caspase抑制剂z-VAD-fmk对阿霉素损伤乳鼠心肌细胞calumenin、caspase-3、GRP78及GRP94表达的影响

目的：研究细胞凋亡限速酶caspase广谱抑制剂z-VAD-fmk对阿霉素损伤心肌细胞calumenin、caspase-3、GRP78及GRP94表达的影响,探讨心肌细胞网腔钙结合蛋白与内质网应激及心肌细胞凋亡是否存在相互调控关系。方法：原代培养乳鼠心肌细胞实验分为3组：对照组（正常细胞）、阿霉素组（3 mg/L阿霉素+心肌细胞）、Z-VAD-fmk组（3 mg/L阿霉素+ 0.1μmol/L Z-VAD-fmk +心肌细胞）,每组细胞设3个复孔,分别处理后置37℃、CO₂培养箱中培养24 h阿霉素组、z-VAD-fmk组。采用免疫组化方法检测培养乳鼠心室肌细胞α-SMA蛋白。采用Westernblot技术检测各组心肌细胞Calumenin、内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78、GRP94及caspase-3表达。结果：与对照组相比较,阿霉素组心肌细胞calumenin表达明显减少（P < 0.01）,GRP78、GRP94及caspase-3表达增加（P < 0.01）。与阿霉素组相比较,z-VAD-fmk组心肌细胞calumenin表达增加（P < 0.01）,而GRP7,GRP94及caspase-3减少（P < 0.01）。结论：caspase广谱抑制剂z-VAD-fmk增加阿霉素损伤心肌细胞calumenin表达进而缓解内质网应激。     

营养制剂对间歇性寒冷暴露大鼠子宫、卵巢内HPO轴功能及能量代谢的影响*

目的: 观察一种自行设计的营养制剂对间歇性寒冷暴露SD雌性大鼠下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴(HPO轴)功能及能量代谢的影响。 方法: 将雌性SD大鼠分为对照组、寒冷暴露组、营养制剂组,每组11只。对照组、寒冷暴露组每日灌胃蒸馏水,营养制剂组每日灌胃营养制剂,灌胃后寒冷暴露组、营养制剂组每日于-10℃冷舱内暴露4 h,持续14 d后,取血清、子宫、卵巢,采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测定血清卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)等激素指标,采用比色法等检测ATP酶等能量代谢相关指标。 结果: 与对照组相比,寒冷暴露显著上调大鼠卵巢中FSHR、LHR蛋白表达,增强子宫和卵巢Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶、Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATP酶活性(P<0.05);与寒冷暴露组相比,营养制剂能够下调低氧暴露大鼠卵巢FSHR、LHR蛋白的表达,抑制卵巢和子宫中Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶、Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATP酶的活性(P<0.05)。 结论: 营养制剂可以有效改善间歇性寒冷暴露对子宫、卵巢内HPO轴相关受体表达和能量代谢的影响。     

白芍总苷对心肌缺血再灌注大鼠内质网应激因子CHOP、GRP78、GRP94的表达及凋亡的影响

目的:研究白芍总苷(TGP)对心肌缺血再灌注(I/R)大鼠内质网应激因子CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白的同源蛋白(CHOP)、葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、葡萄糖调节蛋白94(GRP94)表达及凋亡的影响。方法:选择健康清洁级SD大鼠75只,根据随机数字表法分成5组,每组15只,分别记为假手术组、I/R组、50 mg/kg TGP组、100 mg/kg TGP组以及200 mg/kg TGP组。检测并对比各组大鼠CHOP、GRP78、GRP94水平,对比分析各组大鼠心肌I/R指标、梗死面积率以及心肌细胞的凋亡率。结果:I/R组和TGP各组的CHOP、GRP78及GRP94水平均明显高于假手术组,且TGP各组较I/R组明显更低(均P0.05)。100 mg/kg和200 mg/kg TGP组的CHOP、GRP78及GRP94水平均明显低于50 mg/kg TGP组,且200 mg/kg TGP组较100 mg/kg TGP组明显更低(均P0.05)。I/R组和TGP各组缺血30 min的T波改变、再灌注120 min的T波改变及LVEDP水平均明显高于假手术组,LVSP、+dp/dtmax及-dp/dtmax水平均明显低于假手术组(均P0.05)。与I/R组相比,TGP组缺血30 min的T波改变、再灌注120 min的T波改变及LVEDP水平呈剂量依赖型下降,而LVSP、+dp/dtmax及-dp/dtmax水平呈剂量依赖型上升(均P0.05)。I/R组和TGP各组的梗死面积率和心肌细胞的凋亡率均明显高于假手术组(均P0.05)。与I/R组相比,TGP组的梗死面积率和心肌细胞的凋亡率水平呈剂量依赖型下降(均P0.05)。结论:应用TGP能够明显降低MIRI大鼠内质网应激因子CHOP、GRP78、GRP94的表达,调节心肌缺血和再灌注相关标志物或临床参数的水平,显著减少心肌缺血和再灌注所致的心肌梗死面积率及细胞凋亡率。     

