黄柳不同级序根的解剖结构及其细根的研究

采用石蜡切片法和徒手切片法对3年生黄柳不同级序的根进行解剖结构研究,并结合直径和根序对其细根进行定义,为沙生植物细根及其碳分配等相关研究提供依据。结果表明:(1)黄柳1、2级根为初生根,4、5级根为次生根,3级根为过渡型根。(2)黄柳根的初生木质部为三原型或四原型。(3)黄柳不同级序根的形态与解剖结构存在显著差异,随着根序的增加,根直径与维管柱直径逐渐增大;低级根直径主要影响因素为维管柱直径、皮层薄壁细胞直径和皮层层数;高级根直径主要影响因素为维管柱直径。(4)定义黄柳的细根为前3级根中未形成连续木栓层且直径小于0.7mm的根。该研究明确了黄柳不同级序根的解剖结构特征,并界定了黄柳细根的范围,其研究方法对于精确估计细根在生态系统中的作用具有重要的意义。     

Three-dimensional analysis of mandibular dental root morphology in hominoids

Although often preserved in the fossil record, mandibular dental roots are rarely used for evolutionary studies. This study qualitatively and quantitatively characterizes the three-dimensional morphology of hominoid dental roots. The sample comprises extant apes as well as two fossil species, Khoratpithecus piriyai and Ouranopithecus macedoniensis. The morphological differences between extant genera are observed, quantified and tested for their potential in systematics. Dental roots are imaged using X-ray computerized tomography, conventional microtomography and synchrotron microtomography. Resulting data attest to the high association between taxonomy and tooth root morphology, both qualitatively and quantitatively. A cladistic analysis based on the dental root characters resulted in a tree topology congruent with the consensus phylogeny of hominoids, suggesting that tooth roots might provide useful information in reconstructing hominoid phylogeny. Finally, the evolution of the dental root morphology in apes is discussed.     

Hairy root cultures: A suitable biological system for studying secondary metabolic pathways in plants

Hairy roots, a plant disease caused by Agrobacterium rhizogenes, show distinctive features such as high growth rate, unlimited branching, and biochemical and genetic stability. Hairy roots resemble normal roots in terms of differentiated morphology and biosynthetic machinery, producing similar secondary metabolites compared to wild‐type roots. As a result, hairy roots have been a topic of intense research for the past three decades, fueling innumerable attempts to develop in vitro hairy root cultures for a large number of plants for the commercial‐scale production of secondary metabolites. The same characteristics have now led to further applications, such as using hairy root cultures as experimental systems for secondary metabolic pathway elucidation studies. Although the trend is relatively new, it has already gained momentum. This review summarizes these developments. The following discussion focuses on the rationale and advantages of using hairy root cultures for secondary metabolic pathway elucidation studies, the methods used, and the results that have been obtained so far.     

Genotypic Variation in Root Morphological Characteristics of Common Bean in Relation to Phosphorus Efficiency (in English)

