<Emphasis Type="Italic">Terrabacter ginsengisoli</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from ginseng cultivating soil

A Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, nonmotile, yellowish, coccus-rod-shaped bacterium (designated Gsoil 653^T) isolated from ginseng cultivating soil was characterized using a polyphasic approach to clarify its taxonomic position. The strain Gsoil 653^T exhibited optimal growth at pH 7.0 on R2A agar medium at 30°C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, indicated that Gsoil 653^T belongs to the genus Terrabacter of the family Humibacillus, and was closely related to Terrabacter tumescens DSM 20308^T (98.9%), Terrabacter carboxydivorans PY2^T (98.9%), Terrabacter terrigena ON10^T (98.8%), Terrabacter terrae PPLB^T (98.6%), and Terrabacter lapilli LR-26^T (98.6%). The DNA G + C content was 70.5 mol%. The major quinone was MK-8(H₄). The primary polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, iso-C_14:0, and anteiso-C_15:0, as in the case of genus Terrabacter, thereby supporting the categorization of strain Gsoil 653^T. However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between Gsoil 653^T and closely related strains of Terrabacter species was low at less than 31%. Moreover, strain Gsoil 653^T could be both genotypically and phenotypically distinguished from the recognized species of the genus Terrabacter. This isolate, therefore, represents a novel species, for which the name Terrabacter ginsengisoli sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain Gsoil 653^T (= KACC 19444^T = LMG 30325^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavisolibacter carri</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from an automotive air-conditioning system

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and yellow bacterium, designated TX0651^T, was isolated from an automotive air-conditioning system. Phylogenetically, the strain groups with the members of the genus Flavisolibacter and exhibits high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Flavisolibacter ginsenosidimutans Gsoil 636^T (97.4%), Flavisolibacter ginsengiterrae Gsoil 492^T (96.3%) and Flavisolibacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 643^T (96.2%). DNA–DNA relatedness between TX0651^T and F. ginsenosidimutans KCTC 22818^T and F. ginsengiterrae KCTC 12656^T were determined to be less than 40%. The low levels of DNA–DNA relatedness identifies the strain TX0651^T as a novel species in the genus Flavisolibacter. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C_15:0, summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c), iso-C_15:1 G and iso-C_17:0 3-OH. The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as MK-7. The polar lipids were found to be comprised of phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified amino-glycophospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified amino lipid and unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of the strain was determined to be 31.2 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain TX0651^T should be classified in a novel species in the genus Flavisolibacter, for which the name Flavisolibacter carri sp. nov. (=?KACC 19014^T?=?KCTC 52836^T?=?NBRC 111784^T) is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Larkinella terrae</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from soil on Jeju Island,South Korea

A Gram-stain negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated 15J8-8^T, was isolated from a soil sample collected on Jeju Island, South Korea, and characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 15J8-8^T belongs to the family Cytophagaceae and is related to Larkinella bovis M2TB15^T (95.0%), ‘Larkinella harenae’ 15J9-9 (94.5%), Larkinella arboricola Z0532^T (93.2%), and Larkinella insperata LMG 22510^T (93.0%). The DNA G+C content of strain 15J8-8^T was 50.5 mol%. The detection of phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified polar lipids as major polar lipids; menaquinone-7 as the predominant quinone; and C_16:1 ω5c, C_16:0 N alcohol, and iso-C_15:0 as the major fatty acids also supported the affiliation of the isolate to the genus Larkinella. Based on its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain 15J8-8^T should be classified in the genus Larkinella as representative of a novel species, for which the name Larkinella terrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J8-8^T (= KCTC 52001^T = JCM 31990^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacterium zaozhuangense</Emphasis> sp. nov., a new member of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacteriaceae</Emphasis>, isolated from metolachlor-contaminated soil