内质网应激预处理对人正常肝细胞缺氧再复氧损伤的保护作用

目的:研究内质网应激预处理对人肝细胞缺氧复氧损伤的保护作用。方法:将培养的人肝细胞分为4组:正常对照(C)组、细胞缺氧复氧损伤(H/R)组、内质网应激(ER)组、内质网应激预处理(ERP+H/R)组。收集各组细胞,以流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,Western-bloting及RT-PCR检测内质网应激特异蛋白GRP78表达水平,并通过透射电镜观察各组细胞超微结构改变。结果:ERP+H/R组细胞凋亡率明显低于H/R组(P<0.05),ER及ERP+H/R组GRP78蛋白表达明显高于H/R组(P<0.05)。结论:内质网应激预处理对肝细胞缺氧复氧损伤具有明显的保护作用,内质网应激特异性蛋白GRP78可能在肝细胞缺氧复氧损伤中作为一种关键性的保护蛋白出现。     

miRNA378*表达对柯萨奇B3病毒感染乳鼠心肌细胞凋亡、网腔钙结合蛋白、内质网应激伴侣蛋白表达的影响

目的：研究沉默miRNA378^*表达对柯萨奇B3病毒（CVB3）感染心肌细胞凋亡、内质网应激、网腔钙结合蛋白（calumenin）影响。方法：原代培养乳鼠心肌细胞分为：对照组（正常细胞）、柯萨奇病毒感染组（正常细胞+柯萨奇B3病毒）、miRNA378^*沉默对照组（正常细胞+柯萨奇B3病毒+转染miRNA378^*空质粒）、miRNA378^*沉默组（正常细胞+柯萨奇B3病毒+转染miRNA378^*沉默质粒）,各组细胞分别转染和感染处理后置37℃、CO₂培养箱中培养3 d。检测细胞α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）、细胞凋亡率、网腔钙结合蛋白、葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）及内质网应激信号通路因子激活转录因子6（ATF6）、转录因子C/EBP同源蛋白（CHOP）的表达。结果：通过检测ɑ-SMA蛋白,证实分离乳鼠细胞为心室肌细胞。TUNEL法检测不同组心室细胞凋亡情况发现,柯萨奇病毒感染组心室肌细胞凋亡明显,与柯萨奇病毒感染组心肌细胞相比较,miRNA378^*沉默组心肌细胞凋亡细胞量明显减少。与柯萨奇病毒感染组比较,Calumenin表达减少（P<0.01）,而GRP78、ATF6、CHOP表达增加（P<0.01）。结论：CVB3病毒感染心肌细胞作用与miRNA378^*,引发内质网应激并激活信号通路因子,心肌细胞凋亡增加。     

异丙酚对离体大鼠心肌缺血、再灌注损伤后细胞凋亡及其机制研究

目的：观察异丙酚对离体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响并从氧化应激和线粒体介导的凋亡方面探讨其作用机制。方法：应用Langendorff离体心脏灌注系统建立心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型。40只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、缺血/再灌注模型（I/R）组、异丙酚15、30、60μmol.L-1组。除正常对照组外,各组分别平衡灌注20 min后,常温全心停灌25 min,再灌注30 min。Powerlab/8s仪记录各组平衡末、缺血前及再灌30 min时的各项心功能指标并测定冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肌酸激酶（CK）活性;检测心肌线粒体活力、膜肿胀度、锰超氧化物岐化酶（Mn-SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量;流式细胞仪检测心肌细胞凋亡;流式细胞术检测Bcl-2和Bax的表达,免疫组化法测定天冬氨酸特异的半胱氨酸蛋白酶（caspase）-3,9,8蛋白的表达。结果：与I/R组相比,异丙酚30、60μmol.L-1能明显改善缺血/再灌注后的心功能,减弱冠脉流出液中LDH、CK的活性（P〈0.05）;心肌线粒体活力有所恢复,膜肿胀度减轻,Mn-SOD活性升高,MDA生成明显减少（P〈0.05）,心肌细胞凋亡明显减少,Bcl-2表达上调,Bax表达下调,caspase-3,9阳性表达细胞数明显减少（P〈0.05）。结论：异丙酚明显减轻缺血/再灌注所致的心肌线粒体的过氧化损伤,抑制线粒体途径的凋亡,可能是其心肌保护作用机制之一。     

