Seasonal changes in the contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration in a cool-temperate deciduous forest

A trenching method was used to determine the contribution of root respiration to soil respiration. Soil respiration rates in a trenched plot (R _trench) and in a control plot (R _control) were measured from May 2000 to September 2001 by using an open-flow gas exchange system with an infrared gas analyser. The decomposition rate of dead roots (R _D) was estimated by using a root-bag method to correct the soil respiration measured from the trenched plots for the additional decaying root biomass. The soil respiration rates in the control plot increased from May (240–320 mg CO₂ m^–2 h^–1) to August (840–1150 mg CO₂ m^–2 h^–1) and then decreased during autumn (200–650 mg CO₂ m^–2 h^–1). The soil respiration rates in the trenched plot showed a similar pattern of seasonal change, but the rates were lower than in the control plot except during the 2 months following the trenching. Root respiration rate (R _r) and heterotrophic respiration rate (R _h) were estimated from R _control, R _trench, and R _D. We estimated that the contribution of R _r to total soil respiration in the growing season ranged from 27 to 71%. There was a significant relationship between R _h and soil temperature, whereas R _r had no significant correlation with soil temperature. The results suggest that the factors controlling the seasonal change of respiration differ between the two components of soil respiration, R _r and R _h.     

Soil respiration and microbial population in a tropical deciduous forest soil of Orissa, India

An investigation was carried out to estimate soil respiration rate and its relationship with microbial population in natural tropical forest soil, deforested soil and deforested-and-cultivated soil of Orissa, India. Soil respiration measurements and microbial isolation were performed following standard procedures. Monthly variation of soil respiration was observed to be governed by soil moisture. Considering respiration as a function of microbial population a regression analysis was made. The microfungal population showed positive relationship with the rate of soil respiration. The study revealed that conversion of natural forest led to a reduction of soil microbes and rate of soil respiration. Considering the importance of the microbial component in soil, we conclude that the conversion of natural forests to different land uses leads to the loss of biological stability of the soil.     

Winter CO2 flux from soil and snow surfaces in a cool-temperate deciduous forest, Japan

We measured diurnal and wintertime changes in CO₂ fluxes from soil and snow surfaces in a Japanese cool-temperate Quercus/Betula forest between December 1994 and May 1995. To evaluate the relationship between these winter fluxes and temperature, flux measurements were made with the open-flow infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) method rather than with the more commonly used closed chamber method or the snow CO₂ profile method. The open-flow IRGA method proved to be more successful in measurements of winter CO₂ fluxes than the two standard methods. Despite colder air temperatures, soil temperature profiles were greater than 0°C because of the thermal insulation effect of deep snowpack. This reveals that soil temperature is satisfactory for microbial respiration throughout the winter. Unfrozen soils under the snowpack showed neither diurnal nor wintertime trends in CO₂ fluxes or in soil surface temperature, although there was a daily snow surface CO₂ flux of 0.18–0.32 g m^–2. By combining this with other reference data, Japanese cool-temperate forest soils in snowy regions can be estimated to emit < 100 g m^–2 carbon over an entire winter, and this value accounts for < 15% of the annual emission. In the present study, when data for all winter fluxes were taken together, fluxes were most highly correlated with deep soil temperatures rather than the soil surface temperature. Such a high correlation can be attributed to the relatively increased respiration of the deep soil where the temperature was higher than the soil surface temperature. Thus, deeper soil temperature is a better predictor of winter CO₂ fluxes in cold and snowy ecosystems.     

