鼓槌石斛的资源现状与保护利用研究

目的:调查鼓槌石斛野生及栽培资源现状,为鼓槌石斛资源的可持续利用提供对策。方法:查阅文献,走访与实地调查相结合的方法。结果:由于过度采挖和生态环境的变化,鼓槌石斛野生资源破坏严重。鼓槌石斛人工栽培已经初具规模,以普洱地区面积最大。采收主要部位由老茎转变为鲜花,随着鲜花产品的开发利用,市场前景较好。结论:建议加大保护野生鼓槌石斛资源的力度,提高人工栽培鼓槌石斛质量。     

薜荔的开发利用及栽培技术

薜荔,常绿攀附木质腾本植物。目前,尚无人工经济型栽培基地,处于野生状态,有较高的营养成分和药用价值,其藤蔓还可用来纺织和造纸。开发利用、保护野生薜荔资源和改薜荔野生型为栽培型,建立经济型栽培,耿发展绿色食品工业、药材和造纸业提供原粒,对于发展区域经济有着重大的意义。薜荔,可用有性繁殖（播种育苗）和无性繁殖（扦插、嫁接和组织培养）法进行繁育。基地造林,可用人为的砌墙垣或搭棚架作攀附物;群众性造林可将薜荔幼苗栽在断墙残壁、庭园围墙、树木边,供基攀附。     

栽培灯盏花DNA指纹图谱研究及遗传多样性分析

目的:采用ISSR标记构建云南省栽培灯盏花DNA指纹图谱并进行遗传多样性分析.方法:从20对候选引物中筛选出7对引物对云南10个地方栽培灯盏花进行扩增,通过扩增带型的差异构建其DNA指纹图谱,利用Popgen32、NTSYS2软件进行遗传一致性系数和遗传多样分析.结果:7对引物在10份共扩增出48条谱带,其中33条具有多态性,占68.8％,表明各居群的遗传差异较大.10个地方种质资源被聚为2个大类,野生居群被聚为一类,栽培灯盏花聚为一类,其中栽培灯盏花有两大亚类.结论:通过构建DNA指纹图谱容易地把灯盏花种植资源相互区分鉴别出来,10个地方灯盏花种质资源遗传多样性丰富,栽培灯盏花与野生具有差异,栽培种质材料之间也有差异.     

东北三省野生北细辛资源调查报告

通过对东北三省野生北细辛资源的地理分布、生态环境、群落类型、单位面积蕴藏量等进行调查研究,为野生北细辛资源保护与可持续利用措施的制定提供依据。     

四川攀西珍贵野生药用植物──灯盏细辛

介绍野生药用植物灯盏细辛的主要特征、特性、化学成分、药效及功能和栽培技术等,为进一步开发利用该植物资源提供参考。     

四川攀西珍贵野生药用植物——灯盏细辛

介绍野生药用植物灯盏细辛的主要特征、特性、化学成分、药效及功能和栽培技术等,为进一步开发利用该植物资源提供参考。     

猪苓菌核的组织分离及纯菌种的固体培养

猪苓[Polyporus umbellatus(Pers.)Fr.异名:Grifola umbellata(Pers.ex Fr.)Pilát]菌核是一种很好的利尿中药,随着药用范围的扩大,野生资源将不能满足日益增多的需要。所以如何分离及培养猪苓纯菌种,如何以人工栽培或发酵生产的方法得到更多驯化猪苓来代替野生猪苓,成为人们比较重视的一个问题。为     

新疆阿魏种苗繁育技术

在对新疆阿魏种苗繁育技术多年试验研究的基础上,总结了新疆阿魏种子特性和种苗繁育技术。新疆阿魏种子具有种胚生理后熟现象,种子置于相对湿度50%~60%沙子中,4℃条件处理40~50 d,种子萌发率达60%以上。大田育苗,入冬前播种较利于种子萌发,种苗第二年移栽成活率较高,移栽后高温季节适当浇灌有利于提高保苗率。通过此技术可实现新疆阿魏种苗的规范化生产,为新疆阿魏的产业化栽培和发展提供技术支撑。     