Root morphology in plants may be related to phosphorus (P) efficiency by affecting the absorption characteristics of the root system. However, genotypic variation in root morphological characteristics of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by P availability has not been well clarified. In the present study, systematic studies were conducted in a P-buffered sand culture system using three pairs of common bean parental materials with contrasting root traits in response to P deficiency. The results indicate that P availability significantly affects bean root morphology. Common bean tends to have smaller root system, shorter and coarser roots at low P availability. Genotypic variation in root morphology was observed among different genotypes in response to P availability. The P efficient genotypes appear to have larger, finer and longer root systems than the P inefficient genotypes, and such a variation was particularly obvious in the basal roots. From allomeric analysis, we found that morphological characteristics of the basal roots contribute more to P efficiency than those of the tap roots. Further studies with the F9 recombinant inbred lines derived from one of the most contrasting parental pairs, DOR364 and G19833, confirmed the above findings, indicating that those morphological characteristics are inheritable hence provide potential for genetic improvement. Root morphology in plants may be related to phosphorus (P) efficiency by affecting the absorption characteristics of the root system. However, genotypic variation in root morphological characteristics of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by P availability has not been well clarified. In the present study, systematic studies were conducted in a P-buffered sand culture system using three pairs of common bean parental materials with contrasting root traits in response to P deficiency. The results indicate that P availability significantly affects bean root morphology. Common bean tends to have smaller root system, shorter and coarser roots at low P availability. Genotypic variation in root morphology was observed among different genotypes in response to P availability. The P efficient genotypes appear to have larger, finer and longer root systems than the P inefficient genotypes, and such a variation was particularly obvious in the basal roots. From allomeric analysis, we found that morphological characteristics of the basal roots contribute more to P efficiency than those of the tap roots. Further studies with the F9 recombinant inbred lines derived from one of the most contrasting parental pairs, DOR364 and G19833, confirmed the above findings, indicating that those morphological characteristics are inheritable hence provide potential for genetic improvement.     

菜豆根形态特性的基因型差异与磷效率

应用磷控释砂培以及计算机图象分析技术,研究了磷效率差异显的菜豆（Phaseolus vulgaris L.)亲本及其重组自交系后代的根形态特性及其与磷效率的关系。试验结果表明,供磷状况显影响菜豆根系形态学特性。在低磷胁迫下,菜豆根系总根长变短、根部生物量减少,根直径增大。菜豆根形态特性对低磷有效性的适应性反应具有显的基因型差异。在低磷条件下磷高效率基因型的根系比磷低效率基因型相对根部生物量较大、总根长较长,根表面积较大。异计分析表明,菜豆基根根形态特性在低磷条件下的适应性变化对磷效率的贡献远远大于主根,并且这些适应性变化是可以遗传的,表明通过对菜豆根形态特性进行遗传改良来提高磷效率有一定的可行性。     

毛白杨人工林吸收根判定阈值对其空间分布特征的影响

通过林木根系研究中不同吸收根的判定标准下根系空间分布特征的差异对比,阐明根系分级标准对吸收根空间分布格局的影响,提升根系研究精度,明确林木根系有效“觅食”区域。在7年生毛白杨林分中于5株样树周围挖取780个土柱,选取根系形态指标：根系平均直径(RD)、根系表面积密度(RAD)、根长密度(RLD)和根系体积密度(RVD)研究其垂向与径向的分布动态,并分析不同吸收根判定标准对毛白杨细根空间分布以及各形态指标的影响。结果表明：选取2 mm作为吸收根判定标准确实会导致运输根被误判为吸收根,但其空间分布特征仍能反映吸收根的真实空间分布格局。而且在该判定标准下,判定标准对于实际的细根形态和空间分布情况是否会产生的影响由于监测指标的不同以及研究位置的变化而不同。其中RAD、RLD和RVD的空间分布特征基本相同,但RVD的差值比例远高于其他指标,且深土层的差值比例普遍高于浅土层。因此,以2 mm为吸收根判定标准时,选取RLD和RAD更能准确反映吸收根的真实空间分布格局,且该标准更适用于在进行相对较浅的土层中开展研究,采用2 mm为阈值划分吸收根研究细根垂直分布特征时建议以各形态指标在各个土层所占比例来...     

Mandibular molar root morphology in Neanderthals and Late Pleistocene and recent Homo sapiens

