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The diversity of angiosperm flowers is astounding. The conventional explanation for this diversity is that it represents the great variety of ways in which flowers have adapted to attract an even greater diversity of animal pollinators. Many animal behaviourists are therefore interested in how changes in floral morphology affect pollinator behaviour. The establishment of well-characterised model plant species has greatly furthered our understanding of how floral morphology is generated and varied. Many of these model species are pollinated by animals and attract their pollinators through the production of colour, shape, scent, size and rewards. An understanding of the developmental plasticity of floral morphology, and the constraints upon it, should inform research into animal responses to flowers. The use of genetically characterised model species, and the isogenic and near-isogenic lines available in them, will allow dissection of the different components of floral attraction and reward in natural systems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Handling editor: Heikki Hokkanen  相似文献   

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茶树EST-SSRs分布特征及引物开发   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10  
为了在茶树中开发EST-SSRs功能性标记,利用生物信息学方法对NCBI网上公开的3288奈茶树(Camellia subebsus)ESTs序列进行EST-SSRs特征分析。剔除冗余序列,得到非冗余序列2083条。在非冗余序列中发现含不同重复基元SSRs的EST序列有385条,共486个EST-SSRs,平均相隔2.10kb出现1个SSR。在2~6bp的重复基元中,二核苷酸重复基元的SSRs出现频率最高(51.97%),其次是三核苷酸(19.55%)。对所有的重复基元类型进行统计分析发现,所占比例最高的是AG/CT(47.74%),其次分别是AT/TA(4.73%)和AAG/CTT(4.73%)。利用Prime5软件,设计了206对EST-SSRs引物,随机选用72对引物进行SSR扩增,发现31对引物可以扩增出条带,其中29对引物具有多态性,多态性比率为93.5%。这些EST-SSRs将有助于茶树基因组学方面的研究。  相似文献   

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应用Illumina Hi-seqTM2000高通量测序技术对文冠果花芽进行转录组分析。共获得N50为1 180bp、平均长度为686bp的unigene 58 311条。与公共数据库Nr和Swiss-Prot同源性比较后发现37 047条unigene获得基因注释,另有21 264条unigene未被注释。利用COG数据库将unigene分成25类。通过GO分类和KEGG Pathway富集性分析,将unigene分别归类于55个GO term和128个代谢途径。此外,在9 794条unigene中共搜索到12 213个SSR位点,单核苷酸重复基元出现频率最高(34.95%),其次分别为二核苷酸(32.74%)和三核苷酸(28.64%)。在获得的unigene中发掘出涉及4个开花调控途径(光周期途径、春化途径、GA途径和自主途径)多个基因的同源序列。研究结果可在一定程度上解析文冠果花芽形态分化的分子调控模式与机制。  相似文献   

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白菜EST-SSR标记的通用性   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
EST-SSR是从表达序列标签(expressedsequencetag,EST)中开发的新型简单序列重复(simplesequencerepeat,SSR)标记。根据白菜EST设计了15对SSR引物,对白菜、油菜、玉米、高粱、水稻和茶树等进行了PCR,研究了白菜的EST-SSR标记在不同物种间的通用性。所设计的引物对不同白菜品种、近缘种油菜和远缘种玉米、高粱、水稻和茶树的扩增成功率分别为100%、93.3%、80%、93.3%、93.3%和86.7%。在15对引物中,有11对在远缘种中都有扩增产物,而且一些引物可显示多态性,多态性引物分别占了可扩增引物的33.3%、28.6%、28.6%和61.5%。这些结果表明,白菜EST-SSR引物具有较高的通用性,这对于比较基因组学研究有重要意义。  相似文献   