白藜芦醇预处理对人鼠脑缺血再灌损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨白藜芦醇预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌损伤的保护作用及其分子机制.方法:大鼠随机分成假手术组、缺血溶剂组、白藜芦醇预处理组,四动脉阻塞(4-VO)法建立前脑缺血模型,缺血10min/再灌22h,试剂盒检测大鼠海马组织SOD活力及NO、MDA含量变化,RT-PCR法观察GRP78 mRNA的表达.结果:缺血溶剂组海马组织SOD活性明显低于假手术组,NO、MDA含量高于假手术组;缺血前白藜芦醇预处理能显著反转缺血诱导的SOD活力和NO、MDA水平变化,脑缺血能明显上调GRP78 mRNA水平;白藜芦醇预处理能有效抑制缺血诱导的GRP78表达,与缺血组比有显著性差异.结论:白藜芦醇能通过上调SOD活力,减少NO、MDA的生成来抑制缺血后自由基的生成和积累,继而缓解内质网应激、下调GRP78的表达,减轻缺血性脑组织损伤.     

辛伐他汀对糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用及其可能机制

目的：观察辛伐他汀对糖尿病大鼠肾脏损伤的保护作用并探讨其可能的分子机制。方法：24只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照（NC,n=8）组和糖尿病造模组（n=16）。糖尿病造模组大鼠采用55 mg/kg链脲佐菌素（STZ）单次腹腔注射的方法建立糖尿病大鼠模型。造模成功后,糖尿病模型大鼠随机分为糖尿病（DM）组和糖尿病+辛伐他汀（DM+Sim）组。DM+Sim组大鼠每天给予辛伐他汀40 mg/kg灌胃,1次/日,连续4周。采用组织病理学方法观察肾脏的形态学改变和间质纤维化;采用分子生物学方法检测肾脏组织中内质网应激、炎性因子的表达以及细胞凋亡。结果：①与NC组相比,DM组可见肾小球和肾小管间质有明显的病理学改变,胶原纤维明显红染,呈不均匀分布;DM+Sim组形态学以及纤维化有明显改善。②DM组大鼠肾组织GRP78、p-IRE1α、NF-κB p65、MCP-1表达均高于NC组（P<0.05）,DM+Sim组GRP78、p-IRE1α、NF-κB p65、MCP-1表达较DM组均下降（P<0.05）。③TUNEL法检测,NC组肾小球及肾小管存在少量凋亡的细胞,DM组肾小球及肾小管存在大量凋亡的细胞（P<0.01）;与DM组比较,DM+Sim组凋亡的细胞明显减少（P<0.01）。结论：给予糖尿病大鼠辛伐他汀后,肾脏形态学以及纤维化明显改善,细胞凋亡明显减少。其对糖尿病肾脏的保护作用与抑制内质网应激和NF-κB炎症信号通路及减少肾脏细胞的凋亡有关。     

黄芪注射液对网腔钙结合蛋白基因沉默阿霉素损伤心肌细胞内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78,GRP94 mRNA的作用

目的：研究黄芪注射液对网腔钙结合蛋白（calumenin）基因沉默阿霉素损伤心肌细胞内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78,GRP94 mRNA的作用。方法：实验将体外培养的1~3 d乳鼠心肌细胞分为5组：对照组、模型组（正常细胞+3 mg/L阿霉素）、calumenin基因沉默模型组（慢病毒感染细胞+3 mg/L阿霉素）、黄芪组1（正常细胞+3 mg/L阿霉素+200 g/L黄芪）、黄芪组2（慢病毒感染细胞+3 mg/L阿霉素+200 g/L黄芪）。构建慢病毒-calumenin质粒,转染乳鼠培养心肌细胞,采用实时荧光定量分析（real-time PCR）检测各组心肌细胞calumenin及内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78、GRP94 mRNA表达。结果：①与对照组比较,模型组心肌细胞calumenin mRNA表达减少（P<0.05）,而calumenin基因沉默模型组及黄芪组2心肌细胞calumenin mRNA表达明显减少（P<0.01）;与模型组比较,黄芪组1心肌细胞calumenin mRNA表达增加（P<0.05）;与calumenin基因沉默模型组比较,黄芪组2心肌细胞calumenin mRNA表达明显增加（P<0.01）。②与对照组相比较,模型组及calumenin基因沉默模型组心肌细胞内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78、GRP94 mRNA表达明显增多（P<0.01）;与模型组比较,黄芪组1心肌细胞GRP78、GRP94 mRNA表达明显减少（P<0.01）;与calumenin基因沉默模型组比较,黄芪组2心肌细胞内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78、GRP94 mRNA表达明显减少（P<0.01）。结论：①阿霉素损伤可引起心肌细胞calumenin表达减少。②Calumenin可缓解阿霉素损伤所诱导心肌细胞内质网应激。黄芪注射液可抑制阿霉素损伤所诱导心肌细胞内质网应激,这种作用可能系通过calumenin介导实现的。     