狼毒的栽培研究

狼毒为药典收载品种,市场流通以野生资源为主,不利于野生资源的更新与保护。种子繁殖技术,为人工栽培提供了参考依据。     

宁夏野生食用植物资源的调查与信息数据库的建立

通过野外调查与室内工作相结合,对宁夏野生食用植物资源进行调查与统计,建立宁夏野生食用植物资源数据库,并提出了宁夏野生食用植物资源开发和利用存在的问题。结果初步调查到宁夏野生食用资源植物共计74科186属348种10类,其中饮料及野果类植物与野菜植物具有一定的开发潜力,应该在这些野生食用资源植物中进行进一步的筛选,最终主要集中于人工驯化与栽培上。此外针对宁夏野生食用植物资源开发和利用面临的问题,需加强对宁夏野生食用植物资源状况的调查,并进行深入的研究,在前面所做的基础研究上,筛选特色的野生食用资源植物进行合理的开发和利用,之后对筛选出的野生食用资源植物进行人工栽培等工作,在土地可持续利用的前提下,研究野生食用资源植物与其他栽培作物间作的模式,同时在发展过程中通过收集珍贵濒危野生植物资源植物的种质资源,而对其加以保护。     

粗茎鳞毛蕨应用的研究

为开发利用粗茎鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai)的药用和观赏价值、提高其质量和产量,对其进行了人工有性繁殖和复壮研究.在大批量人工有性育苗的基础上,予以分组复壮、对照栽培.筛选出了经济简便的技术路线,观察了形态发育与栽培条件的相关性.     

Influence of Clonal Variation on the Efficiency of Arundo donax Propagation Methods

The recent growth of interest in Arundo donax L. (Giant reed) as an energy crop is due to its great vegetative vigor and high biomass productivity. This perennial rhizomatous plant is able to grow in a wide range of pedo-climatic conditions and it has been employed by man for a great number of purposes. This has promoted its worldwide diffusion, despite its sexual sterility. Field establishment represents the most expensive phase of the whole cultivation cycle, because of the high cost of the propagules. In this work three agamic propagation methods, rhizome transplantation, hydroponic cultivation, and in vitro propagation, were compared with the aim of improving their efficiency, and reducing costs and time required. We focused our attention on in vitro and hydroponic cultivation, finding clones characterized by a high response to these propagation methods. In vitro propagation is the most widespread technique adopted in the large-scale production of propagules; according to our results hydroponic cultivation also appears to be a valid and cheap propagation method, making it possible to obtain in about 2 months, vigorous plants ready to be transplanted into the field. We found a strong effect of the clone used on the success rate of the specific propagation method, suggesting that clonal selection could be particularly useful in improving the efficiency of propagation techniques, contributing to cost reduction. Evaluation of field performance of plants propagated by tissue culture is an important matter, considering the possible residual effects of hormones on plants’ growth, and the importance of first year growth for field establishment. These experiments highlighted the lower biomass production from plants obtained by tissue culture. A novel cytokinin-like hormone, meta-topolin, was tested in vitro, in a preliminary study to evaluate its possible use for A. donax L. propagation.

     

Heavy metals modify costs of reproduction and clonal growth in the stoloniferous herb Potentilla anserina

We examined costs of sexual reproduction and clonal propagation, and their consequences for resource allocation in the clonal stoloniferous herb, Potentilla anserina, a typical pioneer species in disturbed areas. We used heavy-metal treatment in soil to create unfavourable growing conditions, because costs of reproduction are more likely to be expressed when resources are limited. We also studied whether heavy metals affect the plasticity of clonal growth form that enables the plants to avoid poor growing conditions. Ramets collected from field were grown in a greenhouse under the heavy-metal treatment consisting of a control and two levels of heavy-metals added in soil. Clonal propagation was costly in terms of total biomass of flowering ramets. Also the costs of sexual reproduction were detected in flowering ramets. Contrary to our predictions, the costs of flower production were visible in the control but not in the heavy-metal contaminated plants. Only the flowering ramets were able to produce longer stolons under heavy-metal stress, but the stolon biomass was not affected by heavy metals. Results indicate that clonal propagation and sexual reproduction may be costly for P. anserina. However, the costs are modified by heavy-metal contamination.Co-ordinating editor: J. Tuomi     