Quantitative aspects of heterogeneity in soil organic matter dynamics in a cool-temperate Japanese beech forest: a radiocarbon-based approach

Soil is the largest carbon reservoir in terrestrial ecosystems; it stores twice as much carbon as the atmosphere. It is well documented that global warming can lead to accelerated microbial decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) and enhance the release of CO₂ from the soil to the atmosphere; however, the magnitude and timing of this effect remain highly uncertain due to a lack of quantitative data concerning the heterogeneity of SOC biodegradability. Therefore, we sought to identify SOC pools with respect to their specific mean residence times (MRTs), to use those SOC pools to partition soil respiration sources, and to estimate the potential response of the pools to warming. We collected surface soil and litter samples from a cool-temperate deciduous forest in Japan, chemically separated the samples into SOC fractions, estimated their MRTs based on radiocarbon (¹⁴C) isotope measurements, and used the data to construct a model representing the soil as a complex of six SOC pools with different MRT ranges. We estimate that a minor, fast-cycling SOC pool with an MRT of less than 10 years (corresponding to the O horizon and recognizable plant leaf fragments in the A1 horizon) is responsible for 73% of annual heterotrophic respiration and 44% of total soil respiration. However, the predicted response of these pools to warming demonstrates that the rate of SOC loss from the fast-cycling SOC pool diminishes quickly (within several decades) because of limited substrate availability. In contrast, warming will continue to accelerate SOC loss from slow-cycling pools with MRTs of 20–200 years over the next century. Although using a ¹⁴C-based approach has drawbacks, these estimates provide quantitative insights into the potential importance of slow-cycling SOC dynamics for the prediction of positive feedback to climate change.     

模拟酸雨对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸的初期影响

通过在鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林(季风林)进行野外模拟酸雨试验,对不同酸雨强度处理下的林地土壤呼吸速率进行原位测定,探讨酸雨对南亚热带森林土壤呼吸的初期影响。结果表明:在两年的测定周期内,4个酸雨水平:CK(pH值4.5左右的天然湖水)、T1(pH值4.0)、T2(pH值3.5)和T3(pH值3.0)处理下的年平均土壤呼吸速率分别为(3.07±0.08)、(3.06±0.17)、(2.78±0.29)和(2.56±0.08)μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),其中T3处理显著低于CK和T1处理(P0.05),说明模拟酸雨抑制了季风林土壤呼吸。这种抑制作用大体上随处理时间的延长而逐渐显著,处理间的差异只在测定周期的第二年达到显著水平,且抑制作用的差异显著性只出现在湿季(P0.05)。模拟酸雨对土壤呼吸的抑制作用可能与其胁迫下土壤酸化而导致土壤微生物异养呼吸及凋落物CO_2释放量下降有关。表现为模拟酸雨导致土壤pH值降低,使得土壤酸化加剧;降低了土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,抑制了微生物活性;提高了凋落物质量残留率,抑制了凋落物分解。还与土壤呼吸结果相对应,上述指标对模拟酸雨的响应也大体上随处理时间的延长而逐渐显著。另外,土壤呼吸温度敏感系数Q_(10)值随处理pH值降低有下降的趋势,表明酸雨处理在一定程度上降低了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性。     

气候过渡带锐齿栎林土壤呼吸对降雨改变的响应

作为大气与陆地生态系统之间的第二大碳通量,土壤呼吸是评价陆地生态系统碳循环及碳汇能力的不确定性来源之一。降雨格局改变及其导致的土壤水分变化是调节土壤呼吸的重要驱动。气候过渡带的水热状况受全球降雨格局改变的影响更为明显,揭示该区域森林土壤呼吸对降雨改变的响应规律有助于改善碳循环模型的预测精度。然而,气候过渡区的土壤碳排放过程如何响应降雨格局改变尚不清楚。通过在亚热带-暖温带的过渡区(宝天曼)开展降雨改变实验,以阐明锐齿栎林土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性对降雨增加(50%)和减少(50%)的响应规律。结果表明,降雨增加显著提高土壤湿度(+8.92%)而不影响土壤温度。与对照相比,降雨增加导致土壤呼吸显著提高80.5%,其土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(4.07)显著高于对照样地(2.66)。增雨处理下的土壤呼吸与土壤湿度呈负相关。降雨减少则显著降低土壤湿度(-10.25%),并对土壤呼吸有促进趋势,然而,对土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(2.64)无显著影响。减雨处理下的土壤呼吸强度与土壤湿度呈正相关。这意味着在我国亚热带—暖温带过渡区,降雨增加或减少均对土壤呼吸有不同程度的刺激作用,进而很可能减弱该区域森林生态系统土壤的固碳潜力。     

