腔肠动物的毒素

腔肠动物是低等的后生动物,也是无脊椎动物中种数较多的一个重要类群。其触手等部位分布有大量的腔肠动物所特有的攻击及防卫性细胞——刺细胞,其中的毒液会引起动物的蜇伤中毒。腔肠动物毒素的主要成分为蛋白质、肽类、酶类和介质毒素,而肽类毒素是天然毒素中毒性最强的一种。腔肠动物在药用方面有着广阔的开发前景,随着医学科学的发展,对腔肠动物等海洋生物的药用研究日渐深入。     

淡水生活的腔肠动物

淡水生活的腔肠动物和振武,许人和（河南师范大学生物系新乡４５３００２）腔肠动物（Ｃｏｅｌｅｎｔｅｒａｔａ）是动物界中真后生动物（Ｅｕｍｅｔａｚｏａ）的开始,是动物进化过程中的重要阶段。腔肠动物约有１００００种,绝大多数生活在海洋里,淡水生活的种类只有...     

浅谈《腔肠动物门》的目标教学

近年来,我们根据美国芝加哥大学布卢姆教授的教育目标分类的思想结合教学实际,在动物学科进行了目标教学。下面仅就《腔肠动物门》的目标教学为例,简述如下: 一、教学目标的确定教师每上一节课,都要完成一定的教学目的,这个教学目的具体化,明朗化,系统化为教学目标。目标教学就是根据布卢姆的教育目标分类的思想,依靠教学大纲,结合     

蜘蛛的感觉和感觉器官

(一)蜘蛛的眼、视觉和色觉 大多数蜘蛛都具有8只眼,少数蜘蛛有6只眼,锡兰蛛(Tetrablemma)有4只眼,产于南美的异出蛛属(Nops)只生有2只眼,而穴居蛛(Anthrobia)则完全没有眼。 蜘蛛的眼着生在头胸部的前方,有的向上,     

肝细胞生长因子结构和功能研究进展

肝细胞生长因子是一种能够促进肝细胞分裂增殖的多效性细胞因子．它是由一条重链和一条轻链组成的异二聚体,其中重链由N端和4个Kring1e区组成。目前,NKl的晶体结构已经解出,在N端有肝素糖蛋白结合区,HGF分子与肝素糖蛋白的相互作用对HGF分子二聚化和内吞清除都有重要意义。Kring1e区的空间取向对HGF分子与受体结合非常重要．其中K1、K2发挥重要作用,而K3、K4发挥辅助作用。轻链有促进受体酪氨酸磷酸化的作用。     

糖皮质激素受体结构与功能研究进展

糖皮质激素受体（GR）是核受体超家族中的重要成员,也是一种典型的激素依赖性转录调节因子。与激素结合后通过与靶基因糖皮质激素反应元件（GRE）相互作用。从而调节靶基因的表达。引起各种生物学效应。近年对人GR（hGR)的分子结构与生物学作用的研究有一定进展。     

载脂蛋白AI结构与功能研究进展

载脂蛋白AI（apoAI)是高密度脂蛋白（HDL）中主要的蛋白质,它是细胞胆固醇逆向转运（RCT）的特殊重要因素,ApoAI能与磷脂,多种血浆因子及细胞膜受体结合,可以激活卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶（LCAT）,起着促进细胞内胆固醇的移出,酯化,转移,以及调节HDL代谢的作用。ApoAI在各种HDL亚类中其空间结构有较大差异。这与HDL成熟过程及运载胆固醇等生理功能密切相关。     

MiR-183基因簇对动物感觉器官功能和发育及肿瘤发生的调控

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) 是一类长度约为22 nt的内源性非编码小RNA. 它们在后生动物基因组中普遍存在,通过抑制靶基因mRNA的翻译或将其降解,在转录后水平调控基因的表达. 越来越多的证据表明,miRNAs在动物发育和人类疾病发生中发挥重要作用. miR-183基因簇在后口动物和原口动物中高度保守,编码miR-182、miR-96和miR-183. miR-183基因簇在动物感觉器官中特异性表达,对动物感觉器官的发育和功能至关重要. miR-183基因簇还与人类的肺癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌和黑色素瘤等多种癌症相关. miR-183基因簇在多种肿瘤细胞中异常表达,它们通过调控与肿瘤细胞分裂和死亡相关基因,而起到促进或抑制肿瘤发生的作用. 本文对miR-183基因簇miRNAs在动物感觉器官功能和发育及人类肿瘤发生中的作用进行论述.     

