生化废水综合治理中的膜技术及其应用

工业生物技术蓬勃发展的同时其相关酿造、制药等工业已成为耗水和废水排放大户。该类生化废水属于典型高浓度、重污染有机废水,目前主要通过末端处理以达标排放为目标。随着水资源短缺的日益严重以及水环境压力的与日俱增,以资源回收利用和清洁生产为目标的生化废水综合治理工作迫在眉睫。膜分离技术因其具有高效、绿色的特点已成为生化废水综合治理过程中极具吸引力的一种选择。本文在在综述适合生化废水综合治理过程的单元膜技术、集成膜技术和膜生物反应器技术的种类、特点及应用情况的基础上．重点介绍了工业规模膜生物反应器技术在啤酒、味精及制药废水处理中的应用实例。     

农药废水治理技术与研究进展

农药废水有着毒性大,废水中化学物质成分复杂、环境污染严重等特点,现在已成为工业废水处理的难题之一。本文主要从物化法和生化法综述农药废水治理技术及其研究进展。     

印染废水治理技术应用及研究进展

分析了我国印染废水水质及水量特性,介绍了我国常用的印染废水治理技术,包括物理法、化学法及生物处理法。并总结了三种技术目前的研究进展及日后趋势。     

微藻处理废水的研究进展

微藻可以高效利用废水中的部分小分子有机质、氮和磷等污染物合成生物质,并达到处理废水的目的。近年来,利用微藻进行农业废水、工业废水、城市废水和含农药以及抗生素等有害废水的处理等有了一些新的尝试。本文中,笔者重点分析了微藻处理废水中藻种选育、藻菌共培养、藻菌絮体、工艺集成和反应器设计以及可持续综合开发等关键技术问题。其中,藻菌共培养可以发挥微藻和菌的各自优势,提高废水处理效率。藻菌絮体技术还具有便于采收的特点,具备进一步研究的潜力。针对不同废水的处理需求,笔者提出合理构建绿色可持续发展路线,推动微藻处理废水的更广泛应用。     

大港石化成功破解化工高浓度有机废水处理难题

2009年6月26日,中国石油环保专家在北京评审通过了《兰州石化公司化工园区高浓度有机废水生物处理中试报告》。报告指出,大港石化应用生物强化技术处理兰州石化公司化工园区高浓度综合有机废水（抗氧剂、甲乙酮、顺酐、对羟基苯甲醛4种混合废水）的试验取得明显效果。     

动态

微生物工业技术研究所等开发出无二次公害的微生物絮凝剂生产技术,其成本不到以往的1/4。 利用鱼罐头加工的废水和豆渣培养微生物来降低成本。特别是把水产加工废水作为微生物营养源,可望收到一举两得的效果,既生产出絮凝剂又处理掉废水。     

畜禽粪便和粪水厌氧消化技术分析与展望

随着我国畜禽养殖集约化程度的不断提高,畜禽粪污导致的环境污染已成为畜禽养殖业发展面临的重要制约因素。粪污通过厌氧消化可回收能源、生产沼肥和消灭病原菌,避免对环境产生危害,是畜禽粪污处理和资源利用技术链条的核心环节。根据原料性质的差异,将粪污区分为畜禽粪便与养殖废水,分别探讨了这两种处理对象厌氧消化处理的不同技术难点和发展方向。针对畜禽粪便,重点探讨了高含氮粪便厌氧消化过程中存在的氨抑制问题及解除氨抑制的方法;针对养殖废水,介绍了废水处理与回用标准,比较分析了升流式厌氧污泥床、厌氧膜生物反应器、厌氧折流板反应器和自搅拌厌氧折流板反应器等几种代表性的和新型的废水厌氧处理工艺,并展望了技术的创新发展,旨在为畜禽粪便和养殖废水的厌氧消化及废水回用技术的发展提供参考。     

漂白废水中关键有毒物质鉴别的实例研究

以纸张漂白废水为研究对象,采用毒性鉴别评价（TIE,Toxicity Identification Evaluation）技术对其生态毒性原因作了鉴别研究,结果表明,废水对大型蚤（Daphnia magna）具有急性毒性,曝气可去除废水的部分毒性,硫代硫酸钠的投加可去除废水毒性,同时用DPD试剂盒比色法可测出激离态氯气一一价氧化态氯化物,通过毒性鉴别评价3阶段的研究,揭示了导致废水毒性的关键毒物是氯气、次氯酸和次氯酸根。     

工农业发酵废弃物的微生物解决及应用前景

本文对我国啤酒、味精、沼气生产中产生的废水及其处理、利用现状进行了综述.结合作者近期的研究进展,着重介绍了利用工农业废水培养微生物并生产生物农药的研究现状.指出利用生物技术处理废水是变废为宝、废物循环利用的经济、高效的新途径,开发应用前景广阔.     

