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1.
了解不同森林群落类型的物种和谱系水平的α和β多样性, 有助于指导森林经营和生物多样性保护。本研究比较了浙江省内不同地点主要森林类型(包括常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林和针阔叶混交林)的物种α多样性和谱系α多样性, 以及物种β多样性和谱系β多样性。研究表明, 该地区主要森林类型的物种和谱系α多样性均存在较大差异, 但控制了空间和地形因子的作用后, 差异几乎全部消失; 森林类型内部及相互间的物种和谱系β多样性均存在显著差异, 同种森林类型内部的物种和谱系β多样性分别小于不同森林类型之间的物种和谱系β多样性, 且在控制了空间和地形因子的作用后, 以上差异仍然显著。本研究表明影响亚热带主要森林群落类型物种和谱系水平的α和β多样性的因素存在差异: α多样性可能主要受到空间和地形因子等的影响, 而β多样性则可能受到森林类型的重要影响。  相似文献   

2.
陈兵  孟雪晨  张东  储玲  严云志 《生态学报》2019,39(15):5730-5745
确定鱼类群落的空间格局是保护和管理河流鱼类多样性的基础。尽管河流鱼类分类群(基于物种组成)的纵向梯度格局已得到大量报道,但其功能群(基于功能特征)的空间格局研究较少。以皖南山区新安江为研究流域,沿其\"正源-下游\"梯度共设置27个调查样点,分别于2017年5月和10月完成2次调查取样,着重研究了鱼类分类群和功能群结构的纵向梯度格局及其形成机制。共采集鱼类44种,可分为5个运动功能群和4个营养功能群,构成14个\"营养-运动\"复合功能群。双因素交互相似性分析结果显示,鱼类分类群和功能群均随河流级别显著变化,但两者均无显著的季节变化;根据相似性百分比分析,由1级至3级河流,数量优势物种和功能群的空间变化主要呈嵌套格局,而由3级至5级河流其变化主要呈周转格局。方差分解结果显示,局域栖息地、陆地景观和支流空间位置3类解释变量对分类群和功能群空间变化的解释率分别为33.6%和38.5%,其中,分类群受局域栖息地和支流空间位置变量的显著影响,而功能群受局域栖息地和陆地景观变量的显著影响。研究表明,沿着新安江的\"上游-下游\"纵向梯度,鱼类分类群和功能群的空间格局基本一致,但两者的形成机制不同:分类群的纵向梯度变化受环境过滤和扩散过程的联合影响,而功能群则主要受环境过滤影响。  相似文献   

3.
戈壁荒漠广泛分布于全球干旱和极旱区域, 是我国陆地生态系统的重要组成部分。由于自然环境恶劣和交通条件限制, 目前有关戈壁植物群落物种、功能和系统发育等多维度β多样性形成机制的系统研究还很缺乏, 严重制约着对戈壁植物多样性维持机制的认知。本文以青藏高原北部61个典型戈壁生境植物群落为研究对象, 通过构建系统发育树和测量8个关键功能性状, 获取戈壁生境的物种、功能和系统发育β多样性, 比较3个维度β多样性格局与零模型的差异, 同时量化环境距离和地理距离对其的相对影响, 以探讨戈壁植物多样性的形成机制。结果显示: (1)戈壁植物的物种、功能和系统发育β多样性均表现出显著的距离衰减效应; (2)戈壁植物的物种、功能和系统发育β多样性均表现为非随机的格局; (3)由于功能性状趋同进化, 植物功能和系统发育β多样性变化趋势并不一致; (4)环境差异对植物3个维度β多样性均有着比空间距离更为重要的影响, 且土壤含水量、地表砾石盖度等局域生境因素的影响比气候更为强烈。以上结果表明, 戈壁植物的β多样性可能主要由局域生境过滤作用控制, 且不同维度的β多样性分布格局并不一致。  相似文献   

