significantly higher bone mineral density for lumbar spine (0.90 g/cm² vs. 0.85 g/cm², p < 0.05) and proximal femur (0.87 g/cm² vs. 0.79 g/cm², p < 0.05) as compared to those with non-O blood group, thereby suggesting an increasing risk of osteoporosis among individuals with non-O blood group.     

A comparison of the effects of 6 weeks of traditional resistance training, plyometric training, and complex training on measures of strength and anthropometrics

Complex training (CT; alternating between heavy and lighter load resistance exercises with similar movement patterns within an exercise session) is a form of training that may potentially bring about a state of postactivation potentiation, resulting in increased dynamic power (Pmax) and rate of force development during the lighter load exercise. Such a method may be more effective than either modality, independently for developing strength. The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of resistance training (RT), plyometric training (PT), and CT on lower body strength and anthropometrics. Thirty recreationally trained college-aged men were trained using 1 of 3 methods: resistance, plyometric, or complex twice weekly for 6 weeks. The participants were tested pre, mid, and post to assess back squat strength, Romanian dead lift (RDL) strength, standing calf raise (SCR) strength, quadriceps girth, triceps surae girth, body mass, and body fat percentage. Diet was not controlled during this study. Statistical measures revealed a significant increase for squat strength (p = 0.000), RDL strength (p = 0.000), and SCR strength (p = 0.000) for all groups pre to post, with no differences between groups. There was also a main effect for time for girth measures of the quadriceps muscle group (p = 0.001), the triceps surae muscle group (p = 0.001), and body mass (p = 0.001; post hoc revealed no significant difference). There were main effects for time and group × time interactions for fat-free mass % (RT: p = 0.031; PT: p = 0.000). The results suggest that CT mirrors benefits seen with traditional RT or PT. Moreover, CT revealed no decrement in strength and anthropometric values and appears to be a viable training modality.     

孕期个性化营养干预对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇糖脂水平及妊娠结局的影响

目的:探讨孕期个性化营养干预对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇糖脂水平及妊娠结局的影响。方法:选择2016年8月-2017年10月期间于我院产检的妊娠期糖尿病孕妇160例,以随机数字表法分为研究组(n=80)和对照组(n=80)。对照组给予常规营养干预,研究组则予以孕期个性化营养干预。比较两组干预前后空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密低脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平,观察孕妇及新生儿并发症发生情况。结果:干预后两组孕妇空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖显著降低,且研究组低于对照组(P0.05)。干预后对照组孕妇TC、TG、LDL-C较干预前显著升高(P0.05),HDL-C差异无统计学意义(P0.05),研究组血脂水平与干预前比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),与对照组比较,研究组孕妇TC、TG、LDL-C水平更低(P0.05)。研究组妊娠期高血压、胎膜早破发生率均明显低于对照组(P0.05),两组感染、产后出血发生率比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。与对照组比较,研究组新生儿窘迫、巨大儿、新生儿低血糖、早产儿的发生率降低(P0.05)。结论:孕期个性化营养干预可有效改善妊娠期糖尿病孕妇的糖脂水平,且能够有效降低并发症发生率,从而改善妊娠结局。     

The relationship between quality of life, binge-eating disorder, and obesity status in an ethnically diverse sample

This study examined the relationship between obesity status, binge-eating disorder (BED), and quality of life (QOL) in a large, ethnically diverse community sample of adult men and women. Using data from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiological Surveys (N = 20,013), individuals were categorized into four groups: nonobese with BED (n = 142), nonobese without BED (n = 14,301), obese with BED (n = 136), and obese without BED (n = 4,863). Results indicated obese individuals with BED consistently reported the poorest QOL. Findings suggested that obesity status was more strongly related to physical health-related QOL variables (e.g., number of physical conditions, mobility impairment) whereas diagnostic status was more predictive of mental health and social functioning QOL variables (e.g., cognitive impairment, social interaction impairment, time out of role). The degree to which lifetime BED diagnosis was associated with impairment in social interaction differed across ethnic groups. For black individuals, the number of physical health conditions was associated with BED presence moreso than weight status.     

