<Emphasis Type="Italic">Siphonobacter intestinalis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from the feces of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudorhynchus japonicus</Emphasis>

Strain 63MJ-2^T was isolated from the feces of broad-winged katydid (Pseudorhynchus japonicus) collected in Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of this strain showed the highest sequence similarity with that of Siphonobacter aquaeclarae P2^T (96.1%) and had low similarities (below 86.3%) with those of other members of family ‘Flexibacteraceae’. The strain 63MJ-2^T is a strictly aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. The strain grew at 4–35°C (optimum, 25–30°C), pH of 5.0–9.0 (optimum, 6.0–7.0), and 0–2.0% (optimum, 1.0–2.0) (w/v) NaCl. The DNA G+C content of strain 63MJ-2^T was 43.5 mol%. The major fatty acids were C_16:1ω5c (42.5%), iso-C_17:0 3-OH (18.7%), and summed feature 3 (iso-C_15:0 2-OH and/or C_16:1ω7c, 18.0%). The major menaquinone was MK-7 and polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, six unknown aminolipids, and five unknown lipids. Based on the evidence from our polyphasic taxonomic study, we conclude that strain 63MJ-2^T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Siphonobacter, and propose the name Siphonobacter intestinalis sp. nov. The type strain is 63MJ-2^T (=KACC 18663^T =NBRC 111883^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Actinokineospora</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">mzabensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from Saharan soil

A novel actinomycete strain, designated PAL84, was isolated from a Saharan soil sample collected from Béni-Isguen, Ghardaïa (South of Algeria). This strain was studied for its taxonomic position using a polyphasic approach and was identified as a member of the genus Actinokineospora. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain PAL84 had 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with members of the genus Actinokineospora ranging from 96.2 % (Actinokineospora inagensis DSM 44258^T) to 97.8 % (Actinokineospora baliensis NBRC 104211^T). The strain was observed to produce pinkish-purple aerial mycelium and purplish red substrate mycelium, which fragmented readily into chains of non-motile elements. The optimum growth temperature and pH were found to be 25–30 °C and 5.0–7.0, respectively. The cell-wall hydrolysate of strain PAL84 was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid and the diagnostic whole-cell sugars were identified as arabinose and galactose. The predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-9 (H₄). The major fatty acids were found to be iso-C_16:0, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:1 H and iso-C_16:0 2OH. The diagnostic phospholipid detected was phosphatidylethanolamine. The genotypic and phenotypic data show that the strain represents a novel species of the genus Actinokineospora, for which the name Actinokineospora mzabensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain PAL84^T (=DSM 45961^T = CECT 8578^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lysobacter pedocola</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel species isolated from Korean soil

A Gram-negative, yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated IPC6^T, was isolated from soil in an arid region of Goyang-si (Gyeonggi-do, South Korea). Cells were strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped. The strain grew within a temperature range of 10–42°C (optimum, 30°C) and pH of 5.0–11.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) in the presence of 0–2% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetically, the novel strain was closely related to members of the Lysobacter genus based on 16S rRNA sequence similarity, and showed the highest sequence similarity to Lysobacter niastensis KACC 11588^T (98.5%). The predominant fatty acids were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, and summed feature 9 (iso-C_17:1ω9c), with Q-8 identified as the major ubiquinone. The polar lipid content included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unknown aminophospholipid, and an unidentified phospholipid. DNA-DNA hybridization results indicated that the strain IPC6^T was distinct from Lysobacter niastensis KACC 11588^T (37.9 ± 0.14%), Lysobacter panacisoli KACC 17502^T (56.4 ± 0.13%), Lysobacter soli KCTC 22011^T (8.1 ± 0.04%), Lysobacter gummosus KCTC 12132^T (9.6 ± 0.03%), and Lysobacter cavernae KCTC 42875^T (37.5 ± 0.14%), respectively. The DNA G + C content of the novel strain was 71.1 mol%. Based on the collective phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic data, the IPC6^T strain is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter pedocola sp. nov. (= KCTC 42811^T = JCM 31020^T) is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacterium knui</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel member of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacteriaceae</Emphasis>