Neanderthals have a distinctive suite of dental features, including large anterior crown and root dimensions and molars with enlarged pulp cavities. Yet, there is little known about variation in molar root morphology in Neanderthals and other recent and fossil members of Homo. Here, we provide the first comprehensive metric analysis of permanent mandibular molar root morphology in Middle and Late Pleistocene Homo neanderthalensis, and Late Pleistocene (Aterian) and recent Homo sapiens. We specifically address the question of whether root form can be used to distinguish between these groups and assess whether any variation in root form can be related to differences in tooth function. We apply a microtomographic imaging approach to visualise and quantify the external and internal dental morphologies of both isolated molars and molars embedded in the mandible (n = 127). Univariate and multivariate analyses reveal both similarities (root length and pulp volume) and differences (occurrence of pyramidal roots and dental tissue volume proportion) in molar root morphology among penecontemporaneous Neanderthals and Aterian H. sapiens. In contrast, the molars of recent H. sapiens are markedly smaller than both Pleistocene H. sapiens and Neanderthals, but share with the former the dentine volume reduction and a smaller root-to-crown volume compared with Neanderthals. Furthermore, we found the first molar to have the largest average root surface area in recent H. sapiens and Neanderthals, although in the latter the difference between M₁ and M₂ is small. In contrast, Aterian H. sapiens root surface areas peak at M₂. Since root surface area is linked to masticatory function, this suggests a distinct occlusal loading regime in Neanderthals compared with both recent and Pleistocene H. sapiens.     

STRUCTURE OF CLONES OF NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH (XANTHOXYLUM AMERICANUM)

Clones of northern prickly ash (Xanthoxylum americanum) were excavated to expose their horizontal root structure and pattern of vegetative spread; stems and horizontal roots were mapped. Most of the root system was very shallow (< 10 cm deep). Stems and roots were aged from annual rings. The four clones studied ranged in age from 26 to 33 yrs. All root connections between shoots were maintained for the life of the clone. Clones were found to be single individuals in a physical as well as a genetic sense. There was virtually no overlap of adjacent clones; horizontal roots turned away or stopped growing when the border of another clone was encountered. No differences were found between male and female clones in above- or below-ground morphology. There was, however, a great deal of intrasexual variation among clones.     

A root hairless barley mutant for elucidating genetic of root hairs and phosphorus uptake

This paper reports a new barley mutant missing root hairs. The mutant was spontaneously discovered among the population of wild type (Pallas, a spring barley cultivar), producing normal, 0.8 mm long root hairs. We have called the mutant bald root barley (brb). Root anatomical studies confirmed the lack of root hairs on mutant roots. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analyses of the genomes of the mutant and Pallas supported that the brb mutant has its genetic background in Pallas. The segregation ratio of selfed F₂ plants, resulting from mutant and Pallas outcross, was 1:3 (–root hairs:+root hairs), suggesting a monogenic recessive mode of inheritance.In rhizosphere studies, Pallas absorbed nearly two times more phosphorus (P) than the mutant. Most of available inorganic P in the root hair zone (0.8 mm) of Pallas was depleted, as indicated by the uniform P depletion profile near its roots. The acid phosphatase (Apase) activity near the roots of Pallas was higher and Pallas mobilised more organic P in the rhizosphere than the mutant. The higher Apase activity near Pallas roots also suggests a link between root hair formation and rhizosphere Apase activity. Hence, root hairs are important for increasing plant P uptake of inorganic as well as mobilisation of organic P in soils.Laboratory, pot and field studies showed that barley cultivars with longer root hairs (1.10 mm), extracted more P from rhizosphere soil, absorbed more P in low-P field (Olsen P=14 mg P kg^–1 soil), and produced more shoot biomass than shorter root hair cultivars (0.63 mm). Especially in low-P soil, the differences in root hair length and P uptake among the cultivars were significantly larger. Based on the results, the perspectives of genetic analysis of root hairs and their importance in P uptake and field performance of cereals are discussed.     