Apomixis in plant reproduction: a novel perspective on an old dilemma

Seed is one of the key factors of crop productivity. Therefore, a comprehension of the mechanisms underlying seed formation in cultivated plants is crucial for the quantitative and qualitative progress of agricultural production. In angiosperms, two pathways of reproduction through seed exist: sexual or amphimictic, and asexual or apomictic; the former is largely exploited by seed companies for breeding new varieties, whereas the latter is receiving continuously increasing attention from both scientific and industrial sectors in basic research projects. If apomixis is engineered into sexual crops in a controlled manner, its impact on agriculture will be broad and profound. In fact, apomixis will allow clonal seed production and thus enable efficient and consistent yields of high-quality seeds, fruits, and vegetables at lower costs. The development of apomixis technology is expected to have a revolutionary impact on agricultural and food production by reducing cost and breeding time, and avoiding the complications that are typical of sexual reproduction (e.g., incompatibility barriers) and vegetative propagation (e.g., viral transfer). However, the development of apomixis technology in agriculture requires a deeper knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate reproductive development in plants. This knowledge is a necessary prerequisite to understanding the genetic control of the apomictic process and its deviations from the sexual process. Our molecular understanding of apomixis will be greatly advanced when genes that are specifically or differentially expressed during embryo and embryo sac formation are discovered. In our review, we report the main findings on this subject by examining two approaches: i) analysis of the apomictic process in natural apomictic species to search for genes controlling apomixis and ii) analysis of gene mutations resembling apomixis or its components in species that normally reproduce sexually. In fact, our opinion is that a novel perspective on this old dilemma pertaining to the molecular control of apomixis can emerge from a cross-check among candidate genes in natural apomicts and a high-throughput analysis of sexual mutants.     

离体受精作为技术平台在被子植物有性生殖研究中的应用

被子植物的离体受精10a前在玉米中已获得成功,尽管目前只在玉米获得完全成功和小麦获得部分成功,但离体受精技术的研究成果非常显著。目前离体受精技术已被用于其他的研究,如用分离的精细胞和卵细胞筛选配子细胞的特异基因和蛋白质：研究合子细胞被激活的机理：用不同种植物的精、卵细胞体外融合进行新的远缘杂交尝试;利用合子细胞易分裂和胚胎发生特征探索用其作为转基因研究的受体细胞等。以离体受精技术为基础在高等植物发育生物学和生殖生物学领域的基础研究和应用探索显示了巨大潜力。介绍了离体受精技术在被子植物有性生殖的研究成果和应用前景,为研究和利用被子植物有性生殖过程中的生殖细胞特征提供线索。     

Evaluation of a new culture method for mass-propagation of a photoperiod-temperature sensitive genic male sterile rice strain N19S

A newly established culture method was evaluated for application in mass-propagation of a photoperiod-temperature sensitive genic male sterile rice strain. It was found that the new culture method was very efficient for the regeneration of plants from callus of this strain, and a high concentration of 6-benzyladenine necessary for highly efficient plant regeneration culture did not seem to have negative effects on some agronomic traits investigated of the regenerated plants and their progenies. By the new culture method, a large number of plants could be regenerated in a relatively short time (approximately 8×10¹² plants within 300 days) from one naked seed-explant. Because of this, prominent drift of the PTGMS rice strain, which accumulates gradually during the course of propagation of the seeds through generations, in the response to photoperiod-temperature conditions could be avoided when this in vitro culture protocol is employed instead of seed propagation. Differences in rates of pollen fertility and seed setting were found between regenerated plants and seed-grown plants, and between their respective first and second progenies. These differences are also of important application value in two-line rice production: Higher pollen fertility of the regenerated plants can be applied with higher efficiency for the propagation of the strain seeds because they have much higher seed setting by self-fertilization; lower pollen fertility of the regenerated plant progenies will result in much lower seed setting by self-fertilization and is, therefore, conducive to the production of hybrid seeds of higher purity by natural crossing with the other line in the two-line system.     

