黄土高原苹果园蒸腾导度大气驱动规律比较

植物蒸腾导度是表征土壤-植物-大气连续体（SPAC）中植物-大气间水汽传导过程、反映植物水分调控能力的一类重要变量,常见有冠层导度（G_c）、冠层气孔导度（G_s）与叶片气孔导度（g_s）,明确三者在反映冠层蒸腾过程时的异同或关联性对于理解植物水分利用机制具有重要意义。本研究基于对黄土高原果园苹果树生长季内树干液流（J_s）及环境因子的连续观测,计算了G_c、G_s及脱耦联系数（Ω）等变量,并与短期连续观测的叶片气孔导度（g_s）比较,分析了G_c、G_s和g_s在反映冠层蒸腾特征方面的异同及其关系。结果表明,日变化过程中G_s、g_s呈\"单峰\"型曲线,而G_c则呈\"先增后减,午后抬升\"的\"双峰\"型曲线。g_s与G_s存在较紧密的线性关系（R²=0.80）,但与G_c的线性关系较弱（R²=0.02）。G_c、G_s均随大气水汽压亏缺（VPD）的变化呈现确定的规律,其中,上边界函数呈递减的对数函数关系,平均值则符合先增后减的Log-Normal函数关系（R²>0.95）,拐点对应的VPD值分别为1.33和1.16 kPa。在一日内,G_s对VPD变化的响应过程与g_s对VPDL （基于叶片温度计算的水汽压亏缺）变化的响应过程总体一致,其一致性高于G_c对VPD变化的响应。整个生长季（4-10月）中果树的Ω平均值为0.12,随着Ω递减,G_c与G_s的线性相关性愈趋紧密,其斜率呈递增趋势,G_c越来越趋近于G_s。研究结果表明,在北方地区,基于树干液流的监测能较准确的推导整株并估算林分的冠层蒸腾导度。与实测g_s的变化过程比较,G_s比G_c具有更高的一致性,G_s可以作为描述苹果树水分利用过程响应大气驱动的更为恰当的变量。     

Estimation of hydraulic conductance within field-grown apricot using sap flow measurements

Using the heat pulse and other techniques, the hydraulic architecture of apricot trees was mapped out. The flows (overall flow, flow across the four main branches) and forces (water potential differences between xylem and leaves) measured allowed us to quantify hydraulic conductance of branches and of the root/soil resistance. The experiment was carried out in a commercial orchard of 11-year-old apricot trees (Prunus armeniaca L., cv. Búlida, on Real Fino apricot rootstock) during 1 week (October 27–November 3, 1998). Three representative trees with a cylindrical trunk divided into four main branches of different sizes, orientation and local microclimate were chosen for the experiment. Sap flow was measured throughout the experimental period. Twelve sets of heat-pulse probes were used, one for each main branch. The diurnal course of the environmental conditions, the fraction of the area irradiated and leaf water relations were also considered in each main branch. The relationships between leaf water potential, xylem water potential and transpiration were established for different branches and also for the total plant. Using the slopes of these regressions, total plant conductance, the hydraulic conductance of the stem and root pathway, the hydraulic conductance of the canopy and the hydraulic conductance of each branch were estimated. Our findings show that the root conductance and the canopy hydraulic conductance are similar in magnitude. Leaf hydraulic conductance per leaf area unit was similar for each of the four branch orientations, indicating that, while the light microclimate has a dominant influence on transpiration, in this case it had little effect on the hydraulic properties of the canopy.     

Stomatal oscillations in orange trees under natural climatic conditions

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Stomatal oscillations have been reported in many plant species, but they are usually induced by sudden step changes in the environment when plants are grown under constant conditions. This study shows that in navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis) pronounced stomatal oscillations occur and persist under natural climatic conditions. METHODS: Oscillations in stomatal conductance were measured, and related to simultaneous measurements of leaf water potential, and flow rate of sap in the stems of young, potted plants. Cycling was also observed in soil-grown, mature orchard trees, as indicated by sap flow in stem and branches. KEY RESULTS: Oscillations in stomatal conductance were caused by the rapid propagation and synchronization of changes in xylem water potential throughout the tree, without rapid changes in atmospheric conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The results show marked stomatal oscillations persisting under natural climatic conditions and underscore the need to discover why this phenomenon is so pronounced in orange trees.     