Strain ZZ-8^T, a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile, yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from metolachlor-contaminated soil in China. The taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain ZZ-8^T is a member of the genus Flavobacterium and shows high sequence similarity to Flavobacterium humicola UCM-46^T (97.2%) and Flavobacterium pedocola UCM-R36^T (97.1%), and lower (<?97%) sequence similarity to other known Flavobacterium species. Chemotaxonomic analysis revealed that strain ZZ-8^T possessed MK-6 as the major respiratory quinone; and iso-C_15:0 (28.5%), summed feature 9 (iso-C_17:1 w9c/C_16:0 10-methyl, 22.9%), iso-C_17:0 3-OH (17.0%), iso-C_15:0 3-OH (8.9%), iso-C_15:1 G (8.6%) and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 w7c/C_16:1 w6c, 5.7%) as the predominant fatty acids. The polar lipids of strain ZZ-8^T were determined to be lipids, a glycolipid, aminolipids and phosphatidylethanolamine. Strain ZZ-8^T showed low DNA–DNA relatedness with F. pedocola UCM-R36^T (43.23?±?4.1%) and F. humicola UCM-46^T (29.17?±?3.8%). The DNA G+C content was 43.3 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, chemotaxonomic data and DNA–DNA hybridization, strain ZZ-8^T is considered a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium zaozhuangense sp. nov. (type strain ZZ-8^T?=?KCTC 62315 ^T?=?CCTCC AB 2017243^T) is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Actinokineospora</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">mzabensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from Saharan soil

A novel actinomycete strain, designated PAL84, was isolated from a Saharan soil sample collected from Béni-Isguen, Ghardaïa (South of Algeria). This strain was studied for its taxonomic position using a polyphasic approach and was identified as a member of the genus Actinokineospora. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain PAL84 had 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with members of the genus Actinokineospora ranging from 96.2 % (Actinokineospora inagensis DSM 44258^T) to 97.8 % (Actinokineospora baliensis NBRC 104211^T). The strain was observed to produce pinkish-purple aerial mycelium and purplish red substrate mycelium, which fragmented readily into chains of non-motile elements. The optimum growth temperature and pH were found to be 25–30 °C and 5.0–7.0, respectively. The cell-wall hydrolysate of strain PAL84 was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid and the diagnostic whole-cell sugars were identified as arabinose and galactose. The predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-9 (H₄). The major fatty acids were found to be iso-C_16:0, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:1 H and iso-C_16:0 2OH. The diagnostic phospholipid detected was phosphatidylethanolamine. The genotypic and phenotypic data show that the strain represents a novel species of the genus Actinokineospora, for which the name Actinokineospora mzabensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain PAL84^T (=DSM 45961^T = CECT 8578^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces xiangtanensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from a manganese-contaminated soil

An actinomycete strain, designated strain LUSFXJ^T, was isolated from a soil sample obtained near the Xiangtan Manganese Mine, Central-South China and characterised using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis indicated that this strain belongs to the genus Streptomyces. The DNA–DNA relatedness between this strain and two closely related type strains, Streptomyces echinatus CGMCC 4.1642^T and Streptomyces lanatus CGMCC 4.137^T, were 28.7 ± 0.4 and 19.9 ± 2.0%, respectively, values which are far lower than the 70% threshold for the delineation of a novel prokaryotic species. The DNA G+C content of strain LUSFXJ ^T is 75.0 mol%. Chemotaxonomic analysis revealed that the menaquinones of strain LUSFXJ^T are MK-9(H₆), MK-9(H₈), MK-9(H₂) and MK-8(H₈). The polar lipid profile of strain LUSFXJ^T was found to contain diphosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified polar lipid. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, C_16:0 and Summed feature 3. Strain LUSFXJ^T was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic cell wall diamino acid and the whole cell hydrolysates were found to be rich in ribose, mannose and glucose. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, it is concluded that strain LUSFXJ^T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name S. xiangtanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LUSFXJ^T (=GDMCC 4.133^T = KCTC 39829^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brevibacterium anseongense</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from soil of ginseng field

Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, pale-yellow, and rodshaped bacterium, designated as Gsoil 188^T, was isolated from the soil of a ginseng field in Pocheon, South Korea. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison revealed that the strain formed a distinct lineage within the genus Brevibacterium and was most closely related to B. epidermidis NBRC 14811^T (98.4%), B. sediminis FXJ8.269^T (98.2%), B. avium NCFB 3055^T (98.1%), and B. oceani BBH7^T (98.1%), while it shared less than 98.1% identity with the other species of this genus. The DNA G + C content was 68.1 mol%. The predominant quinone was MK-8(H₂). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0 and anteiso-C_17:0. The cell wall peptidoglycan of strain Gsoil 188^T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and an unidentified aminolipid. The physiological and biochemical characteristics, low DNA-DNA relatedness values, and taxonomic analysis allowed the differentiation of strain Gsoil 188^T from the other recognized species of the genus Brevibacterium. Therefore, strain Gsoil 188^T represents a novel species of the genus Brevibacterium, for which the name Brevibacterium anseongense sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain Gsoil 188^T (= KACC 19439^T = LMG 30331^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Algoriphagus formosus</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from coastal sediment

A Gram-stain negative, facultative anaerobic, non-motile, strongly orange-pigmented and rod-shaped bacterium, designated XAY3209^T, was isolated from a marine sediment sample collected from the coast of Weihai, China. Strain XAY3209^T was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0 and in the presence of 2.0% (w/v) NaCl. Its genomic DNA G+C content was 41.9 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the novel isolate belongs to the family Cyclobacteriaceae and is related to the genus Algoriphagus. It shares 98.1% 16S rRNA sequence identity with Algoriphagus marincola, its close phylogenetic relative, but did not show similarities more than 97% with other members of the genus Algoriphagus with validly published names. It contained menaquinone-7 (MK-7) as the sole respiratory quinone, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:1 ω9c and Summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C_15:0 2-OH) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid, one unidentified phospholipid and five unidentified lipids. Results of physiological experiments, biochemical tests and genome average nucleotide identity value (with A. marincola MCCC 1F01203^T) indicate that strain XAY3209^T is genetically and phenotypically distinct from the species of the genus Algoriphagus with validly published names. Strain XAY3209^T therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Algoriphagus formosus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is XAY3209^T (= KCTC 52842^T = MCCC 1H00189^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Deinococcus petrolearius</Emphasis> sp. nov. isolated from crude oil recovery water in China

A Gram-stain positive, non-motile, spherical, red-pigmented and facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated strain 6.1^T, was isolated from a crude oil recovery water sample from the Huabei oil field in China. The novel strain exhibited tolerance of UV irradiation (> 1000 J m^?2). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strain 6.1^T shows high similarity to Deinococcus citri DSM 24791^T (98.1%) and Deinococcus gobiensis I-0^T (97.8%), with less than 93.5% similarity to other closely related taxa. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C_15:0 2-OH), followed by iso-C_17:1 ω9c and C_16:0. The polar lipid profile was found to contain phospholipids, glycolipids, phosphoglycolipids and aminophospholipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as MK-8. The DNA G + C content was determined to be 68.3 mol %. DNA–DNA hybridization between strain 6.1^T and D. citri DSM 24791^T was 45.6 ± 7.1% and with D. gobiensis I-O^T was 36.6 ± 4.7%. On the basis of phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, we conclude strain 6.1^T represents a novel species of the genus Deinococcus, for which we propose the name Deinococcus petrolearius sp. nov. The type strain is 6.1^T (= CGMCC 1.15053^T = KCTC 33744^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces ginkgonis</Emphasis> sp. nov., an endophyte from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ginkgo biloba</Emphasis>

A novel endophytic actinomycete strain, designated KM-1-2^T, was isolated from seeds of Ginkgo biloba at Yangling, China. A polyphasic approach was used to study the taxonomy of strain KM-1-2^T and it was found to show a range of phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic properties consistent with those of members of the genus Streptomyces. The diamino acid of the cell wall peptidoglycan was identified as LL-diaminopimelic acid. No diagnostic sugars were detected in whole cell hydrolysates. The predominant menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H₆) and MK-9(H₈). The diagnostic phospholipids were found to be phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. The DNA G + C content of the novel strain was determined to be 72.9 mol%. The predominant cellular fatty acids (> 10.0?%) were identified as iso-C_14?:?0, iso-C_16?:?0, C_16?:?0 and C_17?:?0 cyclo. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the strain is closely related to Streptomyces carpaticus JCM 6915^T (99.3%), Streptomyces harbinensis DSM 42076^T (98.9%) and Streptomyces cheonanensis JCM 14549^T (98.5%). DNA-DNA hybridizations with these three close relatives gave similarity values of 39.1 ± 1.9, 35.8 ± 2.3, and 47.4 ± 2.7%, respectively, which indicated that strain KM-1-2^T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces. This is consistent with the morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic data. Cumulatively, these data suggest that strain KM-1-2^T represents a novel Streptomyces species, for which the name Streptomyces ginkgonis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain KM-1-2^T (= CCTCC AA2016004^T = KCTC 39801^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pedobacter panacis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panax ginseng</Emphasis> soil