缺血后适应对局灶性脑缺血/再灌注大鼠caspase-3表达的影响

目的：探讨缺血后适应对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤后caspase-3表达的影响。方法：大脑中动脉线拴法复制大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤动物模型。将30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组（n=10）：假手术组（sham组）、缺血/再灌注（I/R）组和缺血后适应（IP）组。利用原位缺口末端标记法观察神经细胞凋亡的变化。应用Western blot检测大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤后caspase-3蛋白表达水平的变化。结果：大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后凋亡细胞数量和caspase-3蛋白表达水平均显著升高,而缺血后适应组凋亡细胞数量和caspase-3蛋白表达水平均显著低于缺血/再灌注组（P〈0.01）。结论：缺血后适应可抑制大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后细胞凋亡的发生,此作用可能与下调caspase-3蛋白表达有关。     

Carotenoid oxidative degradation products inhibit Na+-K+-ATPase

This study investigates the biological significance of carotenoid oxidation products using inhibition of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity as an index. β-Carotene was completely oxidized by hypochlorous acid and the oxidation products were analyzed by capillary gasliquid chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity was assayed in the presence of these oxidized carotenoids and was rapidly and potently inhibited. This was demonstrated for a mixture of β-carotene oxidative breakdown products, β-Apo-10'-carotenal and retinal. Most of the β-carotene oxidation products were identified as aldehydic. The concentration of the oxidized carotenoid mixture that inhibited Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity by 50% (IC₅₀) was equivalent to 10μM non-degraded β-carotene, whereas the IC₅₀ for 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, a major lipid peroxidation product, was 120 μM. Carotenoid oxidation products are more potent inhibitors of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase than 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Enzyme activity was only partially restored with hydroxylamine and/or β-mercaptoethanol. Thus, in vitro binding of carotenoid oxidation products results in strong enzyme inhibition. These data indicate the potential toxicity of oxidative carotenoid metabolites and their activity on key enzyme regulators and signal modulators.     

Glutamate transporter GLAST/EAAT1 directs cell surface expression of FXYD2/gamma subunit of Na, K-ATPase in human fetal astrocytes

Na⁺-dependent uptake of excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in astrocytes increases cell energy demands primarily due to the elevated ATP consumption by glutamine synthetase and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase. The major pool of GLAST/EAAT1, the only glutamate transporter subtype expressed by human fetal astrocytes in undifferentiated cultures, was restricted to the cytoplasmic compartment. Elevated glutamate concentrations (up to 50 μM) stimulated both glutamate uptake and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity and concomitantly increased cell surface expression of GLAST and FXYD2/γ subunit of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase. Intracellular accumulation of glutamate or its metabolites per se was not responsible for these changes since metabolically inert transport substrate, d-aspartate, exerted the same effect. Nanomolar concentrations of TFB-TBOA, a novel nontransportable inhibitor of glutamate carriers, almost completely reversed the action of glutamate or d-aspartate. In the same conditions (i.e. block of glutamate transport) monensin, a potent Na⁺ ionophore, had no significant effect neither on the activation of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase nor on the cell surface expression of γ subunit or GLAST. In order to elucidate the roles of γ subunit in the glutamate uptake-dependent trafficking events or the activation of the astroglial sodium pump, in some cultures γ subunit/FXYD2 was effectively knocked down using siRNA silencing. Unlike the blocking effect of TFB-TBOA, the down-regulation of γ subunit had no effect neither on the trafficking nor activity of GLAST. However, the loss of γ subunit effectively abolished the glutamate uptake-dependent activation of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase. Following withdrawal of siRNA from cultures, the expression levels of γ subunit and the sensitivity of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase to glutamate/aspartate uptake have been concurrently restored. Thus, the activity of GLAST directs FXYD2 protein/γ subunit to the cell surface, that, in turn, leads to the activation of the astroglial sodium pump, presumably due to the modulatory effect of γ subunit on the kinetic parameters of catalytic subunit(s) of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase.     