4.
β多样性反映生物群落沿某一环境梯度的物种周转速率, 该研究尝试采用β多样性揭示植物群落随小型啮齿草食动物干扰梯度变化的生态过程。该研究利用野外随机样地的采集数据, 分析了高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)不同干扰强度下Whittaker指数的变化特征, 并利用群落二元丰富度的方差分解法, 确定了单个物种(SCBD)和单个干扰位点(LCBD)对β多样性的贡献。主要结果: 随高原鼠兔干扰强度增加, 植物群落内物种周转速率呈先增加后降低的趋势; 占据位点数居中的物种对区域内的β多样性贡献较大, 其中冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、臭蒿(Artemisia hedinii)、小花草玉梅(Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore)等单个物种对整个区域内β多样性的贡献最为突出; 整个区域内干扰位点T0 (高原鼠兔干扰强度为0)对区域β多样性贡献值最大, LCBD值和该位点的群落丰富度呈显著负相关关系, 但与高原鼠兔干扰强度无显著关联。说明重点保护LCBD值高的干扰位点所在的高寒草甸, 以及SCBD值较高的冰草、臭蒿、小花草玉梅, 对保护高原鼠兔存在时高寒草甸植物群落多样性具有重要意义。  相似文献   

5.
本研究采用酸法、碱法、酶法和微波法对灵芝β-葡聚糖进行降解,通过降解率、产物分子量变化、产物聚合度分布等指标比较了不同方法的降解效果。结果表明,微波法降解率高达94%,处理后产物的分子量明显降低,寡糖产物聚合度分布广。酶法降解率约为40%,寡糖产物中含有DP2-5的成分。酸法及碱法降解率低于20%,寡糖产物少。研究表明,与其他3种方法相比,微波法降解率高、产物丰富、操作条件易于控制,是一种简单、高效的降解灵芝β-葡聚糖、制备灵芝β-葡寡糖的方法。  相似文献   

6.
植物水的稳定同位素分馏过程是水在土壤-植物-大气连续体中循环的重要环节。以往研究由于叶片水18O同位素比值(δ18O l,b)和氘(D)同位素比值(δDl,b)(合称δl,b)实测数量少只能作为模型验证数据, 导致δl,b富集机制研究多集中于模型研究, 缺乏基于野外试验条件的δl,b富集的控制机制研究。叶片水δDl,bδ18O l,b的富集程度(ΔDl,bΔ18O l,b, 合称Δl,b)通常表示为δl,b与茎秆水D同位素比值(δDx)和18O同位素比值(δ18Ox) (合称δx)之差, 即Δl,b = δl,b - δx。该研究以黑河中游沙漠绿洲春玉米(Zea mays)生态系统为研究对象, 重点采集和分析了季节和日尺度δl,bδx数据, 配套开展了大气水汽δ18O和δD (合称δv)等辅助变量的原位连续观测, 探讨了季节和日尺度上的δl,b富集特征及其影响因素。结果表明: 叶片水δl,bΔl,b的季节变化趋势不明显, 而受蒸腾作用影响表现出白天富集夜间贫化的单峰日变化特征。对于D来说, 无论季节尺度上还是日尺度上, 大气水汽δv和相对湿度是δDl,bΔDl,b的主要环境控制因素; 而对于18O来说, 无论季节尺度上还是日尺度上, 相对湿度是δ18O l,bΔ18O l,b的主要环境控制因素。由于D和18O在热力学平衡分馏上有约8倍差异, 直接分析叶片水ΔDl,bΔ18Ol,b与影响因素的差异性, 有助于理解叶片水δD和δ18O富集过程以及对模型发展有一定的指导意义。  相似文献   

