高频超声在乳腺微小结节良恶性鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的:探究高频超声在乳腺微小结节良恶性鉴别诊断中的应用价值及其超声表现。方法:选取我院乳腺外科收治的确诊为乳腺微小结节的患者184例,术前采用高频超声技术对患者进行结节探测,将探测结果与病理切片比较,同时对良恶性微小结节之间的形态、血流、微钙化以及边缘轮廓等情况进行图像分析,总结两者之间存在的差异。结果:1经过高频超声,检测出184例乳腺微小结节患者,有238处微小结节,其中良性结节194处、恶性结节44处;病理切片显示,微小结节244处,其中良性结节197处、恶性结节47处。与病理切片比较,高频超声的结节检出率高达97.5%,良恶性结节的检出准确率分别为98.5%、93.6%;2结节形态规则度对比,良性结节较恶性结节更规则(P0.05);钙化情况比较,并非所有结节都出现钙化,两者钙化情况暂无可比性;结节边缘轮廓清晰度比较,良性结节多表现为边缘清晰,而恶性肿瘤多表现为边缘模糊;结节边缘良性结节较恶性结节更清晰;3血流检出率比较,恶性结节组显著高于良性结节组(P0.05)。结论:高频超声技术对乳腺微小结节的检出率较高,错误率较低,是鉴别乳腺微小结节良恶性的重要手段,具有较高的应用价值,对乳腺癌的早期诊断具有重大意义。     

甲状腺结节良恶性的彩色多普勒超声特征及其诊断价值分析

目的:研究甲状腺结节良恶性的彩色多普勒超声特征及其诊断价值。方法:选取从2016年3月~2019年2月于我院接受手术治疗的甲状腺疾病患者300例作为研究对象,均予以彩超检查,比较甲状腺良恶性结节的超声特征(主要包括直径、钙化情况、边界、回声、血流状况)。以病理活检结果为金标准,分析彩超诊断甲状腺结节良恶性的敏感性、特异性以及准确度。对比甲状腺良恶性结节的血流分型情况以及各项血流动力学参数。结果:恶性结节超声特征直径≥2 cm、有钙化、边界模糊、无回声/低回声、血流丰富人数占比均高于良性结节(均P<0.05)。以手术病理组织活检结果作为金标准,彩色多普勒超声诊断甲状腺结节的敏感性、特异性以及准确度分别为97.73%、86.11%、96.33%。甲状腺良性结节血流分型为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型人数占比高于恶性结节,而Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型人数占比低于恶性结节(均P<0.05)。甲状腺良性结节的收缩期峰值血流速度(PSV)、阻力指数(RI)均低于恶性结节,而舒张末期血流速度(EDV)高于恶性结节(均P<0.05)。结论:彩色多普勒超声对甲状腺结节良恶性的鉴别价值较高,且具有较高的敏感性、特异性以及准确度,可为甲状腺良恶性结节的早期诊断、临床治疗提供重要的参考依据。     

Ultrastructural analysis of ineffective alfalfa nodules formed by nif::Tn5 mutants of Rhizobium meliloti.

Ineffective alfalfa nodules formed by Rhizobium meliloti nif::Tn5 mutants were examined by light and electron microscopy. R. meliloti nifH::Tn5 mutants formed nodules that were similar in structure to wild-type nodules except that nifH- bacteroids accumulated a compact, electron-dense body. In contrast to nodules induced by wild type and nifH mutants, nifDK- R. meliloti mutants induced nodules which contained numerous starch grains and prematurely senescent bacteroids. In addition, meristematic activity in nifDK- nodules ceased significantly earlier than in nifH- nodules. All mutant nodules exhibited elevated levels of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes compared to wild-type nodule cells. These elevated levels may reflect either a response to nitrogen starvation in the ineffective nodules or an abnormal synthesis and export of nodule-specific proteins during later developmental stages.     