Physiological Indicators of Plant Water Status of Irrigated and Non-irrigated Grapevines Grown in a Low Rainfall Area of Portugal

Water is a key resource in commercial wine production and both large excesses and deficits have undesirable effects upon the amount and quality of the wine produced. A balance between the water requirements of a fully developed canopy and the induced stress necessary for the commercial quality of the wine must be reached. Thus we need a physiological indicator that integrates both soil and climatic conditions to use as a management tool. An experimental field was established in the eastern part of the Demarcated Region of Douro – Portugal, to study the effect of water supply on the quality of the musts produced and we need a physiological indicator that relates to the water use and stress of the grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) and to the later evaluation of the effect of irrigation practices upon the quality of the musts. We chose as indicators sap flow, leaf water potential at pre-dawn (0600 h), mid-morning (1000 h), solar noon (1400 h) and sunset (1900 h), stomatal conductance and leaf transpiration both measured at mid-morning and at solar noon, and related them to our experimental treatments that induce differences in soil water content, evaluated with time-domain reflectometry probes, with the objective of selecting the indicator that best describes the plant water status under different amounts of available water. Sap flow, leaf water potential and leaf transpiration rate measured at solar noon had highly significant correlations with soil water content and their regression on soil water content was also highly significant. Each of these parameters has shortcomings and none has a clear advantage over the other two as an integrator of the environmental conditions under these experimental conditions. Further studies of the parameters and their relationship with the quality characteristics of the produced musts are needed to achieve the ultimate objective of manipulating the soil water content.     

木荷树干夜间水分补充的季节动态及其与树形特征和叶片生物量的关系

利用热消散探针(TDP)法对位于中国科学院华南植物园的木荷(Schima superba)人工纯林的15株样树进行了树干液流监测, 并结合光合有效辐射(PAR)和土壤含水量的测定, 探讨了不同季节的夜间水分补充量与树形特征和叶片生物量的关系。结果表明: 1)夜间液流活动时间与PAR同步, 但其结束时间不受PAR影响; 春、夏季夜间液流明显比秋冬季活跃。2)春、夏、秋季的夜间水分补充量与样树的胸径、冠幅、边材面积、叶片生物量呈极显著线性关系, 与树高仅在春季呈显著线性关系。3)春、夏季的夜间水分补充量主要受样树冠幅影响, 成正相关; 秋季主要受胸径影响, 成正相关; 冬季仅受树高影响。该试验说明木荷夜间水分补充与树形特征、叶片生物量关系密切, 但起主要作用的树形特征和具体关系具有季节差别。     

亚热带森林演替树种叶片气孔导度对环境水分的水力响应

利用LI-1600稳态气孔计和PMS压力室,在田间测定了群落演替早期强阳生性树种桃金娘(Rhodomyrtus tomentosa)和三叉苦(Evodia lepta)、偏中性的阳生性树种荷木(Schima superba)、群落演替后期的耐荫树种鸭脚木(Schefllera octophylla)和九节(Psychotrie rubra)的叶片气孔导度(gs)和叶片水势(ΨL),研究不同演替阶段树种的气孔导度对环境水分的响应.结果表明,早上叶片有较高的ΨL,随着时间推移ΨL逐渐降低,与此同时比叶水力导度(KL)随ΨL降低而下降,桃金娘、三叉苦、荷木、鸭脚木和九节水力导度初始最低值时的ΨL分别为-1.6、-1.42、-1.30、-0.9MPa和-1.05MPa.随着ΨL降低,田间测定的gs开始从上午的较低值上升至约中午时的最大值,随后开始降低,此时的ΨL分别为-1.58、-1.52、-1.35、-1.02MPa和-1.0MPa.不同植物种类有不同的KL初始最低值的ΨL和gs达到最大值的ΨL.但不论何种供试树种,KL最低值时的ΨL与gs开始从最大值下降时的ΨL相近;显示KL与gs在动态变化中存在协调关系.树种间的gs和KL对ΨL的不同响应显示桃金娘和三叉苦的KL最低值时和gs开始下降时的ΨL均较鸭脚木和九节对应的ΨL低(p<0.05),意味着演替早期树种能在较强水分胁迫下保持较高的气孔导度.这一水力特性保证树种在水分胁迫下维持叶片的光合速率,有利于其在群落中的生长和优势地位的维护,而演替后期树种在较高ΨL下气孔关闭,降低了光合速率.全球变暖和环境进一步干旱可能成为限制亚热带森林植物群落的正向演替进程的潜在因素之一.     