微藻在废水处理和生物质回收再利用方面的研究进展

随着经济的发展和人口的增加,环境污染和水资源短缺已经成为不可避免的全球性问题。基于微藻的废水处理技术不仅可以净化废水、解决环境污染问题,还可以利用废水中的营养元素合成生物质,现如今这种技术已经受到越来越多的关注。为了进一步提高废水处理效果、降低废水处理成本,有必要了解微藻去除废水中营养物质和污染物的机理,开发下游低成本收获技术,提升微藻高价值副产物的生产。本文综述了微藻去除碳、氮、磷、重金属、抗生素和有机物的机理和影响因素,总结了微藻的不同收获方式和微藻生物质在各个领域的应用。最后,分析了不同微藻共培养体系和微藻固定化技术的优缺点,并展望了微藻废水处理技术未来的发展方向。     

Ceramic honeycomb as support for covalent immobilization of laccase from Trametes versicolor and transformation of nuclear fast red

The covalent immobilization of laccase on an inorganic ceramic support was investigated. The intention was to find a system of enzyme and reactor for a universal immobilization procedure. Laccase from Trametes versicolor as model enzyme was chosen. The special honeycomb structure of the monolith can be applied for intensive mixing of the reaction compounds. An appropriate reactor with ceramic material was constructed allowing different setup for enzyme immobilization and its application. To test the success of the immobilization, 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) was used. The immobilized laccase was found to be stable over a time period of over 3 months. As an example for possible application for treatment of wastewater containing dyes, the conversion of nuclear fast red as model substrate was tested.     

细胞固定化技术在含氮废水处理中的应用研究

生物固定化技术是现代生物工程领域中的一项新兴技术。简要介绍了生物固定化技术,较为系统地阐述了单独包埋和混合包埋两种具体固定化工艺技术及其在处理氨氮废水中应用效果,展望了固定化技术在含氮废水处理中的应用前景与研究发展动向。     

Immobilization of horseradish peroxidase onto Purolite® A109 and its anthraquinone dye biodegradation and detoxification potential

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is a highly specific enzyme with great potential for use in the decolorization of synthetic dyes. A comprehensive study of HRP immobilization using various techniques such as adsorption and covalent immobilization on the novel carrier Purolite® A109 with a special focus on enzymatic decolorization and toxicity of artificially colored wastewater. The immobilized preparations with an activity of 156.21 ± 1.41 U g⁻¹ and 85.71 ± 1.62 U g⁻¹ after the HRP adsorption and covalent immobilization, respectively, were obtained. Stability and reusability of the immobilized preparations were also evaluated. A noteworthy decolorization level (~90%) with immobilized HRP was achieved. Phytotoxicity testing using Mung bean seeds and acute toxicity assay with Artemia salina has confirmed the applicability of the obtained immobilized preparation in industrial wastewater plants for the treatment of colored wastewater.     

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater using microalgae immobilized on twin layers: an experimental study

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater by two green microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus rubescens) was investigated using a novel method of algal cell immobilization, the twin-layer system. In the twin-layer system, microalgae are immobilized by self-adhesion on a wet, microporous, ultrathin substrate (the substrate layer). Subtending the substrate layer, a second layer, consisting of a macroporous fibrous tissue (the source layer), provides the growth medium. Twin-layers effectively separate microalgae from the bulk of their growth medium, yet allow diffusion of nutrients. In the twin-layer system, algae remain 100% immobilized, which compares favourably with gel entrapment methods for cell immobilization. Both microalgae removed nitrate efficiently from municipal wastewater. Using secondary, synthetic wastewater, the two algae also removed phosphate, ammonium and nitrate to less than 10% of their initial concentration within 9 days. It is concluded that immobilization of C. vulgaris and S. rubescens on twin-layers is an effective means to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus levels in wastewater.     