Sucrose synthase and enolase expression in actinorhizal nodules ofAlnus glutinosa: comparison with legume nodules

Two different types of nitrogen-fixing root nodules are known — actinorhizal nodules induced byFrankia and legume nodules induced by rhizobia. While legume nodules show a stem-like structure with peripheral vascular bundles, actinorhizal nodule lobes resemble modified lateral roots with a central vascular bundle. To compare carbon metabolism in legume and actinorhizal nodules, sucrose synthase and enolase cDNA clones were isolated from a cDNA library, obtained from actinorhizal nodules ofAlnus glutinosa. The expression of the corresponding genes was markedly enhanced in nodules compared to roots. In situ hybridization showed that, in nodules, both sucrose synthase and enolase were expressed at high levels in the infected cortical cells as well as in the pericycle of the central vascular bundle of a nodule lobe. Legume sucrose synthase expression was studied in indeterminate nodules from pea and determinate nodules fromPhaseolus vulgaris by usingin situ hybridization.     

大叶相思的结瘤固氮和吸氢酶活性

本文报道大叶相思的结瘤固氮和氢酶活性的研究结果。大叶相思结瘤状况与其他含羞草亚科的树种相似,刚形成的幼瘤为单生球状或椭圆形,以后顶端伸长或分叉,呈分叉状、姜状和扇状。同一植株的不同成熟度根瘤的固氮活性也不同,成熟壮瘤固氮活性最高,幼瘤次之,衰老瘤最低。不同立地条件下种植的大叶相思根瘤固氮活性虽有差异,但生长在pH4.7的酸性红壤中的大叶相思,根瘤固氮活性仍具有较高水平。大叶相思根瘤固氮活性也有明显的季节变化,夏秋较高,春冬较低。根瘤离体后7小时内固氮活性变化不大,甚至在离体后21小时内仍维持一定水平的固氮活性。大叶相思根瘤具有吸氢酶,其吸H_2活性在最初3小时内随时间延长而升高,3—7小时内仍维持一定水平。在根瘤固氮系统中注入外源分子H_2,可提高固氮酶活性,外源H_2最适浓度为7.5％。由于其根瘤具有催化吸收分子H_2的氢酶系统,能吸收利用固氮反应所放出的大量H_2,因而能更有效地利用光合产物于固氮过程。大叶相思根瘤离体后能较长时间维持高的固氮活性水平,可能与其吸H_2酶系统有关。     

Acetylene reduction by effective and ineffective clover and soybean root nodules

Summary Acetylene was reduced to ethylene by effective white clover nodules and by fully and partially effective intact nodules, nodule homogenates, and bacteroids of soybeans. Succinate and several amino acids markedly stimulated the reduction by effective soybean bacteroids, but the stimulation was slight with partially effective bacteroids. Acetylene metabolism by effective soybean bacteroids was also enhanced by excretions of in vitro-grown Rhizobium japonicum, excretions of bacteria derived from effective and ineffective nodules, and the soluble fraction from these nodules. Inhibitors of nitrogen fixation were not found in ineffective nodules. Ineffective soybean and white clover nodules and homogenates or isolated bacteria from ineffective soybean nodules did not reduce acetylene. Additions of succinate, amino acids, the soluble fraction of effective nodules, or excretions of effective bacteroids or of in vitro-grown cells of an effective R. japonicum strain did not promote nitrogen fixation by bacterial cells obtained from ineffective soybean nodules.     

Sucrose synthase and enolase expression in actinorhizal nodules ofAlnus glutinosa: comparison with legume nodules

Two different types of nitrogen-fixing root nodules are known — actinorhizal nodules induced byFrankia and legume nodules induced by rhizobia. While legume nodules show a stem-like structure with peripheral vascular bundles, actinorhizal nodule lobes resemble modified lateral roots with a central vascular bundle. To compare carbon metabolism in legume and actinorhizal nodules, sucrose synthase and enolase cDNA clones were isolated from a cDNA library, obtained from actinorhizal nodules ofAlnus glutinosa. The expression of the corresponding genes was markedly enhanced in nodules compared to roots. In situ hybridization showed that, in nodules, both sucrose synthase and enolase were expressed at high levels in the infected cortical cells as well as in the pericycle of the central vascular bundle of a nodule lobe. Legume sucrose synthase expression was studied in indeterminate nodules from pea and determinate nodules fromPhaseolus vulgaris by usingin situ hybridization.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonize nonfixing root nodules of several legume species