Temperature-independent diel variation in soil respiration observed from a temperate deciduous forest

The response of soil respiration (R_s) to temperature depends largely on the temporal and spatial scales of interest and how other environmental factors interact with this response. They are often represented by empirical exponential equations in many ecosystem analyses because of the difficulties in separating covarying environmental responses and in observing below ground processes. The objective of this study was to quantify a soil temperature‐independent component in R_s by examining the diel variation of an R_s time series measured in a temperate deciduous forest located at Oak Ridge, TN, USA between March and December 2003. By fitting 2 hourly, continuous automatic chamber measurements of CO₂ efflux at the soil surface to a Q₁₀ function to obtain the temperature‐dependent respiration (R_t) and plotting the diel cycles of R_t, R_s, and their difference (R_i), we found that an obvious temperature‐independent component exists in R_s during the growing season. The diel cycle of this component has a distinct day/night pattern and agrees well with diel variations in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and air temperature. Elevated canopy CO₂ concentration resulted in similar patterns in the diel cycle of the temperature‐independent component but with different daily average rates in different stages of growing season. We speculate that photosynthesis of the stand is one of the main contributors to this temperature‐independent respiration component although more experiments are needed to draw a firm conclusion. We also found that despite its relatively small magnitude compared with the temperature‐dependent component, the diel variation in the temperature‐independent component can lead to significantly different estimates of the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in the study forest. As a result, the common practice of using fitted temperature‐dependent function from night‐time measurements to extrapolate soil respiration during the daytime may underestimate daytime soil respiration.     

Root respiration rate before and just after clear-felling in a mature,deciduous, broad-leaved forest

Soil respiration was measured throughout the year (June 1992 to May 1993) in a mature, deciduous, broad-leaved forest and an adjacent, clear-felled stand which was made in November 1991, in Hiroshima Prefecture, west Japan. The same soil temperature and soil moisture content as those in the forest stand were maintained in two frame boxes covered with sheets of white netting in the clear-felled stand to observe soil respiration. A herbicide was applied to the cut end of all stumps in one of the two frame boxes in order to kill the root system. There was no significant difference in the aboveground biomass and soil environmental conditions between the forest and the frame boxes in the clear-felled stands. The difference in soil respiration rate between the forest and the frame box, in which the root system was killed by the herbicide, was considered to be due largely to the contribution of root respiration. Taking into consideration CO₂ evolution due to the decomposition of roots killed and the change in A₀ layer respiration rate after clear-felling, the proportion of root respiration to the total soil respiration before clear-felling was estimated to be 51% annually, which coincides closely with those values estimated previously in mature forests by other methods. The difference in the soil respiration rate between the two frame boxes (one with killed roots and the other with undisturbed roots) suggested that the annual root respiration rate just after clear-felling dropped to about two-thirds (70%) of that before clear-felling.     

鸡公山典型落叶阔叶林土壤呼吸对食叶虫灾爆发的响应

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的关键环节之一。随着极端气候事件的频发,森林虫害的发生频率和强度也趋于增加,森林虫害爆发已经是影响森林生态系统碳循环过程的一种重要的自然干扰。气候过渡带典型森林生态系统虫灾的爆发是否会影响土壤的碳排放过程目前仍不清楚。本研究利用鸡公山地区麻栎-枫香混交林大规模爆发食叶性害虫的机会,比较虫灾爆发当年(2014)与正常年份(2015)的土壤碳排放通量,以阐明森林虫灾爆发对土壤碳排放通量的影响。结果表明:虫灾爆发当年7、8、9、10月份土壤平均温度比正常年份相应各月份分别高0.26、0.51、0.83、0.07℃,土壤呼吸分别显著提高了129.9%、77.1%、61.6%和58.9%。虫灾爆发年份生长季的平均土壤呼吸为3.55μmol m~(-2)s~(-1),比正常年份(2.77μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))高36.2%;生长季期间的平均土壤异养呼吸比正常年份增加了29.7%。该研究表明森林食叶虫害的爆发至少在短期内可导致森林土壤碳排放量呈显著的增加趋势,近而对森林生态系统土壤碳库积累产生重要影响。因此,充分认识病虫害对森林生态系统的干扰和影响,将有助于陆地生态系统碳循环的准确估算和模拟。     