In Vitro Haustorium Development in Roots and Root Cultures of the Hemiparasitic Plant Triphysaria Versicolor

Parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae invade host plant roots through root organs called haustoria. Parasite roots initiate haustorium development when exposed to specific secondary metabolites that are released into the rhizosphere by host plant roots. While molecular approaches are increasingly being taken to understand the genetic mechanism underlying these events, a limitation has been the lack of a transformation system for parasitic plants. Since the haustorium development occurs in roots of Orobanchaceae, root cultures may be suitable material for transient or stable transformation experiments. To this end, root cultures were obtained from explants, and subsequently calluses, from the hemiparasitic plant Triphysaria versicolor. The cultured roots retained their competence to form haustoria when exposed to host roots, host root exudates, or purified haustorium-inducing factors. The root culture haustoria invaded host roots and initiated a vascular continuity between the parasite and host roots. The ontogeny of haustoria development on root cultures was indistinguishable from that on seedlings roots. Root cultures should provide useful material for molecular studies of haustorium development.     

短期氮磷配施对刨花楠细根形态及其土壤微生物的影响

以1年生刨花楠幼苗为研究对象,通过不同的氮磷配施实验,采用扫描根系法和磷脂脂肪酸法,研究不同氮磷配施处理对刨花楠幼苗1—4级细根根序形态特征及其土壤微生物的影响。结果表明:(1)4种氮磷配施处理均显著增加了刨花楠1—2级根的比根长和比根面积(P0.05),降低了3—4级根的比根面积(P0.05);(2)通过不同梯度的氮磷配施,1—2级细根的根组织密度呈下降态势,而3—4级根的组织密度则显著增加(P0.05),体现低级根与高级根之间的权衡;(3)4种氮磷配施处理都显著降低刨花楠1—4级细根的平均直径(P0.05);(4)随着氮磷比的增加,微生物总量及细菌、真菌与放线菌数量等均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,并均在N∶P为10∶1时达到最大;(5)氮磷配施条件下,细菌、真菌等与1—2级细根的比根长和比根面积呈显著正相关,而与4级根的比根长和比根面积则呈显著负相关,革兰氏阳性菌、真菌等与3—4级根的组织密度存在显著正相关,而与1—2级根的组织密度无显著相关性。各级根序的平均直径均与土壤微生物无显著相关性。研究结果表明,短期氮磷配施以N∶P为10∶1的效果最好,其最有利于提高刨花楠苗木细根的养分吸收能力与养分吸收效率,苗木通过调整细根形态来适应氮沉降,其地下生物群落如土壤微生物及其与细根的关系也发生变化,进而影响地下生态系统碳氮循环和养分流动。     

松材线虫侵染的马尾松人工林细根形态及生物量分异特征

中龄林的马尾松受松材线虫侵染后,林木生长、生理生化指标、群落多样性等会发生异质性变化,但是,针对患病林木地下细根的响应尚不清楚。本研究以松材线虫疫区患病马尾松和健康马尾松为研究对象,采用土柱法,分0-15 cm和15-30 cm土层,对细根进行分级研究,定量分析1-5级细根的形态、生物量以及养分元素,探讨松材线虫侵染的马尾松人工林细根形态、生物量以及养分元素的分异特征。结果表明:(1)患病马尾松人工林细根的健康状态与根长密度、生物量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),低级根(如1级根)患病后,响应会更加强烈。(2)马尾松人工林患病后,细根有效磷、速效钾浓度会显著降低(P<0.05),而全氮、钙浓度会显著升高(P<0.05)。(3)松材线虫病使林分的土壤有机质含量显著高于健康林分(P<0.05),而土壤速效钾含量会显著低于健康林分(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,松材线虫侵染的马尾松人工林会在细根形态、细根养分和土壤养分上会发生特异性响应,揭示了松材线虫病对马尾松人工林地下细根的影响,旨在为松材线虫病防治提供一定参考。     