7.
溪流鱼类多样性沿着河流纵向梯度的空间分布规律已得到大量报道, 但这些研究大多聚焦基于物种组成的分类α多样性, 而有关分类β多样性和功能多样性的纵向梯度分布规律及其对人类干扰的响应研究较少。本文以青弋江上游3条人为干扰程度不同的河源溪流为研究区域, 比较研究了人为干扰对溪流鱼类功能α和β多样性及其纵向梯度分布格局的影响。结果显示, 人类干扰改变了河源溪流鱼类功能多样性的纵向梯度格局——由线性变化变为二项式分布。此外, 我们发现, 人为干扰导致土著种被本地入侵种取代, 且较强的土地利用和水污染排放可能增大环境的不连续性, 而群落周转和嵌套变化往往取决于环境的变化。尽管功能β多样性由嵌套成分主导, 但周转成分占比相对于人为干扰较小的溪流而言明显增加。人为干扰显著改变了受干扰溪流鱼类的物种组成和功能多样性, 且功能多样性的纵向梯度格局在不同的多样性指标上存在差异。本研究强调, 在评估人为干扰下多样性的变化时, 需要从多方面考虑, 包括空间尺度和多样性指标等。  相似文献   

8.
刘静茹  孟莎莎  周卫辉 《遗传》2015,37(8):801-810
Neurexins是神经特异性突触蛋白,Neurexin1β结构的异常与孤独症密切相关。为分析孤独症相关基因NRXN1β最小启动子和调节基因转录的功能元件,本文构建了含NRXN1β基因上游调控区不同区域的荧光素酶报告基因质粒,转染HEK293细胞后,利用检测双荧光素酶报告基因的转录活性以确定NRXN1β基因最小启动子区,进而筛选出相应的显著增强或抑制报告基因活性的功能区;同时,为鉴定顺式作用元件,利用基因定点突变技术对基因功能区内和临近DNA序列进行连续的碱基突变;最后,采用转录因子预测工具对启动子功能区内的转录调控元件进行分析。结果首次发现NRXN1β最小启动子区位于-88~+156 bp,-88~-73 bp和+156~+149 bp可增强启动子活性,+229~+419 bp可抑制启动子活性,且-84~-63 bp为能够显著性增强启动子活性的顺式作用元件,该区域可能存在DBP(Albumin D-site-binding protein,DBP)和ABF1(Autonomously replicating sequence-binding factor 1,ABF1)两个转录因子结合位点。  相似文献   

9.
汪婷  周立志 《生物多样性》2022,30(7):21445-378
小微湿地是城市生态系统的重要组成部分, 也是生物多样性的重要庇护场所。鸟类作为城市小微湿地生态系统的指示类群, 其多样性时空格局受多种环境因子影响。本研究于2020年8月至2021年7月采用样点法对合肥市45个小微湿地鸟类的种类、数量分布和生境因子进行了调查, 并获取湿地面积、湿地形状、建筑面积比例、植被面积比例、环境噪声、人为干扰和城市化指数等生境变量。通过α多样性和β多样性分析, 研究城市小微湿地鸟类多样性的时空特征及其决定因素。采用信息论模型选择和模型平均法以及基于距离矩阵的多重回归模型进行计算, 确定影响鸟类群落α多样性和β多样性及其组分的主要环境因子。结果显示, 研究区域共有鸟类13目39科102种, 其中水鸟31种, 国家二级重点保护鸟类2种, 安徽省重点保护鸟类17种, IUCN濒危物种红色名录中的易危(VU)物种1种。湿地面积和城市化指数对小微湿地陆地鸟类和水鸟的α多样性、β多样性及其组分均具有显著影响, 其中陆地鸟类物种丰富度在中度和低度城市化之间的小微湿地中达到最高值, 面积超过4 ha的小微湿地能维持较多的水鸟物种。植被面积比例对陆地鸟类多样性具有重要的影响, 而建筑面积比例对水鸟多样性具有显著影响。此外, 总体β多样性及其组分计算结果显示物种周转组分占明显优势, 表明城市小微湿地群作为城市复合生态系统的重要组成部分, 加强整体保护更为必要。研究结果对于加强城市鸟类保护和提高城市生态环境质量具有指导意义。  相似文献   