长白山阔叶红松林退化生态系统的土壤呼吸作用

选择处于全球变化中国东北样带东部典型生态系统的长白山阔叶红松林作为研究区,采用动态气室-CO₂红外分析法测定了森林生态系统不同退化阶段的土壤呼吸作用.结果表明：在生长季,长白山阔叶红松林不同退化阶段的土壤呼吸动态变化呈单峰型曲线,在7-8月达到最大值;不同退化阶段林地土壤呼吸大小顺序为：杨桦林＞蒙古栎林＞阔叶红松林＞硬阔叶林＞裸地.其中,杨桦林和蒙古栎林样地的碳释放量分别为对照阔叶红松林的1.4和1.3倍,硬阔叶林和裸地的碳释放量分别为对照阔叶红松林的88%和78%.     

东北东部森林生态系统土壤呼吸组分的分离量化

对森林生态系统的土壤呼吸组分进行分离和量化,确定不同组分CO2释放速率的控制因子,是估测局域和区域森林生态系统碳平衡研究中必不可少的内容。采用挖壕法和红外气体分析法测定无根和有根样地的土壤表面CO2通量(RS),确定东北东部6种典型森林生态系统RS中异养呼吸(RH)和根系自养呼吸(RA)的贡献量及其影响因子。具体研究目标包括:(1)量化各种生态系统的RH及其与主要环境影响因子的关系;(2)量化各种生态系统RS中根系呼吸贡献率(RC)的季节动态;(3)比较6种森林生态系统RH和RA的年通量。土壤温度、土壤含水量及其交互作用显著地影响森林生态系统的RH(R2=0.465~0.788),但其影响程度因森林生态系统类型而异。硬阔叶林和落叶松人工林的RH主要受土壤温度控制,其他生态系统RH受土壤温度和含水量的联合影响。各个森林生态系统类型的RC变化范围依次为:硬阔叶林32.40%~51.44%;杨桦林39.72%~46.65%;杂木林17.94%~47.74%;蒙古栎林34.31%~37.36%;红松人工林33.78%~37.02%;落叶松人工林14.39%~35.75%。每个生态系统类型RH年通量都显著高于RA年通量,其变化范围分别为337~540 gC.m-2.a-1和88~331 gC.m-2.a-1。不同生态系统间的RH和RA也存在着显著性差异。     

Partitioning soil respiration of temperate forest ecosystems in northeastern China

Quantifying soil respiration components and their relations to environmental controls are essential to estimate both local and regional carbon (C) budgets of forest ecosystems. In this study, we used the trenching-plot and infrared gas exchange analyzer approaches to determine heterotrophic (R_H) and autotrophic respiration (R_A) in the soil surface CO₂ flux for six major temperate forest ecosystems in northeastern China. The ecosystems were: Mongolian oak forest (dominated by Quercus mongolica), aspen-birch forest (dominated by Populous davidiana and Betula platyphylla), mixed wood forest (composed of P. davidiana, B. platyphylla, Fraxinus mandshurica, Tilia amurensis, Acer amono, etc.), hardwood forest (dominated by F. mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, and Phellodendron amurense), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), and Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) plantations, representing the typical secondary forest ecosystems in this region. Our specific objectives were to: (1) quantify R_H and its relationship with the environmental factors of the forest ecosystems, (2) characterize seasonal dynamics in the contribution of root respiration to total soil surface CO₂ flux (RC), and (3) compare annual CO₂ fluxes from R_H and R_A among the six forest ecosystems. Soil temperature, water content, and their interactions significantly affected R_H in the ecosystems and accounted for 46.5%–78.8% variations in R_H. However, the environmental controlling factors of R_H varied with ecosystem types: soil temperature in hardwood and Dahurian larch forest ecosystems, soil temperature, and water content in the others. The RC for hardwood, poplar-birch, mixed wood, Mongolian oak, Korean pine, and Dahurian larch forest ecosystems varied between 32.40%–51.44%, 39.72%–46.65%, 17.94%–47.74%, 34.31%–37.36%, 33.78%–37.02%, and 14.39%–35.75%, respectively. The annual CO₂ fluxes from R_H were significantly greater than those from R_A for all the ecosystems, ranging from 337–540 g Cm^-2a^-1 and 88‐331 gCm^-2a^-1 for R_H and R_A, respectively. The annual CO₂ fluxes from R_H and R_A differed significantly among the six forest ecosystems.     