Optimized immobilization of activated sludge in poly(ethylene glycol) gels by UV technology

Conventional methods for immobilization of microorganisms in hydrogel are not very efficient and cost-effective. Ultraviolet (UV) technology, a rapid method for hydrogel preparation in ambient environment, was applied to immobilize activated sludge in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) gel carriers synthesized from PEG pre-polymer. Conditions for cell immobilization were optimized by selecting suitable UV photoinitiators, crosslinker concentrations, and protection gas. The optimum conditions are the following: 12% PEG pre-polymer with 1% MBA and 0.1% DEAP. More than 90% of ammonia was reduced, and 75% of the total organic compound was removed after treating 40 and 10 mg/L synthetic ammonia wastewater with different C/N ratios in 5 h under aeration conditions. Ammonia degradation increased with increasing C/N ratios, and the scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the immobilized beads had porous structures dominantly filled with nitrifiers. The bioactivity of the immobilized activated sludge was maintained during immobilization by UV technology.     

Biosorption and elution of chromium from immobilized Bacillus coagulans biomass

Bacillus coagulans, a tannery wastewater isolate, previously shown to bind dissolved Cr(VI), retained its ability to biosorb Cr(VI) in different matrices. Polymeric materials like agar, agarose, calcium alginate and polyacrylamide were screened. Agarose emerged as the suitable candidate for biomass immobilization mainly due to its higher stability and integrity in acidic pH. Aptness of agarose as the matrix for B. coagulans biomass was revealed during Cr(VI) biosorption from natural wastewater.     

Effect of alginate structure and microalgae immobilization method on orthophosphate removal from wastewater

Microalgae play an important role during the tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater. Cell immobilization techniques have been developed in order to improve the quality of the treated wastewater and avoid wash out of the biomass. Since cell immobilization method may affect the nutrient removal efficiency, ten strains of microalgae were immobilized in sodium alginate gel in different-diameter circular screens, and orthophosphate removal efficiency from municipal wastewater was studied. Results indicate that the alginate immobilization screen size and contact surface with wastewater affects the microalgae synthesis activity and thus orthophosphate removal efficiency. Increasing the contact surface by making smaller alginate screens will increase the cation exchange rate and reduce the orthophosphate concentration in the medium. Among all microalgae treatments, Scenedesmus rubescens MCCS 018, Chlamydomonas sp. MCCS 026, and Chroococcus dispersus MCCS 006 had the highest PO ₄ ^3- -P removal efficiency of 68.8%, 71.9%, and 72.3% within 12?days.     

Microbial cell immobilization in biohydrogen production: a short overview

The high dependence on fossil fuels has escalated the challenges of greenhouse gas emissions and energy security. Biohydrogen is projected as a future alternative energy as a result of its non-polluting characteristics, high energy content (122?kJ/g), and economic feasibility. However, its industrial production has been hampered by several constraints such as low process yields and the formation of biohydrogen-competing reactions. This necessitates the search for other novel strategies to overcome this problem. Cell immobilization technology has been in existence for many decades and is widely used in various processes such as wastewater treatment, food technology, and pharmaceutical industry. In recent years, this technology has caught the attention of many researchers within the biohydrogen production field owing to its merits such as enhanced process yields, reduced microbial contamination, and improved homogeneity. In addition, the use of immobilization in biohydrogen production prevents washout of microbes, stabilizes the pH of the medium, and extends microbial activity during continuous processes. In this short review, an insight into the potential of cell immobilization is presented. A few immobilization techniques such as entrapment, adsorption, encapsulation, and synthetic polymers are discussed. In addition, the effects of process conditions on the performance of immobilized microbial cells during biohydrogen production are discussed. Finally, the review concludes with suggestions on improvement of cell immobilization technologies in biohydrogen production.     

Biotechnological potential of immobilized algae for wastewater N, P and metal removal: A review

This presentation comprises a review on the use of immobilized algae for wastewater nitrogen, phosphorus and metal removal purposes. Details of the use of immobilized algae, the techniques of immobilization and the effects of immobilization on cell function are included. Particularly relevant in their use for heavy metal removal from wastewaters; upon enriching the biomass in metal, can be recoverd, thereby providing economic advantages. The use of immobilized microalgae in these processes is very adequate and offers significant advantages in bioreactors. The future of this area of algal cell biotechnology is considered.     

霉菌吸附重金属离子的研究进展

介绍了目前国内外采用霉菌吸附分离废水中重金属离子的研究情况,总结了不同霉菌的吸附能力,讨论了霉菌吸附重金属离子的影响因素、机理以及固定化技术,最后展望了霉菌吸附重金属的发展趋势.