模拟边坡条件下常见护坡植物苗期根系构型特征

植物根系对提高边坡稳定性具有重要作用。采用喷播的方式在侵蚀槽中制备模拟石质边坡,植物生长6个月后采用全根挖掘和Win-RHIZO根系分析仪扫描相结合的方法,研究了模拟边坡条件下11种常见护坡植物苗期的根系构型特征。结果表明：紫花苜蓿根系生物量最大,柠条根系生物量最小,二者主根发达,仅分布在下坡方向。沙打旺、胡枝子、紫穗槐和欧李根系生物量、总根数、总基根数、总根长、总根表面积、总根体积均较大,在上坡方向和下坡方向分布均匀,拓扑指数介于0.53—0.61之间,为叉状分枝结构,根系固土护坡能力较强,可作为边坡生态修复工程的优选植物。根系生物量与根系表面积、根体积呈现显著的线性正相关关系(R²分别为0.68和0.80),拓扑指数与根系长度、根系表面积、总根数、总基根数呈现显著的指数负相关关系(R²分别为0.82、0.68、0.87、0.86),可为植物根系构型研究提供科学依据及理论支撑。     

根结线虫对文冠果苗木根系结构与生长及矿质养分分布特性的影响北大核心CSCD

以根结线虫侵染的文冠果一年生苗木为材料,观察分析苗木根系的形态和显微结构,植株生长发育以及主要矿质养分在苗木中的分布特性,并分析不同矿质元素与线虫侵染的关联关系,以揭示根结线虫对文冠果苗木生长发育的影响机制。结果表明:(1)受根结线虫侵染的文冠果苗木根系形成根结,依据根结发生程度分为0(对照,正常植株)、2、3、4级;与对照相比,具有根结的文冠果苗木根系解剖结构特征主要表现为皮层相对较厚,木质部排列扭曲,导管较少,射线数目较少且分布不均匀;韧皮细胞内含物明显较多;多个巨细胞及细胞空腔主要存在于韧皮部。(2)具根结的苗木株高和地径较对照均增加,且株高增幅达显著水平(P<0.05)。(3)具根结苗木根、茎、叶部位的N、P含量均较对照下降,根部降幅达显著水平(P<0.05),其中具2~4级根结的根部N含量分别较对照显著下降7.8%、16.0%和29.5%,P含量分别显著下降15.6%、7.1%和43.3%;根部Fe含量、Zn含量显著上升,2~4级根结根系中Fe含量较对照分别增加1.56倍、0.81倍和3倍,Zn含量分别增加1.11倍、1.56倍和1.78倍;具3和4级根结的苗木根系中K含量较对照显著增加(P<0.05),具2和4级根结的苗木叶片中K含量较对照分别显著下降61.5%和47.0%。(4)苗木根部、茎部N元素含量对于根结线虫侵染的响应最明显,且其含量随侵染程度的增大而降低,叶部Mg元素含量与根结线虫侵染率、K元素含量与整株苗木生物量均呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。该研究为根结线虫对文冠果苗木养分吸收利用及运转的影响提供了一定的理论依据。     

The role of nitrate reduction in the anoxic metabolism of roots I. Characterization of root morphology and normoxic metabolism of wild type tobacco and a transformant lacking root nitrate reductase

Two tobacco lines with (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Gatersleben, WT) or without (transformant LNR-H) nitrate reductase in roots were chosen as model systems to re-evaluate the role of root nitrate reduction for survival of anoxia. In this first paper, the two hydroponically grown lines were compared with respect to their root morphology, root respiration and the root content of inorganic cations, anions, and metabolites. Leaf transpiration in relation to root morphology was also determined. In comparison to WT roots containing NR, the NR-free LNR-H transformants had slightly shorter and thicker roots with a lower root surface area per g leaf FW. Consistent with that, LNR-H leaves had lower transpiration rates than WT. LNR-H-roots also showed consistently higher respiration and higher contents of ATP, starch and hexose monophosphates than WT roots. Concentrations of free sugars were only slightly higher in LNR-H roots. Total soluble protein content was identical in both lines, whereas amino acids were higher in LNR-H. Contents of major inorganic cations and anions were also almost identical in both lines. We conclude that WT versus LNR-H plants are a suitable tool to re-evaluate the role of nitrate reduction in flooding tolerance.     