汉坦病毒结构蛋白抗原表位的研究进展

汉坦病毒结构蛋白抗原表位的研究对于阐明该病毒结构蛋白的结构与功能及其基因工程疫苗研制至关重要,本文综述了近年来汉坦病毒抗原表位研究中应用的各种生物新技术以及汉坦病毒结构蛋白B细胞表位和T细胞表位的最新进展。     

味觉结构是如何产生的

在五种感觉当中,人们对味觉的了解最少。味蕾是将从食物及其他来源获得的化学刺激传输到神经细胞的感觉器官,而神经细胞又将这些信息传送至大脑的味觉中心。位于舌头表面和两侧的小突起里的味蕾被称为味觉乳头。     

Sensory evolution of hearing in tettigoniids with differing communication systems

In Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera), hearing organs are essential in mate detection. Male tettigoniids usually produce calling songs by tegminal stridulation, whereas females approach the males phonotactically. This unidirectional communication system is the most common one among tettigoniids. In several tettigoniid lineages, females have evolved acoustic replies to the male calling song which constitutes a bidirectional communication system. The genus Poecilimon (Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) is of special interest because the ancestral state of bidirectional communication, with calling males and responding females, has been reversed repeatedly to unidirectional communication. Acoustic communication is mediated by hearing organs that are adapted to the conspecific signals. Therefore, we analyse the auditory system in the Tettigoniidae genus Poecilimon for functional adaptations in three characteristics: (i) dimension of sound‐receiving structures (tympanum and acoustic spiracle), (ii) number of auditory sensilla and (iii) hearing sensitivity. Profound differences in the auditory system correlate with uni‐ or bidirectional communication. Among the sound‐receiving structures, the tympana scale with body size, whereas the acoustic spiracle, the major sound input structure, was drastically reduced in unidirectional communicating species. In the unidirectional P. ampliatus group, auditory sensilla are severely reduced in numbers, but not in the unidirectional P. propinquus group. Within the P. ampliatus group, the number of auditory sensilla is further reduced in P. intermedius which lost acoustic signalling due to parthenogenesis. The auditory sensitivity correlated with the size of the acoustic spiracle, as hearing sensitivity was better with larger spiracles, especially in the ultrasonic range. Our results show a significant reduction in auditory structures, shaped by the differing sex roles during mate detection.     

Sensory receptors of the rosette organ of Gyrocotyle rugosa

The fine structure of three sensory receptors of the rosette organ of Gyrocotyle rugosa, is described. The Type I sensory receptors, localised towards the edge of both upper and lower surfaces, are characterized by a long cilium embedded in a bulb containing two electron-dense collars and several mitochondria. The Type II sensory receptors, larger than Type I, are located on the upper surface of the rosette and have a long cilium and a ciliary rootlet. They also have two electron-dense collars and one or two mitochondria. The sensory cilia of both types are characterized by 9 + 2 axonemes. The Type III sensory receptors, localised on the under surface, lack a sensory cilium but have a ciliary rootlet and are enclosed in the tegument and musculature; there is a complicated three-dimensional spherical lattice of microfibrils associated with the rootlet. The sensory bulbs contain large numbers of membrane bound vesicles and neurotubules. A function is postulated for each of the three types of sensory receptors.     

Sensory Features as Diagnostic Criteria for Autism: Sensory Features in Autism

In this study, we examined the frequency of sensory-related issues as reported by parents in a large sample of school-age adolescents and adults with autism/autism spectrum disorder (ASD) [1] as compared to a group of individuals receiving similar clinical evaluations for developmental/behavioral difficulties but whose final diagnoses were not on the autism spectrum. In no comparison were the features examined predictive of autism or autism spectrum in comparison to the non-ASD sample. Only failure to respond to noises had sensitivity above .75 in the comparison of the broader autism spectrum group, but specificity was poor. While sensory issues are relatively common in autism/ASD, they are also frequent in other disorders. These results question the rationale for including sensory items as a diagnostic criterion for autism.     

铁筷子(毛茛科)营养器官的结构及其系统学意义

应用解剖学方法,对铁筷子(Helleborus thibetanusFranch.)(毛茛科)营养器官的结构进行了研究。结果表明,铁筷子根的初生结构观察到三原型、四原型和六原型。营养器官中的维管束在横切面上木质部中的导管分子不呈“V”字形排列;根状茎的次生结构由外向内为表皮、皮层和维管柱,髓射线发达。茎的初生结构中多个维管束排列成环状,维管束鞘分化不明显,节部为单隙三迹,叶迹分别来自于3条维管束或同一条维管束。叶为两面叶,表皮细胞不规则;气孔器只分布于下表皮,为毛茛科典型的无规则型气孔。从铁筷子营养器官的解剖学特点来看,与毛茛科其它植物基本相同,但在营养器官中维管束木质部不呈“V”字形、维管束鞘分化不明显、节部具单叶隙等特征上与其它毛茛科植物不同。     

Review on antibacterial biocomposites of structural laminated veneer lumber

In this review, the characteristics and applications of structural laminated veneer lumber made from planted forest wood is introduced, and its preparation is explained, including various tree species and slab qualities, treatments for multiple effects and reinforced composites. The relevant factors in the bonding technology and pressing processes as well as the mechanical properties, research direction and application prospects of structural laminated veneer lumber made from planted forest wood are discussed.     