A Gram-stain negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated 2-56^T, was isolated from water and characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 2-56^T belongs to the family Flavobacteriaceae in the phylum Bacteroidetes and is closely related to Flavobacterium paronense KNUS1^T (98.4%) and Flavobacterium collinsense 4-T-2^T (96.7%). The G?+?C content of the genomic DNA of strain 2-56^T was 33.4 mol%. The isolate contained MK-6 as the predominant respiratory quinone, and iso-C_15:1 G (15.9%), iso-C_15:0 (15.8%), iso-C_17:0 3-OH (10.7%), and iso-C_15:0 3-OH (9.6%) were the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified lipid. The phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data support the affiliation of strain 2-56^T with the genus Flavobacterium. However, the DNA–DNA relatedness between the isolate and F. paronense and F. collinsense were 35.7 and 21.5%, respectively, clearly showing that strain 2-56^T is not related to them at the species level. Strain 2-56^T could be clearly differentiated from its close neighbours on the basis of its phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, strain 2-56^T represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium knui sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 2-56^T (=?KCTC 62061^T?=?JCM 32247^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ascidiaceibacter salegens</Emphasis> gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from an ascidian

An aerobic, Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium, designated as strain HQA918^T, was isolated from an ascidian, Botryllus schlosseri, which was collected from the coast of Weihai in the north of the Yellow Sea, in China. The strain grew optimally at 28–30 °C, at pH values 7.0–8.0, and in the presence of 1.0–3.0% (w/v) sodium chloride (NaCl). A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HQA918^T can be affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae in the phylum Bacteroidetes, with 92.7% similarity to its close relatives. The major fatty acids identified were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0 3-OH, and summed feature 3 (iso-C_15:0 2-OH and/or C_16:1ω7c). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid, and five unidentified polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 44.1 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic, genotypic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic data, this organism should be classified as a representative of a novel genus, for which the name Ascidiaceibacter gen. nov. is proposed. The type species is Ascidiaceibacter salegens sp. nov. (type strain HQA918^T?=?KCTC 52719^T?=?MCCC 1K03259^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Spirosoma metallicus</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from an automobile air conditioning system

A Gram-stain-negative and orangish yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated PR1014K^T, was isolated from an automobile evaporator core collected in Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain PR1014K^T was related with the members of the genus Spirosoma (94.7–90.2%) and closely related with Spirosoma lacussanchae CPCC 100624^T (94.7%), Spirosoma knui 15J8-12^T (94.3%), and Spirosoma soli MIMBbqt12^T (93.3%). The strain grew at 15–40°C (optimum, 25°C), pH 6.5–7.0 (optimum, 6.5) and 0–1% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%). The predominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c), C_16:0, iso-C_15:0, C_16:1 ω5c, and iso-C_17:0 3-OH. The major menaquinone was MK-7. The polar lipid profile of the strain indicated that the presence of one phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid, two unidentified aminophospholipids, and three unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 47.4 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain PR1014K^T represents a novel species in the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma metallicus sp. nov. (=KACC 17940^T =NBRC 110792^T) is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Algoriphagus formosus</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from coastal sediment

A Gram-stain negative, facultative anaerobic, non-motile, strongly orange-pigmented and rod-shaped bacterium, designated XAY3209^T, was isolated from a marine sediment sample collected from the coast of Weihai, China. Strain XAY3209^T was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0 and in the presence of 2.0% (w/v) NaCl. Its genomic DNA G+C content was 41.9 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the novel isolate belongs to the family Cyclobacteriaceae and is related to the genus Algoriphagus. It shares 98.1% 16S rRNA sequence identity with Algoriphagus marincola, its close phylogenetic relative, but did not show similarities more than 97% with other members of the genus Algoriphagus with validly published names. It contained menaquinone-7 (MK-7) as the sole respiratory quinone, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:1 ω9c and Summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C_15:0 2-OH) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid, one unidentified phospholipid and five unidentified lipids. Results of physiological experiments, biochemical tests and genome average nucleotide identity value (with A. marincola MCCC 1F01203^T) indicate that strain XAY3209^T is genetically and phenotypically distinct from the species of the genus Algoriphagus with validly published names. Strain XAY3209^T therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Algoriphagus formosus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is XAY3209^T (= KCTC 52842^T = MCCC 1H00189^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacterium zaozhuangense</Emphasis> sp. nov., a new member of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacteriaceae</Emphasis>, isolated from metolachlor-contaminated soil