10.
物种丰富度格局的形成不仅依赖于群落的构建过程, 同样也依赖于群落中的物种组成(如稀有种和常见种)。本文以黄土高原子午岭林区的辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林为研究对象, 根据频度大小对物种进行排序, 形成稀有-常见种和常见-稀有种两条物种序列, 通过逐一添加(去除)物种, 分析引起的总体物种丰富度及其成分(α多样性和β多样性)的变化, 确定稀有种和常见种对物种丰富度格局的相对贡献。结果表明: (1)常见-稀有种序列与群落总体物种丰富度的相关性呈先剧增后平稳的对数增长曲线, 而稀有-常见种序列与群落总体的相关性与前者刚好相反, 呈先平稳后剧增的指数增长曲线; (2) α多样性在常见-稀有种序列中呈明显的对数变化曲线, 而在稀有-常见种序列中呈指数增长曲线; (3)与α多样性变化相反, β多样性在常见-稀有种序列中随物种的进入先迅速降低后逐渐平稳, 而在稀有-常见种序列中先平稳后急剧降低。可以看出, 常见种不仅主导群落的总体物种丰富度格局, 同时也是α多样性和β多样性格局的重要贡献者。因此, 常见种是群落物种丰富度格局的指示者, 也应该是优先保护的物种。  相似文献   

11.
    
The role of hither-to-fore unrecognized long-range hydrogen bonds between main-chain amide hydrogens and polar side chains on the stability of a well-studied (betaalpha)8, TIM barrel protein, the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase (alphaTS), was probed by mutational analysis. The F19-D46 and I97-D124 hydrogen bonds link the N terminus of a beta-strand with the C terminus of the succeeding antiparallel alpha-helix, and the A103-D130 hydrogen bond links the N terminus of an alpha-helix with the C terminus of the succeeding antiparallel beta-strand, forming clamps for the respective betaalpha or alphabeta hairpins. The individual replacement of these aspartic acid side chains with alanine leads to what appear to be closely related partially folded structures with significantly reduced far-UV CD ellipticity and thermodynamic stability. Comparisons with the effects of eliminating another main-chain-side-chain hydrogen bond, G26-S33, and two electrostatic side-chain-side-chain hydrogen bonds, D38-H92 and D112-H146, all in the same N-terminal folding unit of alphaTS, demonstrated a unique role for the clamp interactions in stabilizing the native barrel conformation. Because neither the asparagine nor glutamic acid variant at position 46 can completely reproduce the spectroscopic, thermodynamic, or kinetic folding properties of aspartic acid, both size and charge are crucial to its unique role in the clamp hydrogen bond. Kinetic studies suggest that the three clamp hydrogen bonds act in concert to stabilize the transition state leading to the fully folded TIM barrel motif.  相似文献   

12.
Esterases form a diverse class of enzymes of largely unknown physiological role. Because many drugs and pesticides carry ester functions, the hydrolysis of such compounds forms at least one potential biological function. Carboxylesterases catalyze the hydrolysis of short chain aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic ester compounds. Esterases, D-alanyl-D-alanine-peptidases (DD-peptidases) and beta-lactamases can be grouped into two distinct classes of hydrolases with different folds and topologically unrelated catalytic residues, the one class comprising of esterases, the other one of beta-lactamases and DD-peptidases. The chemical reactivities of esters and beta-lactams towards hydrolysis are quite similar, which raises the question of which factors prevent esterases from displaying beta-lactamase activity and vice versa. Here we describe the crystal structure of EstB, an esterase isolated from Burkholderia gladioli. It shows the protein to belong to a novel class of esterases with homology to Penicillin binding proteins, notably DD-peptidase and class C beta-lactamases. Site-directed mutagenesis and the crystal structure of the complex with diisopropyl-fluorophosphate suggest Ser75 within the "beta-lactamase" Ser-x-x-Lys motif to act as catalytic nucleophile. Despite its structural homology to beta-lactamases, EstB shows no beta-lactamase activity. Although the nature and arrangement of active-site residues is very similar between EstB and homologous beta-lactamases, there are considerable differences in the shape of the active site tunnel. Modeling studies suggest steric factors to account for the enzyme's selectivity for ester hydrolysis versus beta-lactam cleavage.  相似文献   

13.
    