Transport of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate into rat hepatocytes

The purpose of the present study was to characterize the transport of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) into hepatocytes at physiological and pharmacological concentrations. Hepatocytes were isolated from female Sprague-Dawley rats by collagenase perfusion. Uptake of [³H]DHEA and [³H]DHEAS at increasing concentrations (3.5 nM-100 μM) was measured by the rapid filtration technique at 30 s intervals up to 120 s. The uptake of DHEAS by hepatocytes was saturable (K_m = 17.0 μM; V_max = 3.7 nmol/min/mg cell protein). In contrast, a specific saturable transport system for DHEA could not be detected in rat hepatocytes. It is suggested that DHEA enters the cell by diffusion. The uptake of DHEAS could be inhibited by antimycin A, carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone, and dinitrophenol (inhibitors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain), by dinitrofluorobenzene and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (NH₂- and SH-blockers, respectively), and by monensin (Na⁺-specific ionophore). No inhibition was seen in the presence of ouabain (inhibitor of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase) and phalloidin (inhibitor of cholate transport and actin-blocker). Interestingly, DHEAS uptake was inhibited by bile acids (cholate, taurocholate and glycocholate). Conversely, [³H]cholate uptake was strongly inhibited by DHEAS, which indicates a competition for the same carrier. Replacement of sodium ion with choline markedly decreased uptake velocity at pharmacological DHEAS concentrations. The results suggest that DHEAS uptake is a saturable, energy-dependent, carrier-mediated, partially Na⁺-dependent process, and that DHEAS may be taken up via the multispecific bile acid transport system.     

H2O2 and Src-dependent transactivation of the EGF receptor mediates the stimulatory effect of leptin on renal ERK and Na+, K+-ATPase

We examined the mechanism through which leptin increases Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in the rat kidney. Leptin was infused under anaesthesia into the abdominal aorta proximally to the renal arteries and then Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity was measured in the renal cortex and medulla. Leptin (1 μg/kg min) increased Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity after 3 h of infusion, which was accompanied by the increase in urinary H₂O₂ excretion and phosphorylation level of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK). The effect of leptin on ERK and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase was abolished by catalase, specific inhibitors of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, AG1478 and PD158780, as well as by ERK inhibitor, PD98059, and was mimicked by both exogenous H₂O₂ and EGF. The effect of leptin was also prevented by the inhibitor of Src tyrosine kinase, PP2. Leptin and H₂O₂ increased Src phosphorylation at Tyr⁴¹⁸. We conclude that leptin-induced stimulation of renal Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase involves H₂O₂ generation, Src kinase, transactivation of the EGF receptor, and stimulation of ERK.     

Prevention of Intracellular Oxidative Stress to Lens by Pyruvate and Its Ester

Pyruvate is a well-known scavenger of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). In addition, it scavenges superoxide radical (O₂). However, evidence on its intracellular antioxi-dant function is meager at present. Hence, we have examined the effectivekiess of this metabolite and its ethyl ester against intracellular oxidative damage to the lens under organ culture. Menadione, a redoxcycling quinone, was used to generate the reactive oxygen species (ROS). It was found to inhibit lens metabolism as evidenced by a decrease of ATP. Additionally, tissue oxidation was apparent by loss of glutathione (GSH), and increase in the level of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), coupled with increase of the urea soluble proteins (water insoluble). The overall physiological damage was apparent by the inhibition of the Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase dependent cation pump, as evidenced by a decreased rubidium transport. These deleterious effects were attenuated by pyruvate and ethyl-pyruvate. The later was found to be more effective.     

The effect of hydroxylamine on microsomal ATPase

The (Na⁺ + K⁺)-stimulated Mg²⁺-ATPase, but not the Mg²⁺-ATPase, is irreversibly inhibited when turtle bladder microsomes were incubated with hydroxylamine.

The Mg²⁺-dependent or the (Mg²⁺ + Na⁺)-dependent phosphorylation of ADP by the phospho-protein (the exchange reaction) is reversibly inhibited when the microsomes are incubated with hydroxylamine.