A novel strain, DCY108^T was isolated from soil of a Panax ginseng field, Yeoncheon province (38°04′N 126°57′E), Republic of Korea. Strain DCY108^T is Gram-negative, non-motile, non-flagellate, rod-shaped, and aerobic. The bacterium grows optimally at 25–30 °C, pH 6.5–7.0 and 1 % NaCl. Phylogenetically, strain DCY108^T is closely related to Pedobacter jejuensis JCM 18824^T, Pedobacter aquatilis JCM 13454^T, Pedobacter kyungheensis LMG 26577^T and the type strain of the genus Pedobacter heparinus DSM 2366^T. The DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain DCY108^T and its close phylogenetic neighbors were below 30.0 %. The DNA G+C content of strain DCY108^T was determined to be 45.1 mol%. The predominant quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine and three unidentified aminolipids AL1, AL13 and AL17. Iso-C_15:00, iso-C_17:03OH and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c) were identified as the major fatty acids present in strain DCY108^T. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed strain DCY108^T to be differentiated phenotypically from other recognized species belonging to the genus Pedobacter. Therefore, it is suggested that the newly isolated organism represents a novel species, for which the name Pedobacter panacis sp. nov is proposed with the type strain designated as DCY108^T (=CCTCCAB 2015196^T = KCTC 42748^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Plantactinospora solaniradicis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from the root of a tomato plant (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum lycopersicum</Emphasis> L.)

A Gram-positive, non-motile actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-FJL1^T, was isolated from tomato root (Solanum lycopersicum L.) collected from Harbin, Heilongjiang province, north China. The strain formed single spores with smooth surfaces from substrate mycelia. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NEAU-FJL1^T should be affiliated with the genus Plantactinospora and forms a distinct branch with its close neighbour Plantactinospora soyae NEAU-gxj3^T (99.2% sequence similarity). The cell wall was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid and the whole cell sugars were identified as xylose, glucose, arabinose and galactose. The predominant menaquinones were identified as MK-10(H₆) and MK-10(H₄). The phospholipid profile was found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. The major fatty acids were identified as C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, anteiso-C_17:0, C_17:0 and iso-C_15:0. With reference to phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic data and DNA–DNA hybridization results, strain NEAU-FJL1^T can be distinguished from its most closely related strain and classified as a new species, for which the name Plantactinospora solaniradicis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-FJL1^T (= DSM 100596^T = CGMCC 4.7284^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ascidiaceibacter salegens</Emphasis> gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from an ascidian

An aerobic, Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium, designated as strain HQA918^T, was isolated from an ascidian, Botryllus schlosseri, which was collected from the coast of Weihai in the north of the Yellow Sea, in China. The strain grew optimally at 28–30 °C, at pH values 7.0–8.0, and in the presence of 1.0–3.0% (w/v) sodium chloride (NaCl). A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HQA918^T can be affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae in the phylum Bacteroidetes, with 92.7% similarity to its close relatives. The major fatty acids identified were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0 3-OH, and summed feature 3 (iso-C_15:0 2-OH and/or C_16:1ω7c). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid, and five unidentified polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 44.1 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic, genotypic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic data, this organism should be classified as a representative of a novel genus, for which the name Ascidiaceibacter gen. nov. is proposed. The type species is Ascidiaceibacter salegens sp. nov. (type strain HQA918^T?=?KCTC 52719^T?=?MCCC 1K03259^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacterium ureilyticum</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel urea hydrolysing bacterium isolated from stream bank soil