Nitrogen (N) deposition poses a serious threat to terrestrial biodiversity and alters plant and soil microbial community composition. Species turnover and nestedness reflect the underlying mechanisms of variations in community composition. However, it remains unclear how species turnover and nestedness contribute to different responses of taxonomic groups (plants and soil microbes) to N enrichment. Here, based on a 13‐year consecutive multi‐level N addition experiment in a semiarid steppe, we partitioned community β‐diversity into species turnover and nestedness components and explored how and why plant and microbial communities reorganize via these two processes following N enrichment. We found that plant, soil bacterial, and fungal β‐diversity increased, but their two components showed different patterns with increasing N input. Plant β‐diversity was mainly driven by species turnover under lower N input but by nestedness under higher N input, which may be due to a reduction in forb species, with low tolerance to soil Mn2+, with increasing N input. However, turnover was the main contributor to differences in soil bacterial and fungal communities with increasing N input, indicating the phenomenon of microbial taxa replacement. The turnover of bacteria increased greatly whereas that of fungi remained within a narrow range with increasing N input. We further found that the increased soil Mn2+ concentration was the best predictor for increasing nestedness of plant communities under higher N input, whereas increasing N availability and acidification together contributed to the turnover of bacterial communities. However, environmental factors could explain neither fungal turnover nor nestedness. Our findings reflect two different pathways of community changes in plants, soil bacteria, and fungi, as well as their distinct community assembly in response to N enrichment. Disentangling the turnover and nestedness of plant and microbial β‐diversity would have important implications for understanding plant–soil microbe interactions and seeking conservation strategies for maintaining regional diversity.  相似文献   

14.
Subsequent to wounding, keratinocytes must quickly restore barrier function. In vitro wound models have served to elucidate mechanisms of epithelial closure and key roles for integrins alpha6beta4 and alpha3beta1. To extrapolate in vitro data to in vivo human tissues, we used ultrathin cryomicrotomy to simultaneously observe tissue ultrastructure and immunogold localization in unwounded skin and acute human cutaneous wounds. Localization of the beta4 integrin subunit in unwounded skin shows dominant hemidesmosomal association and minor basal keratinocyte lateral filopodic cell-cell expression. After wounding, beta4 dominantly localized to cytokeratin-rich regions (trailing edge hemidesmosomes) and minor association with lamellipodia (leading edge). beta4 colocalizes with alpha3 within filopodia juxtaposed to wound matrix, and increased concentrations of beta4 were found in cytoplasmic vesicles within basal keratinocytes of the migrating tongue. alpha3 integrin subunit dominantly localized to filopodia within basal keratinocyte lateral cell-cell interfaces in unwounded skin and both cell-cell and cell-matrix filopodic interactions in wounded skin. This study indicates that beta4 interacts with the extracellular environment through both stable and transient interactions and may be managed through a different endosomal trafficking pathway than alpha3. alpha3 integrin, despite its ability to respond to alternate ligands after wounding, does so through a single structure, the filopodia.  相似文献   

15.
    
