Distribution,body size,genetic structure and conservation of Siphlaenigma janae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera)

Distribution, body size and genetic structure of the poorly known New Zealand mayfly Siphlaenigma janae were investigated to improve understanding of its conservation status. It has now been recorded from 42 locations, 22 of which are reported for the first time. The distribution of S. janae extends from Northland to the central North Island, and also into the northwestern South Island. Population structure consisted of three distinct haplotype networks; two in the North Island and one in the South Island. Maximum uncorrected genetic distance was 6.1% but no strong evidence for the presence of sibling species was found. The specialist nymphs predominantly live in low-gradient first- and second-order forested streams, a habitat that is increasingly being threatened by land-use modification. We recommend S. janae remain classified as Nationally Vulnerable due to its unique taxonomic position, regionally distinct genetic structure and fragmented population that is likely experiencing ongoing decline.     

Identity of Squalius (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae) from Istra Peninsula in Croatia (Adriatic Sea basin)

A chub of previously ambiguous identity from the Boljunscica and Pazincica rivers (south-eastern Istra Peninsula) was studied and compared with geographically close Squalius squalus, Squalius zrmanja, and Squalius janae recently described from the Dragonja River drainage in the Adriatic Sea basin in Slovenia. It was shown that the chub from the south-eastern Istra Peninsula differs from all know species of Squalius but one: Squalius janae. Three samples examined from Boljunscica and Pazincica rivers and Squalius janae from its type locality, Dragonja River, show the following characters typical for the latter species: a long head (the head length 27–32% SL); a pointed conical snout with a clearly projecting upper jaw; a long straight mouth cleft, the lower jaw length (39–45% HL) exceeding the caudal peduncle depth; a large eye; commonly 9? branched anal-fin rays; commonly 44 total vertebrae (24+20 or 25+19); bright silvery colouration, scales easily lost; iris, pectoral, pelvic and anal fin pigmentation with yellow shades. The data on the distribution of Squalius chubs in the northern Adriatic basin support the assumption that the range of Squalius janae is determined by the geology of the Trieste Flysch Basin and the Pazin Flysch Basin forming the base of the Istra Peninsula. The distribution pattern of this species does not support a simple model of fish dispersal and a complete connectivity within the whole Palaeo-Po historical drainage. Indeed, it indicates a disrupted surface palaeohydrography that was heavily fragmented by karstification in the whole Dinaric area.     

Description of nine new species of Heliura Butler from South America (Lepidoptera,Erebidae, Arctiinae,Arctiini, Ctenuchina)

Nine new species of the genus Heliura are described from Brazil (H. brasiliana sp. nov., H. olivocolora sp. nov., H. pulcherrima sp. nov., and H. laerteae sp. nov.), Ecuador (H. ecuadoris sp. nov.), Peru (H. flavipennis sp. nov. and H. peruana sp. nov.), and Venezuela (Heliura albiventris sp. nov. and H. juliani sp. nov.). They are illustrated in habitus and genitalia, and their phylogenetic affinities are discussed based on morphological evidence.     

基层医疗卫生机构的基本医疗服务范围研究 ——基于常见病、多发病的视角

目的 基于常见病、多发病的视角界定基层医疗卫生机构的基本医疗服务范围。方法 以广东省A市为例,根据该市基本医疗保险参保人的微观数据,统计分析了该市的常见病、多发病,并对该市128个医疗机构进行问卷调查。结果 分别确定了社区卫生服务中心104个病种、乡镇卫生院101个病种、社区卫生服务站38个病种和村卫生室34个病种作为四类基层医疗卫生机构的基本医疗服务范围。结论 应依据四类基层医疗卫生机构的基本医疗服务范围从诊疗项目、药品目录、基层首诊制等方面进行政策调整与完善。     

New Aromatic Esters of Progesterone as Antiandrogens

The in vivo and in vitro antiandrogenic activity of four new progesterone derivatives: 4-bromo-17α-(p-fluorobenzoyloxy)-4-pregnene-3,20-dione 1,4-bromo-17α-(p-chlorobenzoyloxy)-4-pregnene-3,20-dione 2, 4-bromo-17α-(p-bromobenzoyloxy)-4-pregnene-3,20-dione 3 and 4-bromo-17α-(p-toluoyloxy)-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione 4 was determined. These compounds were evaluated as antiandrogens on gonadectomized hamster prostate and reduced the weight of the prostate glands in gonadectomized hamsters treated with testosterone 5 (T) or dihydrotestosterone 6 (DHT) in a similar manner to that of commercially available finasteride, thus indicating a potent in vivo effect. The in vitro studies showed that steroids 1–4 have a weak inhibitory activity on 5α-reductase with IC50 values of: 280 (1), 2.6 (2), 1.6 (3) and 114?μM (4). The presence of Cl and Br atoms in the C-17 benzoyloxy group tends to increase the inhibitory potency of the compounds.