Anthropometric and health-related fitness characteristics in middle-aged obese women

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the possible relationships between anthropometrical and health-related fitness parameters in obese middle-aged women. Twenty one obese (BMI > 27 kg/m2) and 12 control (BMI < 27 kg/m2) middle-aged females (35-45 yrs) participated in this investigation. Three series of anthropometrical measurements on the right side of the body were taken according to the O-scale physique assessment system. The Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotyping method was used and the ratio of waist to hip circumferences was calculated. The body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance method (Bodystat-500, UK). The following health-related fitness tests used were: dynamic sit-up, hand grip, sit-and-reach, single leg balance and plate tapping. Physical working capacity (PWC) was measured using single ergometer test. Obese women possessed significantly higher (p < 0.05) values for skinfold, girth and breadth measurements. While the differences in somatotype indices were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) between obese and control groups, the transformation of somatotype characteristics to the effect sizes (ESs) revealed that these differences were large (ectomorphy: ES = 1.73; endomorphy: ES = 1.64; mesomorphy: ES = 1.71). Relative aerobic fitness (VO2max/kg, calculated from PWC) and dynamic sit-up were higher (p < 0.05) in control subjects, while obese women presented significantly higher values for hand grip strength. The thicker skinfold thicknesses increased the absolute value of PWC in obese group (r = 0.39-0.57; p < 0.05). In contrast, the thinner skinfold thicknesses in suprailiac and mid-thigh significantly increased the absolute value of PWC in control women. There were only a few significant correlations between girth and breadth measures, and health-related fitness parameters. In addition, somatotype characteristics seldom influenced the results of health-related fitness tests. Stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that health-related fitness test items were more dependent on the anthropometrical parameters in obese than in control women.     

Age variations in anthropometric and body composition characteristics and undernutrition among female Bathudis: a tribal population of Keonjhar District, Orissa, India

A cross-sectional study of 183 female Bathudis, a tribal population of the Keonjhar District, Orissa, India, was undertaken to investigate age variations in anthropometric and body composition characteristics and nutritional status. The subjects were categorized into three age groups: < or =30 years, 31-50 years, >50 years. Height, weight, circumferences and skinfolds data were collected. Body mass index (BMI) and several body composition variables and indices were derived using standard equations. The results revealed that there existed significant negative age variations for most of the anthropometric and body composition variables and indices. Correlation studies of age with these variables and indices revealed significant negative correlations. Linear regression analyses revealed that for all variables, age had a significant negative impact. Studies on the nutritional status of these women revealed that with increasing age, there was an increase in the frequency of undernutrition. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that among Bathudi women, age was significantly negatively related with anthropometric and body composition variables and indices. Moreover, with increasing age, the level of undernutrition increased.     

复方丹参滴丸联合阿司匹林治疗冠心病的疗效及对患者血脂水平的影响

目的:探讨复方丹参滴丸联合阿司匹林治疗冠心病患者的疗效及其对血脂水平的影响。方法:选取2015年1月至2016年1月我院收治的冠心病患者86例,按照随机数字表法将其分为对照组和实验组,各43例,两组均给予常规治疗,对照组在常规治疗基础上联用阿司匹林,实验组在常规治疗基础上联用阿司匹林和复方丹参滴丸。治疗8周后,对比两组患者临床疗效、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平;并对比两组患者的不良反应发生情况。结果:实验组总有效率为86.05%,显著高于对照组的37.21%(P0.05);治疗8周后,实验组TC、TG以及LDL-C较治疗前下降,HDL-C较治疗前升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗8周后,实验组患者血脂TC、TG、LHL均较对照组降低,HDL较对照组升高(P0.05)。治疗期间,实验组不良反应发生率为4.65%,对照组为6.98%,两组患者不良反应发生率无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:冠心病患者采用复方丹参滴丸联合阿司匹林治疗具有较好的疗效,并能有效改善患者血脂水平,且安全性较高,具备临床推广价值。     