A novel bacterium designated S-42^T was isolated from stream bank soil. Cells were found to be aerobic, Gram staining-negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, and yellow-pigmented. The strain can grow at 15–35 °C, pH 6.0–10.0, and at 0.5% (w/v) NaCl concentration. Urea was hydrolysed. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain S-42^T formed a lineage within the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes that is distinct from various species of the genus Flavobacterium, including Flavobacterium maotaiense T9^T (97.6% sequence similarity), Flavobacterium hibernum ATCC 51468^T (97.4%), and Flavobacterium granuli Kw05^T (97.1%). The 16S rRNA gene sequences identity between strain S-42^T and other members of the genus Flavobacterium were < 97.0%. Strain S-42^T contains MK-6 as sole respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified aminolipid. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C_15:0, summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c and/or C_{16: 1}ω6c), C_16:0, anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 3-OH, iso-C_15:0 3-OH, and iso-C_15:1 G. The DNA G?+?C content of the strain was 35.8 mol%. The polyphasic characterization indicated that strain S-42^T represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium ureilyticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S-42^T (=?KEMB 9005-537^T?=?KACC 19115^T?=?NBRC 112683^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Maribacter marinus</Emphasis> sp. nov. isolated from a deep-sea seamount

A Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped, aerobic strain, designated YC973^T, was isolated from a seamount near the Yap Trench in the tropical western Pacific. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain YC973^T is related to the genus Maribacter and has high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Maribacter orientalis KMM 3947^T (97.6%). The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:1 G and an unidentified fatty acid of equivalent chain-length 13.565. The polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylethanolamine and five unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain YC973^T was 36.1 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain YC973^T represents a novel species of the genus Maribacter, for which we propose the name Maribacter marinus sp. nov. (type strain YC973^T = KACC 19025^T = CGMCC 1.16328^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Robiginitalea sediminis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from a sea cucumber culture pond

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, non-motile, orange and rod/coccoid-shaped bacterium, designated O458^T, was isolated from sediment collected from a sea cucumber culture pond located in Rongcheng, Shandong province, China (122°14′E, 36°54′N). Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain O458^T is a member of the genus Robiginitalea and is closely related to Robiginitalea biformata (95.7% sequence similarity) and Robiginitalea myxolifaciens (94.9%). Its DNA G+C content was 55.2 mol%. The strain grew at temperatures between 15 and 45 °C (optimum 33 °C), from pH 6.5 to 8.5 (optimum pH 7.0–7.5) and between 1.0 and 6.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2.0%). Strain O458^T was found to contain menaquinon-6 (MK-6) as the only respiratory quinone, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 3-OH and Summed feature 1 (iso-C_15:1 H and/or iso-C_13:0 3-OH) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and four unidentified lipids (L1, L2, L3 and L4). On the basis of the results of the phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses it is suggested that strain O458^T represents a novel species of the genus Robiginitalea, for which the name Robiginitalea sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is O458^T (=KCTC 52898^T=MCCC 1H00190^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces caldifontis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from a hot water spring of Tatta Pani,Kotli, Pakistan

A Gram-staining positive, non-motile, rod-shaped, catalase positive and oxidase negative bacterium, designated NCCP-1331^T, was isolated from a hot water spring soil collected from Tatta Pani, Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The isolate grew at a temperature range of 18-40 °C (optimum 30 °C), pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum 7.0) and with 0–6 % NaCl (optimum 2 % NaCl (w/v)). The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain NCCP-1331^T belonged to the genus Streptomyces and is closely related to Streptomyces brevispora BK160^T with 97.9 % nucleotide similarity, followed by Streptomyces drosdowiczii NRRL B-24297^T with 97.8 % nucleotide similarity. The DNA–DNA relatedness values of strain NCCP-1331^T with S. brevispora KACC 21093^T and S. drosdowiczii CBMAI 0498^T were 42.7 and 34.7 %, respectively. LL-DAP was detected as diagnostic amino acid along with alanine, glycine, leucine and glutamic acid. The isolate contained MK-9(H₈) as the predominant menaquinone. Major polar lipids detected in NCCP-1331^T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and unidentified phospholipids. Major fatty acids were iso-C_{16: 0}, summed feature 8 (18:1 ω7c/18:1 ω6c), anteiso-C_15:0 and C_16:0. The genomic DNA G + C content was 69.8 mol %. On the basis of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analysis, it is concluded that strain NCCP-1331^T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces caldifontis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NCCP-1331^T (=KCTC 39537^T = CPCC 204147^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cellulomonas macrotermitis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a chitinolytic and cellulolytic bacterium isolated from the hindgut of a fungus-growing termite