The binding efficiency of the synthesized steroids 1–4 to the androgen receptor of the prostate gland is also evaluated. All compounds form a complex with the receptor and this explains the weight reduction of the seminal vesicles in the animals treated with DHT plus steroids 1–4.     

Preparation of a Fludarabine Intermediate via Selective Alkylation of 2-Fluoroadenine

The reaction between 2-fluoroadenine (3) and 1,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-1-α-d-chloroarabinofuranose (4) with potassium t-amylate was evaluated in various solvents to afford 9-β-d-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-arabinofuranosyl)-2-fluoroadenine (5) and the corresponding α-anomer (6). In addition, 7-β-d-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-arabinofuranosyl)-2-fluoroadenine (7) and an unusual “bis-fluoroadenine” nucleoside (8) were isolated as by-products. The highest anomeric ratio (β/α > 10) and conversion (>80%) were observed with the highly polar solvent sulfolane. This reaction was demonstrated on gram scale as a practical laboratory synthesis of 5, a known intermediate in the synthesis of fludarabine.     

A revision of Casimirella,including Humirianthera (Icacinaceae)

Casimirella Hassler (1913) is accepted and Humirianthera Huber (1914) considered a synonym. Casimirella diversifolia and C. lanata from Brazil are described as new species. Casimirella ampla (Miers) based on Leretia ampla Miers, C. crispula (Howard) based on Humirianthera crispula Howard, and C. rupestris (Ducke) based on Humirianthera rupestris Ducke are new combinations.     

Biomineralization of Fungal Hyphae with Calcite (CaCO3) and Calcium Oxalate Mono- and Dihydrate in Carboniferous Limestone Microcosms

The formation of biogenic fabrics in limestone by two fungi, Serpula himantioides and a polymorphic fungal isolate from limestone identified as a Cephalotrichum (syn. Doratomyces) sp., was investigated. The fungal cultures were grown in laboratory microcosms consisting of Carboniferous limestone and after 21 d incubation at 25°C, biomineralization of fungal filaments was observed. Environmental electron scanning microscopy (ESEM) and X-ray micro-analysis (EDXA) of crystalline precipitates on the hyphae of S. himantioides demonstrated that the secondary crystals exhibited different crystalline forms but were similar in elemental composition to the original limestone. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) of crystalline precipitates showed they were composed of a mixture of calcite (CaCO ₃ ) and calcium oxalate monohydrate (CaC ₂ O ₄ · H ₂ O). Analysis of crystals precipitated on the hyphae of the limestone isolate, using ESEM and EDXA, showed that the crystals exhibited similar morphological characteristics and elemental composition to the original limestone. XRD showed that they were composed solely of calcite (CaCO ₃ ) or of calcite with some calcium oxalate dihydrate (CaC ₂ O ₄ · 2H ₂ O). These results provide direct experimental evidence for the precipitation of calcite (CaCO ₃ ) and also secondary mycogenic minerals, on fungal hyphae in low nutrient calcareous environments, and suggest that fungi may play a wider role in the biogeochemical carbon cycle than has previously been appreciated.     

Stenogrammitis, a new genus of grammitid ferns segregated from Lellingeria (Polypodiaceae)

Stenogrammitis , a new genus of grammitid ferns, is segregated from Lellingeria based on morphological and molecular evidence. It differs from Lellingeria by linear leaves usually less than 5 mm wide, clathrate iridescent rhizome scales that are glabrous except for a single apical cilium, veins unbranched and only one per segment, fertile veins usually with the dark sclerenchyma visible beneath the sporangia, and x = 33. In contrast, Lellingeria has broader laminae, veins pinnate within the segments, and fertile veins not visible beneath the sporangia. Melpomene, which is sister to Stenogrammitis and Lellingeria, differs from those two genera by reddish setae on the leaves and rhizome scales papillate at the apex. Some species of Stenogrammitis are also distinctive by hemidimorphic laminae that have the fertile portion less dissected than the sterile. Stenogrammitis is pantropical and currently comprises 24 species, 12 of which occur in the Neotropics, six in Africa, four in Madagascar, and two on Pacific Islands. New combinations are made for Stenogrammitis aethiopica, S. anamorphosa, S. ascensionensis, S. boivinii, S. delitescens, S. jamesonii, S. hartii, S. hellwigii, S. hildebrandtii, S. limula, S. luetzelburgii, S. myosuroides, S. nutata, S. oosora, S. paucipinnata, S. prionodes, S. pumila, S. ruglessii, S. rupestris, S. saffordii, S. strangeana, S. tomensis, S. subcoriacea, and S. wittigiana. Lectotypifications are made for Grammitis muscosa, Polypodium itatiayense, P. oosorum var. micropecten, P. serrulatum forma major, P. serrulatum forma minor, S. luetzelburgii, S. myosuroides, and S. wittigiana. Illustrations are presented for the diagnostic characters of the genus, as well as a map with the geographical distribution.     