Strain ZZ-8^T, a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile, yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from metolachlor-contaminated soil in China. The taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain ZZ-8^T is a member of the genus Flavobacterium and shows high sequence similarity to Flavobacterium humicola UCM-46^T (97.2%) and Flavobacterium pedocola UCM-R36^T (97.1%), and lower (<?97%) sequence similarity to other known Flavobacterium species. Chemotaxonomic analysis revealed that strain ZZ-8^T possessed MK-6 as the major respiratory quinone; and iso-C_15:0 (28.5%), summed feature 9 (iso-C_17:1 w9c/C_16:0 10-methyl, 22.9%), iso-C_17:0 3-OH (17.0%), iso-C_15:0 3-OH (8.9%), iso-C_15:1 G (8.6%) and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 w7c/C_16:1 w6c, 5.7%) as the predominant fatty acids. The polar lipids of strain ZZ-8^T were determined to be lipids, a glycolipid, aminolipids and phosphatidylethanolamine. Strain ZZ-8^T showed low DNA–DNA relatedness with F. pedocola UCM-R36^T (43.23?±?4.1%) and F. humicola UCM-46^T (29.17?±?3.8%). The DNA G+C content was 43.3 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, chemotaxonomic data and DNA–DNA hybridization, strain ZZ-8^T is considered a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium zaozhuangense sp. nov. (type strain ZZ-8^T?=?KCTC 62315 ^T?=?CCTCC AB 2017243^T) is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus spongiae</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from sponge of Jeju Island

A Gram-reaction-positive, strictly aerobic, motile, endospore- forming, and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated 135PIL107-10^T was isolated from a sponge on Jeju Island, and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Strain 135PIL107-10^T grew at 20–37°C (optimum temperature, 25°C) and pH 6.0–10.0 (optimum pH, 6.0) on marine and R2A agars. Based on 16S rRNA gene phylogeny analysis, the novel strain formed a new branch within the genus Bacillus of the family Bacillaceae, and formed clusters with Bacillus thaohiensis NHI-38^T (96.8%), Bacillus fengqiuensis NPK15^T (96.7%), and Bacillus songklensis CAU 1033^T (96.7%). Lower sequence similarities (97.0%) were found with the type strains of all other recognized members of the genus Bacillus (95.6–96.8% similarity). The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 43.6 mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7 and the major fatty acids were iso-C_15:0 and iso-C_17:1ω10c. The overall polar lipid patterns were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Bacillus spongiae sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 135PIL107-10^T (= KACC 19275^T = LMG 30080^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Anoxybacillus sediminis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from a hot spring

A Gram-stain positive, moderately thermophilic, aerobic, spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium, designated YIM 73012^T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a hot spring located in Tibet, China, and was characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. The strain is oxidase positive and catalase negative. Growth occurred at 37–65 °C (optimum, 45–50 °C), at pH 6.0–8.5 (optimum, pH 7.0–7.5) and with 0.5–3.5% NaCl (optimum, 0.5–1.0%, w/v). The major fatty acids were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0 and C_16:0. The major polar lipids comprised of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The cell wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The respiratory quinone was MK-7. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 43.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain YIM 73012^T forms a distinct lineage with respect to the genus Anoxybacillus in the family Bacillaceae. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence identities the closely related phylogenetic neighbours are Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus DSM 15730^T (96.7%) and Saccharococcus thermophilus DSM 4749^T (96.6%). Strain YIM 73012^T was distinguishable from the closely related reference strains by the differences in phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics, and represents a novel species of the genus Anoxybacillus, for which the name Anoxybacillus sp. nov. is proposed. The type species is Anoxybacillus sediminis sp. nov., with the type strain YIM 73012^T (=?KCTC 33884^T?=?DSM 103835^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacterium parvum</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from soil polluted by sewer water