Many legumes form tripartite symbiotic associations with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Rhizobia are located in root nodules and provide the plant with fixed atmospheric nitrogen, while AMF colonize plant roots and deliver several essential nutrients to the plant. Recent studies showed that AMF are also associated with root nodules. This might point to interactions between AMF and rhizobia inside root nodules. Here, we test whether AMF colonize root nodules in various plant-AMF combinations. We also test whether nodules that are colonized by AMF fix nitrogen. Using microscopy, we observed that AMF colonized the root nodules of three different legume species. The AMF colonization of the nodules ranged from 5% to 74% and depended on plant species, AMF identity and nutrient availability. However, AMF-colonized nodules were not active, that is, they did not fix nitrogen. The results suggest that AMF colonize old senescent nodules after nitrogen fixation has stopped, although it is also possible that AMF colonization of nodules inhibits nitrogen fixation.     

Carbohydrate and organic acid composition of effective and ineffective root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris

Dicarboxylic acid transport mutants of Rhizobium species are usually deficient in their ability to fix atmospheric dinitrogen. We report here a study comparing the physiology of root nodules on Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Goldie induced by an effective strain of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli and a C₄-dicarboxylic acid utilization mutant. The mutant, while able to form nodules, was ineffective in N₂ fixation. Carbohydrates and organic acids of roots and nodules formed by the 2 strains were monitored at 3-day intervals from 13 to 34 days after inoculation. Both carbohydrates and organic acids accumulated in ineffective nodules in comparison with the effective nodules. The concentration of malic acid was tenfold higher in ineffective nodules than in effective nodules. Other organic acids, i.e., lactate, malonate, ascorbate and gluconate, were also detected. Lactate and ascorbate were the only other organic acids accumulating in ineffective nodules. The most prevalent carbohydrates found in both types of nodules were sucrose, glucose and fructose. Myo-inositol was the only cyclitol detected in both types of nodules. Carbohydrates and organic acids were present in lower concentration in roots than in nodules, except for lactate. These compounds were not consistently detected in higher concentration in roots from plants inoculated with the mutant strain, as was the case in nodules.     

Two kinds of "recombination nodules" in Neurospora crassa

Two morphological types of recombination nodules, termed early and late, are recognized in Neurospora crassa. Eighty nuclei at different substages were used to determine numbers of nodules per nucleus, distribution of nodules along the nucleolus-organizing chromosome, and distribution of nodules among the two largest chromosomes. Early nodules appear at the synaptonemal complex at early zygotene and increase in number during zygotene until a dramatic reduction occurs at zygotene-pachytene transition. Thereafter early nodules are steadily eliminated until they disappear by diplotene. Late nodules are also present during zygotene. Their number doubles at the zygotene-pachytene transition and stays at this level until diplotene. The total number of nodules is rather constant through zygotene and pachytene. Distribution of bivalents with 0, 1, 2, etc. nodules follows a Poisson distribution at zygotene, but not at pachytene, where variance is less than the mean, indicating positive interference. Nodules are distributed nonrandomly along the nucleolus-organizer bivalent. The pattern differs slightly in nuclei of different origin. Nuclei with unusual synaptonemal complexes sustain normal levels of recombination by having the same amount of nodules as normal nuclei. In abnormal nuclei nodules are preferentially associated with normal segments. It is proposed that early nodules do not participate in any form of recombination but have a role in finding an appropriate site for a crossing-over event. Morphological change to the late type indicates that the site has been reached and the exchange event can be mediated by the late nodule.     

The Lotus japonicus Sen1 gene controls rhizobial differentiation into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids in nodules

A Lotus japonicus mutant, Ljsym75, which forms ineffective symbiotic nodules and defines a new locus involved in the process of nitrogen fixation, was characterized in detail in order to identify the stage of developmental arrest of the nodules. No nitrogen-fixing activity was detectable in Ljsym75 nodules at any stage during plant development, and plant growth was markedly retarded. Ljsym75 plants formed twice as many nodules as the wild-type Gifu, and this phenotype was not influenced by the application of low concentrations of nitrate. Although the ineffective nodules formed on Ljsym75 were anatomically similar to effective Gifu nodules, Ljsym75 nodules senesced prematurely. Microscopic examination revealed that bacteria endocytosed into Ljsym75 nodules failed to differentiate into bacteroids. Moreover, the bacteria contained no nitrogenase proteins, whereas leghemoglobin was detected in the cytosol of the nodules. These results indicate that Ljsym75 is required for bacterial differentiation into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids in nodules, and thus the Ljsym75 gene was renamed sen1 (for stationary endosymbiont nodule). Linkage analysis using DNA markers showed that Sen1 is located on chromosome 4.     