To investigate the symbiotic roles of the gut microbiota in the fungus-growing termite Macrotermes barneyi, a novel strain with chitinolytic and cellulolytic activity, designated strain an-chi-1^T, was isolated from the hindgut of M. barneyi. Strain an-chi-1^T grows optimally at 28–30 °C, pH 8.0 in PYG medium. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, this isolate belongs to the genus Cellulomonas with high sequence similarity to Cellulomonas iranensis (99.4%), followed by Cellulomonas flavigena (98.4%), Cellulomonas phragmiteti (97.4%), Cellulomonas oligotrophica (97.2%) and Cellulomonas terrae (97.0%). The DNA–DNA relatedness between an-chi-1^T and the type strains of C. iranensis and C. flavigena DSM20109^T are 35.4% and 23.7%, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids are anteiso-C_15:0 and C_14:0. The polar lipid profile consists of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, phosphatidylinositol dimannosides and one unidentified phospholipid. The cell-wall sugar is ribose. The peptidoglycan contains glutamic acid, aspartic acid and alanine. The DNA G+C content is 67.3 mol%. Based on its distinctive phenotypic, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, an-chi-1^T represents a novel species of the genus Cellulomonas, for which the name Cellulomonas macrotermitis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is an-chi-1^T (= JCM 31923^T = CICC 24195^T).     

Description of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Geodermatophilus bullaregiensis</Emphasis> sp. nov.

The taxonomic position of an aerobic actinobacterial strain, BMG841^T, isolated from the Bulla Regia monument (Tunisia) and exhibiting a high resistance to gamma-radiation (D10 ~9 kGy) was determined using polyphasic approach. The optimal growth range was found to be 25–35 °C at pH of 7.0–8.5. The strain was observed to form black dry colonies. Chemotaxonomic characteristics of the isolate showed a cell wall type III, with galactose and glucose as diagnostic sugars; phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified glycolipid as main polar lipids; and MK-9(H₄) as the predominant menaquinone. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C_16:0 and iso-C_15:0. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain BMG841^T represents a novel member of the genus Geodermatophilus with high 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with Geodermatophilus saharensis (98.28 %). Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic analysis, strain BMG841^T is proposed as the type strain (=DSM 46841^T = CECT 8821^T) of a novel species, Geodermatophilus bullaregiensis.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microbacterium rhizosphaerae</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from a Ginseng field,South Korea

A novel Gram-stain positive, aerobic, short rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium, designated strain CHO1^T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil from a ginseng agriculture field. Strain CHO1^T was observed to form yellow colonies on R2A agar medium. The cell wall peptidoglycan was found to contain alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, d-ornithine and serine. The cell wall sugars were identified as galactose, mannose, rhamnose and ribose. Strain CHO1^T was found to contain MK-11, MK-12, MK-13 as the predominant menaquinones and anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, and anteiso-C_17:0 as the major fatty acids. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphoglycolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and three unidentified glycolipids were found to be present in strain CHO1^T. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain CHO1^T was found to be closely related to Microbacterium mangrovi DSM 28240^T (97.81 % similarity), Microbacterium immunditiarum JCM 14034^T (97.45 %), Microbacterium oryzae JCM 16837^T (97.33 %) and Microbacterium ulmi KCTC 19363^T (97.10 %) and to other species of the genus Microbacterium. The DNA G+C content of CHO1^T was determined to be 70.1 mol %. The DNA–DNA hybridization values of CHO1^T with M. mangrovi DSM 28240^T, M. immunditiarum JCM 14034^T, M. oryzae JCM 16837^T and M. ulmi KCTC 19363^T were 46.7 ± 2, 32.4 ± 2, 32.0 ± 2 and 29.2 ± 2 %, respectively. On the basis of genotypic, phenotypic and phylogenetic properties, it is concluded that strain CHO1^T represents a novel species within the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of M. rhizosphaerae is CHO1^T (= KEMB 7306-513^T = JCM 31396^T).