A novel Gram-stain-negative, motile by means of gliding, and short rod-shaped bacterium, designated HS916T, was isolated from soil polluted by sewer water in Cheonan-si, South Korea. Growth occurred at 10–35°C (optimum 30°C), pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum pH 7.0), and 0–1% sodium chloride (NaCl, w/v). Based on similarities of 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain HS916^T was closely related to members of the genus Flavobacterium, exhibiting the highest sequence similarities with Flavobacterium glycines Gm-149^T (96.4%), followed by F. granuli Kw05^T (96.3%), F. fluminis 3R17^T (96.3%), F. aquicola TMd3a3^T (96.2%), and F. nitratireducens N1^T (96.2%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain HS916T was placed in a monophyletic cluster with F. nitratireducens N1^T and F. fluminis 3R17^T. The predominant fatty acids (> 5% of the total) of strain HS916^T were iso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0 3-OH, C_17:1ω6с, C_16:0 3-OH, iso-C_17:0 3-OH, and summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7с and/or C_16:1ω6с). The major polar lipids of the strain comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminolipids, and five unidentified lipids. The predominant respiratory quinone and the major polyamine were menaquinone-6 (MK-6) and symhomospermidine, respectively. The DNA G + C content of strain HS916^T was 34.9 mol%. Based on polyphasic analyses, strain HS916^T represents a novel species belonging to the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium parvum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HS916T (= KACC 19448^T = JCM 32368^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacterium ureilyticum</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel urea hydrolysing bacterium isolated from stream bank soil

A novel bacterium designated S-42^T was isolated from stream bank soil. Cells were found to be aerobic, Gram staining-negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, and yellow-pigmented. The strain can grow at 15–35 °C, pH 6.0–10.0, and at 0.5% (w/v) NaCl concentration. Urea was hydrolysed. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain S-42^T formed a lineage within the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes that is distinct from various species of the genus Flavobacterium, including Flavobacterium maotaiense T9^T (97.6% sequence similarity), Flavobacterium hibernum ATCC 51468^T (97.4%), and Flavobacterium granuli Kw05^T (97.1%). The 16S rRNA gene sequences identity between strain S-42^T and other members of the genus Flavobacterium were < 97.0%. Strain S-42^T contains MK-6 as sole respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified aminolipid. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C_15:0, summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c and/or C_{16: 1}ω6c), C_16:0, anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 3-OH, iso-C_15:0 3-OH, and iso-C_15:1 G. The DNA G?+?C content of the strain was 35.8 mol%. The polyphasic characterization indicated that strain S-42^T represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium ureilyticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S-42^T (=?KEMB 9005-537^T?=?KACC 19115^T?=?NBRC 112683^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Parabacteroides chongii</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from blood of a patient with peritonitis

An obligate anaerobic, Gram-reaction-negative, non-sporeforming, non-motile, rod shaped bacterium designated YMC B3181^T was isolated from the blood of a patient with peritonitis. Strain B3181^T grew at 20 to 40°C with optimum growth at 37°C. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed strain B3181^T belongs to the genus Parabacteroides and is closely related to Parabacteroides faecis 157^T (97.3%), Parabacteroides gordonii MS-1^T (96.6%), and Parabacteroides goldsteinii DSM 19448^T (95.7%). The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 42.3 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_17:0 3-OH, and the predominant respiratory quinones were MK-9 and MK-10 menaquinones. Genomic and chemotaxonomic data supported affiliation of B3181^T with the genus Parabacteroides. Strain B3181^T was phylogenetically and phenotypically different from recognized species of the genus Parabacteroides. Accordingly, this isolate belongs to a novel species for which the name Parabacteroides chongii sp. nov. (type strain YMC B3181^T = LMG 30065^T = KACC 19034^T) is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Deinococcus petrolearius</Emphasis> sp. nov. isolated from crude oil recovery water in China