β‐Diversity, which describes the extent of change in species composition in a given region, has become a core issue in ecology in recent years. However, it is hard to understand the underlying mechanisms of β‐diversity by using indices that yield identical values under species replacement and nestedness pattern. Partitioning β‐diversity into turnover (caused by species replacement among plots) and nestedness components (caused by species loss or gain among plots) may provide improved understanding of the variation in species composition. Here, we collected presence–absence data of 456 one‐tenth ha circular plots in the temperate forests of Northeastern China spanning a latitudinal range of 12° (41–53°N). We decomposed β‐diversity to assess the relative contribution of the turnover and nestedness components across latitudinal gradients. We used regression analysis to assess the relationship between spatial distance and β‐diversity. We applied variation partitioning to evaluate the importance of the measured environmental and spatial variables in explaining β‐diversity. We used the Tukey honest significant difference test to test the differences of β‐diversity along latitudinal gradients. Pearson correlations (r) and significance (p‐value) were computed using the Mantel tests to verify the relationship between distance and β‐diversity. The ANOVA test was used to verify whether the variation of β‐diversity explained by the environment and distance was significant. Our results showed that (1) β‐diversity and the turnover component were higher at low latitudes (zones A and B) than at high latitudes (zones C and D), while there was no relationship between the nestedness component and latitude. (2) The turnover component was dominant. (3) The spatial distance explained more variation of β‐diversity than the measured environmental factors. Therefore, we conclude that β‐diversity is mainly a product of species turnover in our temperate forests, suggesting that different localities harbor different species. We find that decomposing β‐diversity into the turnover and nestedness components is a useful approach to explore the variation of community composition and their causes.  相似文献   

16.
目的: 构建α1亚基诱导表达、β2和γ2L亚基稳定表达的人源α1β2γ2L-GABAAR-CHO(Chinese hamster ovary)细胞株。方法: 从人cDNA文库中扩增α1、β2、γ2L亚基编码基因,分别构建亚基表达载体;将三个亚基表达载体共转染CHO-K1细胞,通过抗性筛选、膜电位检测法进行稳定表达克隆筛选;通过qPCR、Western blot对亚基表达进行鉴定;以激动剂GABA、阳性变构调节剂地西泮(diazepam,Dia)、拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱(bicuculine)为工具药,采用全细胞膜片钳方法及膜电位检测法对稳定表达细胞的药理学功能进行鉴定。结果: 经克隆筛选获得表达量较高的α1β2γ2L-GABAAR-CHO并对其亚基表达鉴定,结果显示该细胞稳定表达α1、β2、γ2L亚基,构建的α1β2γ2L-GABAAR-CHO细胞仅在加入四环素(tetracyclin)诱导的情况下表达α1亚基并与β2、γ2L组装成具有功能活性的α1β2γ2L-GABAAR;对其进行全细胞膜片钳检测研究发现,GABA可对其产生激动效应,引起α1β2γ2L-GABAAR-CHO细胞产生氯离子通道特征性电流变化,Dia可剂量依赖性地增强GABA对α1β2γ2L-GABAAR的激动效应;在膜电位检测研究中,获得GABA激动效应EC50为(177.72 ± 15.92)nmol/L,Dia变构效应EC50为(3.63±0.52)μmol/L,拮抗剂Bicuculine拮抗效应IC50为(538.83±29.55)nmol/L。结论: 通过采用诱导表达策略,成功构建了α1β2γ2L-GABAAR-CHO稳定表达细胞株,该细胞株具有对激动剂、阳性变构剂、拮抗剂特异性检测的药理学功能。  相似文献   

17.
The integrin alpha9beta1 has been shown to be widely expressed on smooth muscle and epithelial cells, and to mediate adhesion to the extracellular matrix proteins osteopontin and tenascin-C. We have found that the peptide sequence this integrin recognizes in tenascin-C is highly homologous to the sequence recognized by the closely related integrin alpha4beta1, in the inducible endothelial ligand, vascular cell adhesion mole-cule-1 (VCAM-1). We therefore sought to determine whether alpha9beta1 also recognizes VCAM-1, and whether any such interaction would be biologically significant. In this report, we demonstrate that alpha9beta1 mediates stable cell adhesion to recombinant VCAM-1 and to VCAM-1 induced on human umbilical vein endothelial cells by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Furthermore, we show that alpha9beta1 is highly and selectively expressed on neutrophils and is critical for neutrophil migration on VCAM-1 and tenascin-C. Finally, alpha9beta1 and alpha4 integrins contribute to neutrophil chemotaxis across activated endothelial monolayers. These observations suggest a possible role for alpha9beta1/VCAM-1 interactions in extravasation of neutrophils at sites of acute inflammation.  相似文献   

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