Enzyme mediated resolution of alcohols

Summary The racemic cis and trans isomers 1a and 1b of 2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1-cyclohexanol were subjects of an enzyme mediated resolution via esterification in organic solvents, in which the chiral esters 2a and 2b of the corresponding alcohols 4a and 4b, and the chiral alcohols 3a and 3b were obtained. The chemical yield and enantioselectivity of this enzymatic reaction have been found to depend mainly on (a) the structure of the substrate (cis or trans), (b) temperature, (c) the nature of the enzyme selected, and (d) the nature of the solvent.     

Three new species of Philocorydoras Suriano, 1986 (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae) infecting the gills of callichthyids (Actinopterygii: Callichthyidae) from the Peruvian Amazonia

During a research on gill ectoparasites of callichthyids fishes from the Peruvian Amazonia, the following monogenoideans were found: Philocorydoras peruensis n. sp. from Corydoras splendens (Castelnau); Philocorydoras multiradiatus n. sp. and Philocorydoras jumboi n. sp. from Brochis multiradiatus (Orcés, V.). All new species described herein are mainly differentiated from their congeners based on the morphology of the copulatory complex. In P. peruensis n. sp. the cirrus is “J”-like shaped tube slightly tilted to one side, while in P. jumboi n. sp. is “J”-like shaped tube in a straight position and in P. multiradiatus n. sp. the cirrus is an arced tube with inflated base and distally narrow. Brochis (Orcés, V.) represents a new genus hosting species of Philocorydoras. All new species presented in this work represent the first species of Philocorydoras reported for Peru.

     

Transfers to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Simsia</Emphasis> and description of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Davilanthus</Emphasis>, a new genus of Asteraceae (Heliantheae)

Taxonomic changes are made to reflect a reassessment of morphology based on the results of molecular phylogenetic studies. A new genus, Davilanthus, is described to include six species that collectively form the sister group to Simsia, and includes the following species transferred from Viguiera: Davilanthus davilae, Davilanthus hidalgoanus, Davilanthus hypargyreus, Davilanthus huajuapanus, Davilanthus purpusii, and Davilanthus sericeus. Three species formerly placed in Viguiera ser. Grammatoglossae are transferred to Simsia: Simsia benziorum, Simsia ovata, and Simsia rhombifolia.     

马鞍菌属3个中国新记录

【背景】目前国内学者已发表60个马鞍菌属物种,但山西省尚缺乏马鞍菌属真菌分布的系统性报道。【目的】调查我国山西省马鞍菌属的种类组成及地理分布。【方法】采集标本,对其进行详细的形态特征描述,并提取DNA,测定热激蛋白(heat shock protein, hsp)和核糖体大亚基(large subunit, LSU)序列,基于贝叶斯法(Bayesian inference, BI)和最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML)构建分子系统发育树。【结果】鉴定结果表明这3个马鞍菌属物种分别为类帽状马鞍菌(Helvella capucinoides)、丹麦马鞍菌(H. danica)和柔毛马鞍菌(H. pubescens)。它们在形态上与模式标本的描述基本一致。基于hsp和LSU的系统发育关系分析也支持形态学的鉴定结果。【结论】参考我国截至目前已报道的马鞍菌属物种,确定这3个种均为中国新记录种。     

Stimulation of the Biosynthesis of the Antibiotics Lambertellols by the Mycoparasitic Fungus Lambertella corni-maris under the Acidic Conditions Produced by Its Host Fungus in Vitro

The filamentous fungus, Lambertella corni-maris (L. corni-maris), a mycoparasite on Monilinia fructigena, produces the antibiotics, lambertellols A (1), B (2), and lambertellin (3), in a substantial amounts under acidic conditions, whereas these antibiotics were hardly detected when the fungus was cultured on a potato-sucrose (PS) medium without added acids. Our investigations also revealed that the host, M. fructigena, changed its surroundings into acidic conditions, suggesting that the acidic conditions acted as kairomones that stimulated the production of 1–3.     