The Na⁺-induced increment of ³²P-labelling of microsomes previously incubated with [λ-³²P]ATP is completely eliminated by hydroxylamine, but the Mg²⁺-dependent ³²P-labelling of such microsomes is unaffected by hydroxylamine.

It is concluded that the phospho-enzyme formed during the Mg²⁺-dependent hydrolysis does not contribute to the Mg²⁺-dependent exchange reaction. Instead, the phosphoenzyme formed during the (Na⁺ + K⁺)-stimulated hydrolysis is apparently the only substance which phosphorylates ADP in the exchange reaction, even in the absence of Na⁺ and/or K⁺.

The hydroxylamine-sensitive nature of the sodium form of the phospho-enzyme in the (Na⁺ + K⁺)-stimulated ATPase sequence is consistent with the existence of an enzyme-acyl-phosphate bond of high internal energy with respect to that of ADP.

On the other hand, the hydroxylamine-resistant nature of the phospho-enzyme in the Mg²⁺-ATPase sequence suggests the existence of a non-acyl type of enzyme phosphate bond with low internal energy relative to that of ADP.     

Modulation of ouabain-insensitive Na(+)-ATPase activity in the renal proximal tubule by Mg(2+), MgATP and furosemide

In addition to the (Na⁺+K⁺)ATPase another P-ATPase, the ouabain-insensitive Na⁺-ATPase has been observed in several tissues. In the present paper, the effects of ligands, such as Mg²⁺, MgATP and furosemide on the Na⁺-ATPase and its modulation by pH were studied in the proximal renal tubule of pig. The principal kinetics parameters of the Na⁺-ATPase at pH 7.0 are: (a) K_0.5 for Na⁺=8.9±2.2 mM; (b) K_0.5 for MgATP=1.8±0.4 mM; (c) two sites for free Mg²⁺: one stimulatory (K_0.5=0.20±0.06 mM) and other inhibitory (I_0.5=1.1±0.4 mM); and (d) I_0.5 for furosemide=1.1±0.2 mM. Acidification of the reaction medium to pH 6.2 decreases the apparent affinity for Na⁺ (K_0.5=19.5±0.4) and MgATP (K_0.5=3.4±0.3 mM) but increases the apparent affinity for furosemide (0.18±0.02 mM) and Mg²⁺ (0.05±0.02 mM). Alkalization of the reaction medium to pH 7.8 decreases the apparent affinity for Na⁺ (K_0.5=18.7±1.5 mM) and furosemide (I_0.5=3.04±0.57 mM) but does not change the apparent affinity to MgATP and Mg²⁺. The data presented in this paper indicate that the modulation of the Na⁺-ATPase by pH is the result of different modifications in several steps of its catalytical cycle. Furthermore, they suggest that changes in the concentration of natural ligands such as Mg²⁺ and MgATP complex may play an important role in the Na⁺-ATPase physiological regulatory mechanisms.     

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment: the influence on the hippocampal superoxide dismutase and Na+,K+-ATPase activities in global cerebral ischemia-exposed rats

The influence of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase was determined during different time periods of reperfusion in rats exposed to global cerebral ischemia. Ischemic animals were either sacrificed or exposed to the first HBO treatment 2, 24, 48 or 168 h after ischemic insult (for SOD activities measurement) or immediately, 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 24, 48, 72 or 168 h after ischemic procedure (for Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activities measurement). Hyperbaric oxygenation procedure was repeated for seven consecutive days. The results of presented experiments demonstrated the statistically significant increase in the hippocampal SOD activity 24 and 48 h after global cerebral ischemia followed by a decrease in the enzymatic activity 168 h after ischemic insult. In the ischemic rats treated with HBO the level of hippocampal SOD activity was significantly higher after 168 h of reperfusion in comparison to the ischemic, non HBO-treated animals. In addition, it was found that global cerebral ischemia induced a statistically significant decrease of the hippocampal Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity starting from 1 to 168 h of reperfusion. Maximal enzymatic inhibition was obtained 24 h after the ischemic damage. Decline in Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity was prevented in the animals exposed to HBO treatment within the first 24 h of reperfusion. Our results suggest that global cerebral ischemia induces significant alterations in the hippocampal SOD and Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activities during different periods of reperfusion. Enhanced SOD activity and preserved Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity within particular periods of reperfusion, could be indicators of a possible benefitial role of HBO treatment in severe brain ischemia.