Functional Equilibrium of the KcsA Structure Revealed by NMR

KcsA is a tetrameric K⁺ channel that is activated by acidic pH. Under open conditions of the helix bundle crossing, the selectivity filter undergoes an equilibrium between permeable and impermeable conformations. Here we report that the population of the permeable conformation (p_perm) positively correlates with the tetrameric stability and that the population in reconstituted high density lipoprotein, where KcsA is surrounded by the lipid bilayer, is lower than that in detergent micelles, indicating that dynamic properties of KcsA are different in these two media. Perturbation of the membrane environment by the addition of 1–3% 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol increases p_perm and the open probability, revealed by NMR and single-channel recording analyses. These results demonstrate that KcsA inactivation is determined not only by the protein itself but also by the surrounding membrane environments.     

Organ differentiation in newly hatched common wolffish

Wolffish Anarhichas lupus (Anarhichadidae) hatch from large demersal eggs (c. 5–6 mm) after a long incubation period (c. 800–1000 degree days) at 20–25 mm LT with a juvenile appearance: a small yolk sac, pigmented but partly transparent skin densely supplied with mucous cells, well developed body musculature and a cartilaginous skeleton. The results of histomorphological studies illustrate the apparent functionality of tissues and organs at hatching. The mucosa of the oral cavity and various parts of the digestive channel are well differentiated and the cellular characteristics are described within each region. A stomach with gastric glands is established before hatching. The pancreas has well developed endo- and exocrine tissue and the hepatocytes are vacuolized. The kidney tissue has numerous tubuli and haematopoietic tissue in the bilobed head region. The spleen, thymus and thyroid glands also appear mature. Cones are dominant in the visual cell layer of the retina.     

Is Propionylcholine Present in or Synthesized by Electric Organ?

When small blocks comprising four columns of electrocytes were excised from electric organs of Torpedo marmorata after stimulation in vivo via the electric lobe at 1 Hz for 1 h and allowed to recover at 20-22 degrees C for several hours in medium containing 100 microM d4 choline and 500 microM propionate, small quantities of propionylcholine amounting to no more than 1% of the endogenous acetylcholine of the tissue could be detected in tissue extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Kinetic studies demonstrated that there was no nonexchangeable propionylcholine in the tissue and in the absence of added propionate, propionylcholine levels were less than 0.2% of tissue acetylcholine. Vesicular propionylcholine amounted to less than 0.5% of vesicular acetylcholine and the distribution of d0 and d4 propionylcholine suggested that an appreciable proportion (up to one-third) of this could be an artifact of preparation for GCMS determinations. Propionylcholine formation during extraction and demethylation of an artificial mixture of acetylcholine, choline, and propionate was indeed detected. It is concluded that propionylcholine has no significance as an endogenous or as a false transmitter at this terminal, in conformity with the work of Sheridan et al. [Z. Zellforsch. 74, 281-307 (1966)] but in contrast to the report of O'Regan [J. Neurochem. 39, 764-772 (1982)].     

一个新的水稻花器官数目突变体fon(t)的鉴定及分析

水稻花器官数目突变体 fon(t)是在单倍体与二倍体的杂交 F2代发现的,经过多代种植,已稳定遗传。以 fon(t)为父本,以日本晴、93?11 和 R527 为母本配制杂交组合进行遗传分析,根据 F2代表型及χ2测验结果表明,该突变体的性状是由单隐性基因控制的。因为对花器官数目突变体曾有报道如 fon1、fon2 和 fon3,所以该突变体暂定名为 fon(t)。该突变体导致内外稃开裂,花器官外露;雄蕊和雌蕊的数目均增多,雄蕊一般 6~9 枚,雌蕊 1~2 枚;浆片同源转化为类内稃的结构;个别的花器官中还出现花丝上伸出类柱头的结构,浆片上部同源转化为类柱头或者类雄蕊的结构。研究结果表明,fon(t)基因可能影响水稻第三、四轮花器官的数目以及第二轮浆片的发育。