A Gram-stain positive, non-motile, spherical, red-pigmented and facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated strain 6.1^T, was isolated from a crude oil recovery water sample from the Huabei oil field in China. The novel strain exhibited tolerance of UV irradiation (> 1000 J m^?2). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strain 6.1^T shows high similarity to Deinococcus citri DSM 24791^T (98.1%) and Deinococcus gobiensis I-0^T (97.8%), with less than 93.5% similarity to other closely related taxa. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C_15:0 2-OH), followed by iso-C_17:1 ω9c and C_16:0. The polar lipid profile was found to contain phospholipids, glycolipids, phosphoglycolipids and aminophospholipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as MK-8. The DNA G + C content was determined to be 68.3 mol %. DNA–DNA hybridization between strain 6.1^T and D. citri DSM 24791^T was 45.6 ± 7.1% and with D. gobiensis I-O^T was 36.6 ± 4.7%. On the basis of phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, we conclude strain 6.1^T represents a novel species of the genus Deinococcus, for which we propose the name Deinococcus petrolearius sp. nov. The type strain is 6.1^T (= CGMCC 1.15053^T = KCTC 33744^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Myroides injenensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a new member isolated from human urine

A Gram-negative, yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped bacteria, designated M09-0166^Tand M09-1053 were isolated from human urine samples. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the isolates belong to the Myroides cluster and were closely related to Myroides phaeus DSM 23313^T (96.3 %), Myroides odoratimimus KCTC 23053^T (96.1 %), Myroides profundi KCTC 23066^T (96.0 %), Myroides odoratus KCTC 23054^T (95.4 %) and Myroides pelagicus KCTC 12661^T (95.2 %). The major mena quinone was identified as MK-6. The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, amino lipids, and several unknown lipids, and the major fatty acids as iso-C_15:0 and iso-C_17:0 3-OH. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of the isolates with the genus Myroides and clearly indicated that two isolates represent novel species, for which the name Myroides injenensis sp. nov. (type strain, M09-0166^T = KCTC 23367^T = JCM 17451^T) is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zunongwangia flava</Emphasis> sp. nov., belonging to the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacteriaceae</Emphasis>, isolated from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salicornia europaea</Emphasis>

A yellow pigmented bacterium designated strain MBLN094^T within the family Flavobacteriaceae was isolated from a halophyte Salicornia europaea on the coast of the Yellow Sea. This strain was a Gram-stain negative, aerobic, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacterium. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MBLN094^T was found to be related to the genus Zunongwangia, exhibiting 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.0, 96.8, 96.4, and 96.3% to Zunongwangia mangrovi P2E16^T, Z. profunda SM-A87^T, Z. atlantica 22II14-10F7^T, and Z. endophytica CPA58^T, respectively. Strain MBLN094^T grew at 20?37°C (optimum, 25?30°C), at pH 6.0?10.0 (optimum, 7.0?8.0), and with 0.5?15.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2.0?5.0%). Menaquinone MK-6 was the sole respiratory quinone. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, and four unidentified lipids. Major fatty acids were iso-C_17:0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c), and iso-C_15:0. The genomic DNA G + C content was 37.4 mol%. Based on these polyphasic taxonomic data, strain MBLN094^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Zunongwangia, for which the name Zunongwangia flava sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MBLN094^T (= KCTC 62279^T = JCM 32262^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gracilibacillus kimchii</Emphasis> sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium isolated from kimchi

A novel halophilic bacterium, strain K7^T, was isolated from kimchi, a traditional Korean fermented food. The strain is Gram-positive, motile, and produces terminal endospores. The isolate is facultative aerobic and grows at salinities of 0.0–25.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 10–15% NaCl), pH 5.5–8.5 (optimum pH 7.0–7.5), and 15–42°C (optimum 37°C). The predominant isoprenoid quinone in the strain is menaquinone-7 and the peptidoglycan of the strain is meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major fatty acids of the strain are anteisio-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0, and, C_16:0 (other components were < 10.0%), while the major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and three unidentified lipids. A phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that the isolated strain was a cluster of the genus Gracilibacillus. High levels of gene sequence similarity were observed between strain K7^T and Gracilibacillus orientalis XH-63^T (96.5%), and between the present strain and Gracilibacillus xinjiangensis (96.5%). The DNA G+C content of this strain is 37.7 mol%. Based on these findings, strain K7^T is proposed as a novel species: Gracilibacillus kimchii sp. nov. The type strain is K7^T (KACC 18669^T; JCM 31344^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudaminobacter granuli</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from granules used in a wastewater treatment plant