取消药品加成对县级公立医院经济运营的影响分析

目的 探讨取消药品加成政策的实施对县级公立医院经济运营所产生的影响。方法 运用对比研究的方法对四川省6家试点县级公立医院的经济运行状况进行分析。结果 取消药品加成政策实施后县级公立医院收支结余下降，补偿渠道发生变化。结论 加强政府财政投入和相关政策的落实力度，警惕医院将取消药品加成损失向其他收费项目转移。     

专项整治对综合医院抗菌药物使用强度的影响

??????? 目的 探讨抗菌药物临床应用专项整治活动对综合医院住院患者抗菌药物使用强度的影响。方法 以限定日剂量（DDD）为单位,对某综合性医院在实施专项整治前、后住院患者抗菌药物使用强度（AUD）进行统计、分析。结果 专项整治活动降低了住院患者累计AUD值,大环内酯类等药物AUD明显下降,第二代、第三代和第四代头孢菌素和不同管理级别抗菌药物AUD均下降。但还存在用药集中、注射用头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠AUD下降不明显等问题。结论 专项整治有效降低了综合医院住院患者AUD,但与卫生行政部门标准仍存在差距,应进一步加强管理。     

Review of subtribe Pterellina Rohdendorf, 1967 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) of Middle East with descriptions of twelve new species

Summary

Based on a revision of large recent collections housed at the Natural History Museum (London), Tel Aviv University and in the private collection of Yu. Verves and L. Khrokalo (Kyiv, Ukraine), new distributional data and an updated list with comments of 28 species of Middle Eastern Sarcophagidae of the subtribe Pterellina are presented. Seventeen of them are recorded for Israel, 11 for Egypt, four for Iran, two each for the Palestinian Authority, Saudi Arabia and Turkey, and one each for Jordan and the UAE. No data are known for the territories of Bahrain, Cyprus, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Syria and Yemen. Twelve species new to science are described, including nine from Israel (Chaetapodacra montana n. sp., Eremasiomyia bicolor n. sp., E. deserta n. sp., E. fuscata n. sp., Protomiltogramma bidentata n. sp., P. serrata n. sp., Pterella hermonica n. sp., P. indigens n. sp., P. zefatica n. sp.), two from Egypt (Chaetapodacra griseola n. sp., Eremasiomyia alba n. sp.) and one from Saudi Arabia (Protomiltogramma arabica n. sp.). The male of Eremasiomyia nigra Rohdendorf, 1935 is described for the first time. One new combination of specific name is proposed ? Protomiltogramma immunita (Villeneuve, 1923), n. comb. Original keys for the identification of genera and species are proposed. An annotated list of all world genera and species and compiled data on larval habits of Pterellina are included.     

黄皮果皮中的抗菌活性成分研究

为了解黄皮[Clausena lansium(Lour.)Skeels]果皮中的抗菌活性成分,采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱等方法,从黄皮果皮的乙醇提取物中分离得到10个化合物,经波谱学分析鉴定为:lansine(1)、3-甲酰基咔唑(2)、3-甲酰基-6-甲氧基咔唑(3)、6-甲氧基咔唑-3-羧酸甲酯(4)、(6R,7E,9S)-9-羟基-4,7-巨豆二烯-3-酮(5)、7-羟基香豆素(6)、8-羟基呋喃香豆素(7)、辛黄皮酰胺(8)、对羟基肉桂酸甲酯(9)和胡萝卜苷(10)。其中化合物5和9为首次从黄皮属植物中分离得到,化合物8的碳谱数据是首次报道。用滤纸片琼脂扩散法测定化合物的抗菌活性,结果表明,化合物1、2、3、6、7和9对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)有抑制作用。这有利于更好地开发利用黄皮这一药食两用的水果资源。     

妇产科医师鉴别胜任特征研究

目的 获取绩效优秀妇产科医师区别于绩效普通妇产科医师的胜任特征。方法 在编制医师胜任特征词典的基础上,以10名绩优和10名绩平医师为研究对象,采用行为事件访谈法收集数据,对不同绩效组医师胜任特征的频次、平均等级分值和最高等级分值的差异采用Wilcoxon秩和检验进行分析。结果 鉴别胜任特征包括严谨细致、团队合作等18项特征。结论 鉴别胜任特征对妇产科医师人力资源规划、招聘、培训有一定参考价值。

     

潍坊市公立医院卫生人才流失的现状分析及对策研究

目的 对公立医院卫生人才流失现状进行实证研究,分析其原因并提出相应对策。方法 采用分层抽样方法对潍坊市29家公立医院卫生人才进行问卷调查。结果 公立医院卫生人才流失现象较为普遍,流失率为30.9%,流失原因多为个人发展、薪酬、执业环境。结论 应采取相应对策提高公立医院卫生人才的稳定性,完善相应的管理机制,规范人才的合理流动。