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为拓展分子标记在燕麦种质资源分析与鉴定中的应用,利用公共数据库中的25376条EST(expressed sequence tags)序列,开展了燕麦EST-SSR功能性标记的开发和利用研究。25376条EST序列经拼接去冗余后获得了11618条序列,从中筛选出含有不同重复基元的SSR且重复次数较多、长度较长的556条EST序列进行引物设计,开发了50对燕麦EST-SSR引物,通过筛选得到40对有效的EST-SSR引物。选取其中4对引物对5个燕麦种质资源进行了PCR扩增及产物测序,结果表明扩增条带多态性是由SSR差异造成的。利用40对ESTSSR引物对15个六倍体燕麦种质资源进行遗传多样性分析,共扩增出89个等位基因,平均每对引物产生2.23个等位基因;UPGMA聚类分析表明,15个六倍体燕麦种质资源在Dice系数为0.93处聚为3支,基本上是按照不同种进行聚类的,在相同种中又根据地理来源分别聚集成支。利用40对EST-SSR引物对31个遗传背景不清的燕麦种质资源进行基因组倍性鉴定,发现这些种质中可能存在有四倍体和二倍体的燕麦新资源。本研究开发的燕麦EST-SSR功能性标记将在燕麦遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建及燕麦属内种间基因组鉴定等方面发挥重要作用。  相似文献   

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结核病是公共卫生当前面临的重要问题。由于BCG预防效果不佳,研究和开发新型结核病疫苗显得必须且急迫。新型结核病疫苗的研究开发路径和观念也经历了变迁,当前主流的研发路径有重组BCG或重组结核菌、重组痘病毒或重组腺病毒载体疫苗、蛋白质亚单位或重组融合蛋白质亚单位疫苗三类,它们在疫苗效力前景,抗原选型、配方、剂型,免疫应答,疫苗生产,疫苗质量控制,临床前研究动物试验,临床试验和使用,对结核病公共卫生政策的影响等方面各有优劣。新型结核病疫苗的成功研发,还需要病原学、发病机制、免疫学和疫苗研发科学的进一步努力。  相似文献   

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陆地棉EST-SSRs在向日葵中的通用性研究   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
利用陆地棉EST-SSR s(Expressed sequence tags-s im p le sequence repeats)在陆地棉和向日葵品种中进行了通用性分析。利用本实验室合成的1 500对陆地棉EST-SSR s在4个陆地棉品种中进行了扩增,有效扩增比率为95%,扩增产物符合预期大小(50~500 bp);每对引物可以检测到1~6个数目不等的片段(a lle le),平均约为2.7个;每2个陆地棉之间大约有7%~9%的多态性。从1 500对陆地棉EST-SSR s引物中选取400对引物在向日葵中进行了扩增,有效扩增比率为63%,每对引物可以检测到1~6个数目不等的片段,平均为1.7个,片段大小介于50~500 bp之间。选取了200对在向日葵中得到有效扩增的引物对向日葵G 101的父母本进行了多态性筛选,约25%引物具有多态性。结果表明,陆地棉EST-SSR s在向日葵中具有较高的通用性,可用于向日葵比较基因组研究和分子标记研究。  相似文献   

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Structure of inflorescences and flowers and flowering behaviour are reported for the woody liana Anchietea pyrifolia (Violaceae) from Brazil. The specimen studied is grown for some decades now in the greenhouses of Halle Botanical Garden and turned out unisexually male, which adds a further example of dioecism to the family Violaceae, in which this type of sex distribution is rarely encountered. The flowers are exceptional also for the strongly asymmetric anterior petal, which represents a rare case of a species with enantiomorphic flowers pollinated by Lepidoptera. They have a fully developed gynoecium with a complicated architecture comparable to the pistil of bisexual Violaceae flowers, though without ovules. The style head is capable to release viscose liquid on tactile stimulation or pressure, which is known to act as pollen-gathering mechanism in bisexual Violaceae species with usually dry pollen and buzz-pollination. This function has switched in male A. pyrifolia to a mechanism for efficient pollen release mediated by insect pollinators from its short-lived flowers.  相似文献   