Xylem cavitation and hydraulic control of stomatal conductance in Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.)

The possible link between stomatal conductance (g_L), leaf water potential ( Ψ _L) and xylem cavitation was studied in leaves and shoots of detached branches as well as of whole plants of Laurus nobilis L. (Laurel). Shoot cavitation induced complete stomatal closure in air‐dehydrated detached branches in less than 10 min. By contrast, a fine regulation of g_L in whole plants was the consequence of Ψ _L reaching the cavitation threshold ( Ψ _CAV) for shoots. A pulse of xylem cavitation in the shoots was paralleled by a decrease in g_L of about 50%, while Ψ _L stabilized at values preventing further xylem cavitation. In these experiments, no root signals were likely to be sent to the leaves from the roots in response to soil dryness because branches were either detached or whole plants were growing in constantly wet soil. The stomatal response to increasing evaporative demand appeared therefore to be the result of hydraulic signals generated during shoot cavitation. A negative feedback link is proposed between g_L and Ψ _CAV rather than with Ψ _L itself.     

The effect of fertilization on sap flux and canopy conductance in a Eucalyptus saligna experimental forest

Land devoted to plantation forestry (50 million ha) has been increasing worldwide and the genus Eucalyptus is a popular plantation species (14 million ha) for its rapid growth and ability to grow well on a wide range of sites. Fertilization is a common silvicultural tool to improve tree growth with potential effects on stand water use, but the relationship between wood growth and water use in response to fertilization remains poorly quantified. Our objectives in this study were to determine the extent, timing and longevity of fertilization effects on water use and wood growth in a non‐water limited Eucalyptus saligna experimental forest near Hilo, HI. We evaluated the short‐ and long‐term effects of fertilization on water use by measuring sap flux per unit sapwood area, canopy conductance, transpiration per unit leaf area and water‐use efficiency in control and fertilized stands. Short‐term effects were assessed by comparing sap flux before and after fertilizer application. Long‐term effects were assessed by comparing control plots and plots that had received nutrient additions for 5 years. For the short‐term response, total water use in fertilized plots increased from 265 to 487 mm yr^?1 during the 5 months following fertilization. The increase was driven by an increase in stand leaf area accompanied by an increase in sap flux per unit sapwood area. Sap flux per unit leaf area and canopy conductance did not differ during the 5 months following fertilizer additions. For the last 2 months of our short‐term measurements, fertilized trees used less water per unit carbon gain (361 compared with 751 kg H₂O kg C^?1 in control stands). Trees with 5 years of fertilization also used significantly more water than controls (401 vs. 302 mm yr^?1) because of greater leaf area in the fertilized stands. Sap flux per unit sapwood area, sap flux per unit leaf area, and canopy conductance did not differ between control and fertilized trees in the long‐term plots. In contrast to the short‐term response, the long‐term response of water use per unit wood growth was not significant. Overall, fertilization of E. saligna at our site increased stand water use by increasing leaf area. Fertilized trees grew more wood and used more water, but fertilization did not change wood growth per unit water use.     