土壤温度和湿度对长白松林土壤呼吸速率的影响

2003年6月17日、8月日和10月10日,研究了长白山长白松林地内土壤呼吸速率和断根土壤呼吸速率日变化,并于2004年5～9月对其季节变化进行了测定.结果表明,土壤总呼吸速率和断根土壤呼吸速率的日变化均呈单峰型,峰值一般出现在12:00～14:00,8月份土壤呼吸速率的日变化幅度小于6月份和10月份.土壤总呼吸速率、断根土壤呼吸速率和根系呼吸速率具有明显的季节变化,6～8月份较高,5月份和9月份较低.2004年5～9月份,土壤总呼吸速率、断根土壤呼吸速率和根系呼吸速率的平均值分别为3.12、1.94和1.18 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1,根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献为26.5%～52.6%.土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度之间呈显著的指数相关,与土壤湿度之间呈线性相关.土壤总呼吸速率、断根土壤呼吸速率和根系呼吸速率的Q10值分别为2.44、2.55和2.27,断根土壤呼吸速率对温度的敏感程度大于土壤总呼吸速率和根系呼吸速率.土壤总呼吸速率对土壤湿度的敏感程度大于根系呼吸,断根土壤呼吸速率对土壤湿度的敏感程度最差.     

广西亚热带落叶阔叶林的分类系统及其管理

广西亚热带落叶阔叶林是亚热带地区几类顶极群落遭受破坏后恢复过程的一个演替阶段,类型多种多样。本文研究制定了它的分类系统,包括２个亚群系纲、１０个群系组、２７个群系和７７个群丛,扼要地阐述了它们的地理分布和生境特点,为其科学的管理提供基本依据。     

Changes in seasonal soil respiration with pasture conversion to forest in Atlantic Canada

This study compares approximately weekly soil respiration across two forest–pasture pairs with similar soil, topography and climate to document how conversion of pasture to forest alters net soil CO₂ respiration. Over the 2.5 year period of the study, we found that soil respiration was reduced by an average of 41% with conversion of pasture to forest on an annual basis. Both pastured sites showed similar annual soil respiration rates. Comparisons of the paired forests, one coniferous and the other broadleaf, only showed a significant difference over one annual cycle. Enhanced soil respiration in pastures may be the result of either enhanced root respiration and/or microbial respiration. Differences in pasture–forest soil respiration were primarily observed during the July through September summer period at all sites, suggesting that this is the critical period for observing and documenting differences. Evaluation of the soil microclimatic controls on soil respiration suggest that soil temperature exerts a major control on this process, and that examining these relationships on a seasonal rather than weekly basis provides the strongest relationships in poorly drained soils. Consistently greater pastured site Q ₁₀s (2.52;2.42) than forested site Q ₁₀s (2.27; 2.17) were observed, with paired-site differences of 0.25.     