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基于转录组分析铜绿假单胞菌DN1降解荧蒽特性   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
[背景]铜绿假单胞菌DN1是一株从石油污染土壤中分离筛选到的具有广谱降解功能的菌株.[目的]深入了解荧蒽胁迫条件下铜绿假单胞菌DN1降解污染物过程中重要的降解相关基因信息.[方法]通过高通量测序技术对铜绿假单胞菌DN1进行转录组测序,对其所有的转录本进行KEGG (kyotoencyclopedia of genes ...  相似文献   

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圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)是一种呈群同步发育繁殖的鱼类, 对其卵巢成熟各时期特征分析, 可进一步了解鱼类卵巢成熟的分子调控机制, 并为人工催产实践提供理论支持。研究以野生雌性圆口铜鱼不同发育时期的卵巢为研究对象, 通过现场卵巢解剖观察以及实验室内组织学分析, 收集处于Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ期的卵巢组织样本进行转录组分析。研究显示野生圆口铜鱼卵巢组织在其成熟发育各阶段具有明确的组织学和转录表达特征。研究采用全序列转录组测序分析, 以鲤科模式鱼类斑马鱼的基因序列作为主要参考序列, 共检测得到11 495 bp基因片段。聚焦内分泌/自分泌信号分子的转录表达, 发现促乳素(Prolactin, prl)、卵泡刺激素(Follicle-stimulating hormone, fsh)、雌激素(Estrogen)、前列腺素E2(Prostaglandin E2, PGE2)合成酶类、生长/分化因子9(Growth/differentiation factor 9, gdf9)、激活素(Activin)、和抗穆氏管激素(Anti-Mllerian hormone,amh)等转录表达和卵巢发育成熟呈现出显著的关联动态变化。通过对样品中卵巢成熟诱导激素(Maturationinducinghormone, MIH)合成酶分子的表达水平的观察, 发现涉及MIH的17, 20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one的合成酶分子表达水平较高, 而另一种MIH分子11-deoxycorticosteron的合成酶的表达水平处于检测水平之下,因此, 提示17, 20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one可能是圆口铜鱼卵巢成熟后期的主要促进因子。同时, 发现了完整的胆酸合成酶系列分子在卵巢转录组中的存在, 这是鱼类卵巢组织中具有合成胆酸能力的首次报道, 其生理作用有待进一步研究。总之, 作为一种群同步发育的鱼类, 此项研究为鱼类卵巢成熟发育过程中的内分泌信号调控网络提供了大量的数据参考。  相似文献   

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  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
A protein crystal lattice consists of surface contact regions, where the interactions of specific groups play a key role in stabilizing the regular arrangement of the protein molecules. In an attempt to control protein incorporation in a crystal lattice, a leucine zipper-like hydrophobic interface (comprising four leucine residues) was introduced into a helical region (helix 2) of the human pancreatic ribonuclease 1 (RNase 1) that was predicted to form a suitable crystallization interface. Although crystallization of wild-type RNase 1 has not yet been reported, the RNase 1 mutant having four leucines (4L-RNase 1) was successfully crystallized under several different conditions. The crystal structures were subsequently determined by X-ray crystallography by molecular replacement using the structure of bovine RNase A. The overall structure of 4L-RNase 1 is quite similar to that of the bovine RNase A, and the introduced leucine residues formed the designed crystal interface. To characterize the role of the introduced leucine residues in crystallization of RNase 1 further, the number of leucines was reduced to three or two (3L- and 2L-RNase 1, respectively). Both mutants crystallized and a similar hydrophobic interface as in 4L-RNase 1 was observed. A related approach to engineer crystal contacts at helix 3 of RNase 1 (N4L-RNase 1) was also evaluated. N4L-RNase 1 also successfully crystallized and formed the expected hydrophobic packing interface. These results suggest that appropriate introduction of a leucine zipper-like hydrophobic interface can promote intermolecular symmetry for more efficient protein crystallization in crystal lattice engineering efforts.  相似文献   

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