用ESR方法研究大豆根瘤细胞和类菌体对环境的敏感性

用ＥＳＲ波谱方法研究了完整大豆根瘤里的根瘤细胞及根瘤细胞中的类菌体对环境的敏感性,分别比较了三种不同类型（快生,慢生,超慢生）的根瘤菌侵染所结的根瘤,测量了不同的发育时期和不同氧化时间ＥＳＲ波谱的变化,观察到根瘤细胞及根瘤内类菌体的豆血红蛋白和钼铁蛋白的ＥＳＲ波谱由氧化而产生的改变,表明了大豆根瘤细胞和根瘤内类苗体所处的状态以及对环境敏感性的不同。     

Fungal nutrition allocation enhances mutualism with fungus-growing termite

Fungal nodules and aged fungus gardens are products of termite fungiculture systems, and are the diets of termites. To understand the nutrition flow in fungiculture, we quantified the number and mass of fungal nodules produced along with fungus garden maturation and analysed the α-amino acid and fatty acid compositions of fungal nodules, fungus gardens, and termite tissues of a fungus-growing termite, Odontotermes formosanus. 1 g of fungus garden produced 5,148 fungal nodules (∼68.0 mg). Approximately 7.0% of α-amino acids were allocated to the fungal nodules and the rest (∼93.0%) remained in the fungus gardens. The compositions of α-amino acids or fatty acids in aged fungus gardens and fungal nodules were more similar to that of termite tissues than fresh fungus gardens, which supports the idea that termites nutritionally depend on the fungal products. Among the 18 α-amino acids, tryptophan was an essential amino acid and was the only one missing from fresh and aged fungus gardens, but found in fungal nodules at significantly higher concentrations. Hence, termites must consume fungal nodules to obtain tryptophan for survival. Furthermore, the fungus spores incorporated in nodules, were transferred when nodules were ingested by termites. We propose that allocating tryptophan in fungal nodules is crucial to enhance the mutualism between the fungus and termite.     

住院糖尿病患者中甲状腺结节的流行病学研究

目的:观察住院糖尿病患者中甲状腺结节的患病率,探讨二者间潜在的关系。方法:于2008年8月~2011年12月间对上海交通大学附属第一人民医院南院因糖尿病收治入院的全部患者进行甲状腺相关病史收集、血清甲状腺激素检测及超声波检查,以筛查甲状腺结节。结果:在收治的660例糖尿病患者中,住院期间发现并诊断合并有甲状腺结节患者为221例,患病率为33.5%。进一步分析糖尿病患者临床特征与甲状腺结节关系,男性为29.8%,女性为38.4%,明显高于男性患者,二者相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);糖尿病患者甲状腺结节患病率有随年龄增长而升高的趋势,与≤30岁年龄组相比,年龄51岁~70岁组及≥70岁组结节患病率均明显升高,差异有统计学意义(41.1%,37.6%15.4%,均P<0.05);1型糖尿病患者甲状腺结节患病率为24.1%,2型糖尿病中为35.3%,高于1型糖尿病,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);糖尿病患者中,不同体重指数、病程、治疗方法组中甲状腺结节患病率相互比较均无明显差异性(均P>0.05)。结论:住院糖尿病患者中甲状腺结节患病率较高,尤其是女性、较大年龄及2型糖尿病患者更为突出,临床上有必要对这些患者进行甲状腺结节的筛查。     

Alnus rubra (Bong.) nodule spore type distribution in southwestern British Columbia

In red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) the nitrogen fixing actinomycete Frankia can be divided into strains which form spores (sp+) within nodules and those that do not. Red alder nodules were collect from 42 sites in southwestern British Columbia and their spore type was determined. Sp+ nodules were found in 18 of the sites, where their proportion ranged from 4 to 93%. The distribution of sites with sp+ nodules was clumped, with significant autocorrelation at the 0–10 km interval. No sp+ nodules were found in any of the eight stands in the submaritime region, indicating a possible continentality effect on spore type distribution. There was a significant positive association between the presence of Rubus spectabilis and the presence sp+ nodules. Stand and soil chemical variables were generally poor predictors of the proportion of sp+ nodules, although total soil nitrogen and exchangeable phosphorus accounted for 36.4 and 28.5% respectively, of the variation in the proportion of sp+ nodules on sites where they were present. There was also a small but significant negative relation between soil pH and the proportion of sp+ nodules and young stands generally did not have any sp+ nodules.     