Low-level herbivory by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) modifies root hair morphology and rhizodeposition in host plants (Hordeum vulgare)

Low amounts of root infestation by plant parasitic nematodes are suggested to increase nutrient supply and in turn enhance microbial activity and net mineralization rate in the rhizosphere. These effects are generally related to “leakage” of plant-derived metabolites from damaged roots. Besides leakage, the present study examines other nematode–host interactions such as alterations in root exudation and morphology, which were almost not considered yet. This includes undamaged root parts in order to assess systemic plant response. The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White 1919; Chitwood 1949) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Europa) was used as model system. Host plants were grown in mini-rhizotrons inoculated with 0, 2,000, 4,000 or 8,000 M. incognita for 4 weeks. Root morphology, rhizodeposition (sugars, carboxylates, amino acids), and rhizosphere microbial communities (PLFAs) were assessed. In treatments with 4,000 nematodes, shoot biomass, total N and P content increased by the end of the experiment. Generally, an enhanced release of plant metabolites (sugars, carboxylates, amino acids) from the apical root zone occurred 1 week after inoculation with 4,000 and 8,000 M. incognita, indicating root leakage. Low levels of root herbivory stimulated root hair elongation in both infected and uninfected roots. These systemic changes in root morphology likely contributed to the increased sugar exudation in uninfected roots in all nematode treatments at 3 weeks after inoculation. Root-knots formed a separate microhabitat within the root-system. They were characterised by decreased rhizodeposition and increased fungal to bacterial ratio in the adhering rhizosphere soil. The present study provides the first evidence that, apart from leakage, nematode root herbivory at background levels induces local and systemic effects on root morphology and exudation, which in turn may affect plant performance.     

Biological and environmental degradation of gorilla hair and microsatellite amplification success

Naturally shed hairs are an important source of genetic material for both conservation and forensics but are notoriously poor sources of DNA. DNA degradation in hair roots is caused by apoptosis as part of the cycle of hair growth and by autolysis in decomposing animals. Shed hairs are additionally exposed to degenerative environmental processes. However, genetic studies rarely examine hair root morphologies or refer to root growth phases prior to analysis, and detailed knowledge of the rapidity of DNA degradation amongst shed hairs is lacking. We examined the effects of biological and environmental processes on western lowland gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla Savage and Wyman) hair roots with respect to morphological characteristics and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) success at eight nuclear loci. Root type frequencies indicate that gorilla body hairs may exhibit a longer telogen phase than human head hairs. All plucked hair root types amplified more efficiently than shed hairs, and only 41% of shed hairs had root types considered suitable for genotyping. Telogen hairs from fresh nests were four-fold more useful for genotyping if the roots were associated with translucent epithelial tissue, and preselection of these root types doubled the overall data-yield to 58%. Nest age correlated with root morphology and PCR success, and PCR success was almost halved after 3 days of exposure. Finally, an association between postmortem interval, root morphology, and PCR success was observed that was consistent with postmortem changes reported in human head hairs.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 91 , 281–294.     

Effects of elevated soil solution Al concentrations on fine roots in a middle-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand

Aluminium (Al), mobilized by acidic deposition, has been claimed to be a major threat to forest vitality. Fine root mortality, decreased root growth and reduced nutrient uptake have been observed in controlled laboratory experiments where roots of tree seedlings were exposed to elevated concentrations of Al. Yet, evidence for Al-induced root damage from forest stands is scarcely reported. Nevertheless, Al dissolved in soil water has received a key role in the critical load concept for forests. Here, we present effects of artificially elevated concentrations of Al in the soil solution on fine roots in a middle-aged stand of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Although the inorganic Al concentrations about 200 µM and Ca:Al ratio about 0.7 that were established in the soil solution within this experiment have been associated with reduction of root growth and root mortality for spruce seedlings in hydroponic studies, no acute damage on fine roots was observed. Three years of treatment did not cause visual root damage, nor were effects on fine root necromass observed. Fine root necromass made up about 10% of fine root biomass for all treatments. However, significantly lower molar Ca:Al and Mg:Al ratios in living and dead fine roots were found in the plots where Al concentrations were highest and ratios of Ca to Al in the soil solution were lowest. The lack of response on fine root biomass suggests that forest stands tolerate higher Al levels than results from laboratory experiments indicate. We conclude that effect studies in the laboratory have limited value for field conditions. The key role of Al toxicity, expressed as the Ca/Al ratio, in critical load calculations for forests may have to be reconsidered.     