A Gram negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated as Gr-2^T was isolated from granules used in a wastewater treatment plant in Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Strain Gr-2^T grew at 18–37°C (optimum temperature, 30°C) and a pH of 6.0–8.0 (optimum pH, 7.0) on R2A agar medium. Based on 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, the novel strain showed a new branch within the genus Pseudaminobacter of the family Phyllobacteriaceae, and formed clusters with Pseudaminobacter defluvii THI 051^T (98.9%) and Pseudaminobacter salicylatoxidans BN12^T (98.7%). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 63.6%. The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) and the major fatty acids were cyclo-C_19:0 ω8c, C_18:1 ω7c, and iso-C_17:0. The overall polar lipid patterns of Gr-2^T were similar to those determined for the other Pseudaminobacter species. DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain Gr-2^T and its closest phylogenetically neighbors were below 18%. Strain Gr-2^T could be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from the recognized species of the genus Pseudaminobacter. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Pseudaminobacter granuli sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain Gr-2^T (=KACC 18877^T =LMG 29567^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Halomonas heilongjiangensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from saline and alkaline soil

A moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain 9-2^T, was isolated from saline and alkaline soil collected in Lindian county, Heilongjiang province, China. The strain was observed to be strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive and motile. It was found to require NaCl for growth and to grow at NaCl concentrations of 0.5–14 % (w/v) (optimum, 7–10 %, w/v), at temperatures of 10–45 °C (optimum 25–30 °C) and at pH 5.0–10.0 (optimum pH 8.0). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain 9-2^T is a member of the genus Halomonas and is closely related to Halomonas desiderata DSM 9502^T (96.68 %), Halomonas campaniensis DSM 1293^T (96.46 %), Halomonas ventosae DSM 15911^T (96.27 %) and Halomonas kenyensis DSM 17331^T (96.27 %). The DNA–DNA hybridization value was 38.9 ± 0.66 % between the novel isolate 9-2^T and H. desiderata DSM 9502^T. The predominant ubiquinones were identified as Q9 (75.1 %) and Q8 (24.9 %). The major fatty acids were identified as C_16:0 (22.0 %), Summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω6c/C_18:1 ω7c, 19.6 %), Summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω6c/C_16:1 ω7c, 12.6 %), C_12:0 3-OH (12.0 %) and C_10:0 (11.7 %). The DNA G+C content was determined to be 69.7 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain 9-2^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Halomonas, for which the name Halomonas heilongjiangensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 9-2^T (=DSM 26881^T = CGMCC 1.12467^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lysobacter panacihumi</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from ginseng cultivated soil

A Gram-negative, non-motile, aerobic, catalase-, and oxidasepositive bacterial strain, designated DCY117^T, was isolated from ginseng cultivated soil in Gochang-gun, Republic of Korea, and was characterized taxonomically using a multifaceted approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain DCY117^T showed highest similarity to Lysobacter ruishenii CTN-1^T (95.3%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that closely related relatives of strain DCY117^T were L. aestuarii S2-C^T (95.1%), L. daejeonensis GH1-9^T (95.0%), and L. caeni BUT-8^T (94.9%). Diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were the major polar lipids of strain DCY117^T. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The major cellular fatty acids of strain DCY117^T were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, and summed feature 9 (comprising iso-C_17:1ω9c and/or 10-methyl-C_16:0). Genomic DNA G + C content was 61.8 mol%. On the basis of our findings, strain DCY117^T is a novel species in the genus Lysobacter. We propose the name Lysobacter panacihumi sp. nov., and the type strain is DCY117^T (= KCTC 62019^T = JCM 32168^T).