麦田冠层气孔导度的分层研究

小麦灌浆期和乳熟期冠层各层叶片上、下表面的气孔导度之间呈正相关关系;冠层不同层的叶片气孔导度从早到傍晚有平行变化的趋势,数值上存在较大的差异,一般从冠层上到下递减。经分析,这主要与冠层叶片接受的光强自上而下递减有关,且这时所对应的叶片水势自冠层上到下递增的幅度大。测算结果表明,冠层气孔导度白天亦呈明显的日变化,灌浆期的值大于乳熟期的值。     

Integration of hydraulic and chemical signalling in the control of stomatal conductance and water status of droughted plants

We describe here an integration of hydraulic and chemical signals which control stomatal conductance of plants in drying soil, and suggest that such a system is more likely than control based on chemical signals or water relations alone. The determination of xylem [ABA] and the stomatal response to xylem [ABA] are likely to involve the water flux through the plant. (1) If, as seems likely, the production of a chemical message depends on the root water status (Ψ_r), it will not depend solely on the soil water potential (Ψ_s) but also on the flux of water through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, to which are linked the difference between Ψ_r and Ψ_s. (2) The water flux will also dilute the concentration of the message in the xylem sap. (3) The stomatal sensitivity to the message is increased as leaf water potential falls. Stomatal conductance, which controls the water flux, therefore would be controlled by a water-flux-dependent message, with a water-flux-dependent sensitivity. In such a system, we have to consider a common regulation for stomatal conductance, leaf and root water potentials, water flux and concentration of ABA in the xylem. In order to test this possibility, we have combined equations which describe the generation and effects of chemical signals and classical equations of water flux. When the simulation was run for a variety of conditions, the solution suggested that such common regulation can operate. Simulations suggest that, as well as providing control of stomatal conductance, integration of chemical and hydraulic signalling may also provide a control of leaf water potential and of xylem [ABA], features which are apparent from our experimental data. We conclude that the root message would provide the plant with a means to sense the conditions of water extraction (soil water status and resisance to water flux) on a daily timescale, while the short-term plant response to this message would depend on the evaporative demand.     

Baobab trees (Adansonia) in Madagascar use stored water to flush new leaves but not to support stomatal opening before the rainy season

Baobab trees (Adansonia, Bombacaceae) are widely thought to store water in their stems for use when water availability is low. We tested this hypothesis by assessing the role of stored water during the dry season in three baobab species in Madagascar. In the dry season, leaves are present only during and after leaf flush. We quantified the relative contributions of stem and soil water during this period through measures of stem water content, sap flow and stomatal conductance. Rates of sap flow at the base of the trunk were near zero, indicating that leaf flushing was almost entirely dependent on stem water. Stem water content declined by up to 12% during this period, yet stomatal conductance and branch sap flow rates remained very low. Stem water reserves were used to support new leaf growth and cuticular transpiration, but not to support stomatal opening before the rainy season. Stomatal opening coincided with the onset of sap flow at the base of the trunk and occurred only after significant rainfall.     

Photosynthetic characteristics in Brassica carinata hybrids and their parents as influenced by moisture stress

The response of Brassica carinata hybrids and their parents to moisture stress at different growth stages was studied. B. carinata 226 was found to be susceptible to stress at pre-flowering and post-flowering stages while B. carinata 241 at flowering stage. Neither the changes in stomatal conductance nor in chlorophyll content could fully explain the reduction in net photosynthetic rate (P_N) induced by stress. B. carinata 241 had higher leaf water potential (ψ_w) although, it had lower P_N compared to B. carinata 226. Both the parents had lower P_N as well as leaf ψ_w. The stress response of PN in hybrids followed that in their respective female parents. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Water movement through Quercus rubra I. Leaf water potential and conductance during polycyclic growth

Two experiments examined simultaneous changes in leaf area (A_L), root length (L_r), stomatal conductance (g_s), leaf water potential (Ψ_L), transpiration and hydraulic plant conductance per unit leaf area (G) during the first three shoot cycles of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) grown under favourable and controlled conditions. Each shoot cycle consisted of bud swell, stem elongation, leaf expansion and rest; roots grew almost continuously. The g_s of all leaves decreased substantially while leaves of the newest flush were expanding and increased modestly when seedling leaf area remained constant. Overall, g_s decreased. The Ψ_L of mature leaves decreased during leaf expansion and increased by an equivalent amount during intervening periods. Possible explanations for the paired changes in g_s and Ψ_L are considered. Changes in G closely paralleled those of canopy g_s. These parallel changes during polycyclic seedling growth should act to keep seedling Ψ_L relatively constant as plant size increases and thereby help prevent Ψ_L from dropping to levels that would cause runaway embolism.