干旱条件下接种AM真菌对小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗根系的影响

为了探讨岷江干旱河谷丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对寄主植物幼苗根系的影响,通过接种购买的AMF摩西球囊霉菌(Funneliformis mosseae)到优势乡土灌木小马鞍羊蹄甲(Bauhinia faberi var.microphylla)幼苗,在重度、中度和轻度干旱条件下培养3个月,研究不同干旱条件下AMF对幼苗根系形态特征、结构特征、功能性状的影响。方差分析结果表明:(1)3种干旱胁迫条件下,接菌均显著增加了幼苗的根总长、根表面积、根分枝数、根尖数(P0.001),在中度胁迫和轻度胁迫下,接菌显著促进根鲜重、根体积的增加(P0.001),轻度胁迫条件下接菌幼苗的根鲜重、根总长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数最高并显著高于其它处理,但接菌与未接菌的根平均直径之间没有显著差异;(2)接菌幼苗根系趋向于叉状分支结构,在重度胁迫时,叉状分支趋势更显著(P0.001);(3)接菌幼苗的根比例都显著小于未接菌的,但幼苗比根长不存在显著差异。相关分析结果表明:菌根侵染率与根鲜重、根总长、根表面积、根体积、根分枝数、根尖数呈极显著正相关(P0.001),与拓扑指数、根比例呈极显著负相关(P0.001)。研究表明,在干旱条件下,AMF虽然没有提高生长初期的根系的吸收效率,但接种AMF显著影响幼苗根系形态特征和结构特征,更利于植物适应干旱环境,并且AMF对幼苗根系的促生作用随着干旱胁迫程度减轻而提高。     

隔沟交替灌溉条件下玉米根系形态性状及结构分布

为揭示根系对土壤环境的适应机制,研究了隔沟交替灌溉条件下玉米根系形态性状及结构分布。以垄位和坡位的玉米根系为研究对象,利用Minirhizotrons法研究了根系（活/死根）的长度、直径、体积、表面积、根尖数和径级变化及其与土壤水分、土温和水分利用效率（WUE）的相关关系。结果表明,对于活根,在坡位非灌水区域复水后根系平均直径减小,而根系日均生长速率、单位面积土壤根系体积密度、根尖数和表面积均增大,并随灌水区域土壤水分的消退逐渐减小;对于死根,在坡位非灌水区域复水后根系日均死亡速率、根系体积密度、根尖数和表面积变化均减小,其中根系死亡速率和死根直径随土壤水分的消退逐渐降低,而死根体积密度、根尖数和表面积分布随土壤水分降低呈增大趋势;在垄位,根系形态分布趋势与坡位一致,除根系直径与与坡位比较接近外,其他根系形态值均小于坡位。将根系分成4个径级区间分析根系的形态特征,结果表明在根系长度和体积密度分布中以2.5－4.5 mm径级的根系所占比例最大,在根尖数和根系表面积分布中以0.0－2.5 mm径级的根系为主。通过显著性相关分析,死根直径、体积密度、活根表面积等根系形态与土壤含水率、土壤温度和WUE间均存在显著或极显著的正相关关系,部分根系形态指标（如根系的生长速率、活根体积密度）只与坡位土壤含水量、土壤温度具有明显的相关性,表明隔沟交替灌溉对坡位根系形态的调控作用比垄位显著。