Evaluating costs for the <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> propagation and preservation of endangered plants

In vitro methods provide opportunities for propagating and preserving endangered plant species when seed-based methods are not adequate. Such species include those that produce few or no seeds, as well as species with recalcitrant seeds. Tissue culture propagation methods can be used to produce such plants for reintroduction, research, education, display, and commerce. They can also be the basis for tissue banking as a way to preserve genetic diversity when seeds cannot be banked. With some recalcitrant species, embryo banking, a method which also utilizes in vitro culture for recovery germination, is possible. The number of endangered species that will require in vitro methods is estimated to be at least 5,000 worldwide. Further information is needed to identify these species, and the ongoing collection of information into databases on endangered species and recalcitrant species will help provide this. The costs of these methods are higher than for traditional propagation and preservation, but they may be necessary for species under higher threat. The multiplication rate of a culture, as well as the rates of rooting and acclimatization, has a major effect on the number of transfers needed for producing plants or tissue for banking, and improvements that will increase the efficiency of these steps can help lower costs. Further research into factors affecting the growth of tissues in vitro, as well as coordination of efforts among institutions with infrastructure for in vitro work, should facilitate the application of in vitro methods to the endangered species that cannot be propagated or preserved using seeds.     

珊瑚人工繁育技术研究进展

在气候变化、环境污染以及人工采集等因素致使珊瑚野生资源不断衰退的背景下,开展珊瑚的人工繁育是修复珊瑚生态系统、保护生物多样性、减少野生珊瑚采集的主要出路之一.本文对国内外珊瑚人工繁育技术和研究进展进行综述,探讨了珊瑚有性和无性繁殖技术以及原地和异地繁育技术的特点与不足;重点从光照、水流、营养盐、微量元素、非自养珊瑚品种的饵料,以及适宜的微生物环境等方面总结了循环海水系统繁育珊瑚的研究进展,并对我国珊瑚研究现状进行了总结.光照是珊瑚水族箱养殖或异地繁殖的关键因素之一,不同种类的珊瑚对光照强度和色温有不同的需求,珊瑚照明创新技术的发展及其能耗对于珊瑚异地繁育非常重要.此外,珊瑚对铵氮、硝氮、亚硝氮及磷酸盐等营养盐的变化非常敏感,各类机械、化学和生物的技术被应用于降低培养体系中营养盐的含量.尽管珊瑚循环海水养殖系统在照明、水流和营养盐控制方面已经有了长足的进步,珊瑚人工繁育仍然任重道远.将来的突破方向在于有性繁殖、性状改造与疾病防治技术等方面.     

太湖藻型富营养化对水生高等植物的影响及植被的恢复

太湖的五里湖是典型的藻型富营养化湖泊,水质污染严重,水生高等植物消失。在该湖的物理生态工程围区内外,用盆吊繁殖试验、壮芽直播试验及人工水生植物群落套种栽培试验,研究藻型富营养化湖泊中影响水生高等植物生长、繁殖的主要水环境因子。结果表明,水体透明度是制约沉水植物和浮叶植物幼苗成活及生长的主要因子。在水体透明度较低、水下光照不足时,沉水植物生长受水下光照的影响大于浮叶植物,水下光照严重不足时,沉水植物的幼苗大量死亡。１９９５～１９９７年,在围区内成功地组建了包括漂浮植物、浮叶植物及沉水植物的１５个不同的水生高等植物群落。恢复和重建的水生高等植物群落能够有效地净化富营养化水体。     

Trade-offs between clonal and sexual reproduction in Sagittaria latifolia (Alismataceae) scale up to affect the fitness of entire clones

? Many plants combine sexual reproduction with vegetative propagation, but how trade-offs between these reproductive modes affect fitness is poorly understood. Although such trade-offs have been demonstrated at the level of individual shoots (ramets), there is little evidence that they scale up to affect genet fitness. For hermaphrodites, reproductive investment is further divided between female and male sexual functions. Female function should generally incur greater carbon costs than male function, which might involve greater nitrogen (N) costs. ? Using a common garden experiment with diclinous, clonal Sagittaria latifolia we manipulated investment in reproduction through female and male sex functions of 412 plants from monoecious and dioecious populations. ? We detected a 1?:?1 trade-off between biomass investment in female function and clonal reproduction. For male function, there was no apparent trade-off between clonal and sexual reproduction in terms of biomass investment. Instead, male function incurred a substantially higher N cost. ? Our results indicate that: trade-offs between investment in clonal propagation and sexual reproduction occur at the genet level in S.?latifolia; and sexual reproduction interferes with clonal expansion, with investment in female function limiting the quantity of clonal propagules produced, and investment in male function limiting the nutrient content of clonal propagules.