Aldehyde oxidase (AO) in the root nodules of Lupinus albus and Medicago truncatula: identification of AO in meristematic and infection zones

Phytohormones are involved in the organogenesis of legume root nodules. The source of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in nodules has not been clearly determined. We studied the enzyme aldehyde oxidase (AO; EC 1.2.3.1), that catalyzes the last step of IAA biosynthesis in plants, in the nodules of Lupinus albus and Medicago truncatula. Primordia and young lupin nodules and mature M. truncatula nodules showed AO activity bands after native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gel activity analyses using indole-3-aldehyde as substrate indicated that the nodules of white lupin and M. truncatula have the capability to synthesize IAA via the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway. Immunolocalization and in situ hybridization experiments revealed that AO is preferentially expressed in the meristematic and the invasion zones in Medicago nodules and in the lateral meristematic zone of Lupinus nodules. High IAA immunolabeling was also detected in the meristematic and invasion zones. Low expression levels and no AO activity were detected in lupin Fix- nodules that displayed restricted growth and early senescence. We propose that local synthesis of IAA in the root nodule meristem and modulation of AO expression and activity are involved in regulation of nodule development.     

濒危药用植物降香檀根瘤的解剖学研究

采用显微观察法对国家二级保护植物降香檀根瘤的结构进行细胞学研究。结果表明,降香檀的根瘤生长在侧根上,外表金黄色,呈球形或扁球形;根瘤结构由周皮、皮层、维管系统和侵染组织等4部分组成;根瘤菌在皮层中形成多个侵染区域,增大了根瘤的体积,增强了根瘤菌的固氮能力,更利于降香檀植物的生长发育。     

Nitrate-independent expression of plant nitrate reductase in Lotus japonicus root nodules

Nitrate-independent nitrate reductase (NR) activity is generally found in legume root nodules. Therefore, the effects of nitrate on plant NR activity and mRNA were investigated in the root nodules of Lotus japonicus (L. japonicus). Both NR activity and mRNA levels in roots and root nodules were up-regulated by the addition of nitrate. In the absence of nitrate, NR activity and mRNA were detected in root nodules but not in roots. Southern blotting analysis indicates that NR is encoded by a single gene in L. japonicus. No nitrate was detected in the root nodules or roots of plants grown in the absence of nitrate, while its accumulation was observed in plants supplied with exogenous nitrate. These results indicate that inducible-type NR can be expressed in root nodules in the absence of nitrate. The activation state of the nitrate-independent activity of NR was as high as that of NR activity induced by nitrate. NR mRNA expressed independently of nitrate in root nodules without nitrate was localized in the infected regions of the root nodules. Thus, the expression could be related to the specific structure and environment of root nodules.     

Nitrogenase and antioxidant enzyme activities in Phaseolus vulgaris nodules formed by Rhizobium tropici isogenic strains with varying tolerance to salt stress

Common bean plants inoculated with salt-tolerant Rhizobium tropici wild-type strain CIAT899 formed a more active symbiosis than did its decreased salt-tolerance (DST) mutant derivatives (HB8, HB10, HB12 and HB13). The mutants formed partially effective (HB10, HB12) or almost ineffective (HB8, HB13) nodules (Fix(d)) under non-saline conditions. The DST mutant formed nodules that accumulated more proline than did the wild-type nodules, while soluble sugars were accumulated mainly in ineffective nodules. Under salt stress, plant growth, nitrogen fixation, and the activities of the antioxidant defense enzymes of nodules were affected in all symbioses tested. Overall, mutant nodules showed lower antioxidant enzyme activities than wild-type nodules. Levels of nodule catalase appeared to correlate with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing efficiency. Superoxide dismutase and dehydroascorbate reductase seem to function in the molecular mechanisms underlying the tolerance of nodules to salinity.