急性脑出血患者颈动脉斑块与血清hs CRP 及HbAlc的相关性研究

目的:探究急性脑出血患者颈动脉斑块与血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)及糖化血红蛋白(Hb Alc)的相关性。方法:随机选取我院2013年5月至2015年1月脑科收治的急性脑出血患者84例,根据颈动脉粥样硬化标准将所有患者分为单纯脑出血组(n=25)、轻度粥样硬化组(n=34)和重度粥样硬化组(n=25)三组,另选取同期我院健康体检者50人(对照组)。对比分析四组颈总动脉膜厚度(IMT)空腹血糖(FPG)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、hs-CRP与Hb Alc水平,分析急性脑出血患者颈动脉斑块的危险因素。结果:四组的IMT、TC、TG、HDL、LDL、hs-CRP和Hb Alc水平差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05),其中hs-CRP和Hb Alc水平在单纯脑出血组轻度粥样硬化组重度粥样硬化组(P0.05);IMT与hs-CRP和Hb Alc均呈现正相关(r=0.388、0.420,P0.05);IMT、hs-CRP和Hb Alc均为颈动脉粥样硬化的危险因素(OR=3.065、1.978、1.647,P0.05)。结论:急性脑出血患者体内hs-CRP及Hb Alc水平是颈动脉斑块形成的危险因素。     

Prediction of Percentage Body Fat in Rural Thai Population Using Simple Anthropometric Measurements

Objective: To develop and validate sex‐specific equations for predicting percentage body fat (%BF) in rural Thai population, based on BMI and anthropometric measurements. Research Methods and Procedures: %BF (DXA; GE Lunar Corp., Madison, WI) was measured in 181 men and 255 women who were healthy and between 20 and 84 years old. Anthropometric measures such as weight (kilograms), height (centimeters), BMI (kilograms per meter squared), waist circumference (centimeters), hip circumference (centimeters), thickness at triceps skinfold (millimeters), biceps skinfold (millimeters), subscapular skinfold (millimeters), and suprailiac skinfold (millimeters) were also measured. The sample was randomly divided into a development group (98 men and 125 women) and a validation group (83 men and 130 women). Regression equations of %BF derived from the development group were then evaluated for accuracy in the validation group. Results: The equation for estimating %BF in men was: %BF(men) = 0.42 × subscapular skinfold + 0.62 × BMI ? 0.28 × biceps skinfold + 0.17 × waist circumference ? 18.47, and in women: %BF(women) = 0.42 × hip circumference + 0.17 × suprailiac skinfold + 0.46 × BMI ? 23.75. The coefficient of determination (R²) for both equations was 0.68. Without anthropometric variables, the predictive equation using BMI, age, and sex was: %BF = 1.65 × BMI + 0.06 × age ? 15.3 × sex ? 10.67 (where sex = 1 for men and sex = 0 for women), with R² = 0.83. When these equations were applied to the validation sample, the difference between measured and predicted %BF ranged between ±9%, and the positive predictive values were above 0.9. Discussion: These results suggest that simple, noninvasive, and inexpensive anthropometric variables may provide an accurate estimate of %BF and could potentially aid the diagnosis of obesity in rural Thais.     

Maternal serum lipids during pregnancy and infant birth weight: the influence of prepregnancy BMI

Maternal obesity may be associated with metabolic factors that affect the intrauterine environment, fetal growth, and the offspring's long-term risk for chronic disease. Among these factors, maternal serum lipids play a particularly important role. Our objective was to estimate the influence of variation in maternal serum lipid levels on variation in infant birth weight (BW) in overweight/obese and normal weight women. In a prospective cohort of 143 gravidas, we measured maternal serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) at 6-10, 10-14, 16-20, 22-26, and 32-36 weeks gestation. Effects of maternal serum lipid levels on infant BW adjusted for gestational age at delivery (aBW) were analyzed using linear regression models. In analyses stratified by maternal prepregnancy BMI categorized as normal (≤25.0 kg/m(2)) and overweight/obese (>25.0 kg/m(2)), we found a significant (P < 0.05) inverse association between aBW and HDL-C at all time points starting at 10 weeks gestation in overweight/obese women. No significant effect was found in normal weight women. In contrast, increased maternal serum TG was significantly associated with increased aBW only for normal weight women at 10-14 and 22-26 weeks gestation. Variation in aBW is not associated with variation in maternal serum TC or LDL-C for either stratum at any time point. We postulate that such differences may be involved in the "physiological programming" that influences later risk of chronic disease in the infants of overweight/obese mothers.