Effect of clear-cutting silviculture on soil respiration in a subtropical forest of China

Aims Clear-cutting is a common forest management practice, especially in subtropical China. However, the potential ecological consequences of clear-cutting remain unclear. In particular, the effect of clear-cutting on soil processes, such as the carbon cycle, has not been quantified in subtropical forests. Here, we investigated the response of soil respiration (Rs) to clear-cutting during a 12-month period in a subtropical forest in eastern China.Methods We randomly selected four clear-cut (CC) plots and four corresponding undisturbed forest (UF) plots. Measurements of Rs were made at monthly time points and were combined with continuous climatic measurements in both CC and UF. Daily Rs was estimated by interpolating data with an exponential model dependent on soil temperature. Daily Rs was cumulated to annual Rs estimates.Important findings In the first year after clear-cutting, annual estimates of Rs in CC (508±23g C m ?2 yr^-1) showed no significant difference to UF plots (480±12g C m ?2 yr^-1). During the summer, soil temperatures were usually higher, whereas the soil volumetric water content was lower in CC than in UF plots. The long-term effects of clear-cutting on Rs are not significant, although there might be effects during the first several months after clear-cutting. Compared with previous work, this pattern was more pronounced in our subtropical forest than in the temperate and boreal forests that have been studied by others. With aboveground residuals off-site after clear-cutting, our results indicate that the stimulation of increasing root debris, as well as environmental changes, will not lead to a significant increase in Rs. In addition, long-term Rs will not show a significant decrease from the termination of root respiration, and this observation might be because of the influence of fast-growing vegetation after clear-cutting in situ .     

云南热带季雨林及其与热带雨林植被的比较

在中国植物学文献中, 对热带季雨林的解释和运用是不一致的, 特别是易于把季雨林与热带雨林相混淆。季雨林是在具有明显干、湿季变化的热带季风气候下发育的一种热带落叶森林植被, 是介于热带雨林与热带稀树草原(savanna)之间的一个植被类型。云南的热带季雨林在分布生境、生态外貌特征、植物种类组成和地理成分构成上, 均与热带雨林有明显区别, 季雨林主要分布在海拔1 000 m以下的几大河流开阔河段两岸和河谷盆地, 其群落结构相对简单, 乔木一般仅有1至2层, 上层树种在干季落叶或上层及下层树种在干季都落叶; 在生活型组成上, 季雨林的木质藤本相对较少, 大高位芽植物及地上芽植物很少, 但地面芽植物很丰富, 地下芽植物和一年生植物也相对丰富; 在叶级和叶型特征上, 季雨林植物的小叶和复叶比例相对较高, 分别占到24%和44%; 在植物区系地理成分构成上, 季雨林的热带分布属合计也占绝对优势, 但以泛热带分布属的比例相对较高, 约占到总属数的30%, 热带亚洲至热带非洲分布属的比例也较高, 约占总属数的12%。季雨林的地理成分更为多样性, 起源与发展历史也更复杂和古老。     

土壤温度和水分对长白山不同森林类型土壤呼吸的影响

在实验室条件下,将不同含水量的3种森林类型的土柱分别置于0、5、15、25和35℃条件下,进行土壤呼吸测定．结果表明,在0～35℃范围内。土壤呼吸速率与温度呈正相关．在一定含水量范围内(0．21～0．37kg·kg^-1),土壤呼吸随含水量的增加而升高,当含水量超出该范围,土壤呼吸速率则随含水量的变化而降低．土壤温度和水分对土壤呼吸作用存在明显的交互作用．不同森林类型土壤呼吸作用强弱存在显著差异,大小顺序为阔叶红松林>岳桦林>云冷杉暗针叶林．阔叶红松林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是土壤温度35℃、含水量0．37kg·kg^-1;云冷杉暗针叶林下的山地棕色针叶林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是25℃、0．21kg·kg^-1;岳桦林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是35℃、含水量0．37kg·kg^-1。但是．由于长白山阔叶红松林、云冷杉林和岳桦林处在不同的海拔带上,同期不同森林类型土壤温度各不相同,相差4～5℃,所以野外所测的同期山地棕色针叶林土呼吸速率应低于暗棕色森林土呼吸速率,山地生草森林土呼吸速率应高于山地棕色针叶林土的呼吸速率．