盐胁迫对海岛棉和陆地棉幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

采用盆栽法,以海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)品种新海21号、新海34号和陆地棉(G.hirsutum)品种新陆早50号、新陆早57号为材料,探讨了盐胁迫下海岛棉和陆地棉植株的生长、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质及丙二醛含量变化的差异。结果显示,随着盐浓度的增加,4个供试品种幼苗的生长、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率均呈不同程度的下降,而过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶及可溶性糖含量随着盐浓度的增加呈先增后降的趋势,脯氨酸和丙二醛含量均上升。不同品种之间,新海21号和新海34号受胁迫的影响程度小于新陆早57号和新陆早50号。在0.6%Na Cl胁迫下,海岛棉和陆地棉品种均表现出较好的耐盐性。而0.8%和1.0%的Na Cl胁迫对4个供试品种的生长抑制作用大,导致新陆早57号和新陆早50号幼苗生长缓慢、叶面积小、干物质积累少甚至死苗。在较高浓度的盐胁迫下,棉花品种幼苗第1片真叶展开受到显著抑制,可以作为棉花耐盐品种的筛选指标。     

棉粕对盐碱胁迫下棉花生理及生长补偿效应

为探究棉粕对盐碱胁迫下棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)的抗盐碱机理, 通过田间试验, 研究添加不同棉粕用量对8 g·kg ^-1盐碱胁迫下棉花生理及生长的补偿效应。结果表明, 添加棉粕能够增加盐碱胁迫下棉花不同器官对K ⁺的吸收, 降低对Na ⁺的吸收, 维持盐碱胁迫下细胞内K ⁺和Na ⁺的平衡, 显著促进棉花生长, 提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合作用效率, 有效缓解盐碱胁迫对棉花的伤害。其中, 以添加6 000 kg·hm ^-2棉粕处理的效果最显著, 且盐胁迫下棉粕的改良效果较好。主成分分析结果表明, 盐碱胁迫下棉花生长生理的主要影响因子为叶片K ⁺/Na ⁺比值、根长、鲜重、干重和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)。     

Effect of Growth Regulators on Photosynthetic Metabolites in Cotton under Water Stress

The contents of several photosynthetic metabolites — 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA), pyruvate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) — were determined in leaves of cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. H-777) subjected to waterlogging at vegetative stage, and/or drought at the reproductive stage. In controls, soil moisture contents was kept at field capacity. One day prior to stress, the plant shoots were sprayed with 5 M aqueous solution of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA₃), benzylaminopurine (BAP), abscisic acid, and ethrel. In control plants, various growth regulators reduced contents of 3-PGA and ATP while increased contents of NADP and pyruvate. During waterlogging IAA promoted 3-PGA content, and BAP enhanced pyruvate content. During drought, GA₃ enhanced ATP and 3-PGA contents, while IAA enhanced pyruvate content.     

根际通气状况对盐胁迫下棉花幼苗生长的影响

以溶液培养的棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)幼苗为材料,测定了不同盐胁迫程度和不同通气状况下棉花幼苗株高、根系体积、根系和茎叶生物量以及灰分含量的变化,以探索根际通气状况对盐胁迫下棉花生长的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫抑制棉花植株生长,表现为植株变矮、叶面积减小和干物质积累下降;根际环境通气不良也会导致棉花幼苗生长受抑制、干物质积累下降和矿质元素吸收减少等。进一步比较盐胁迫和根际通气状况及两者组合作用对棉苗生长的影响,发现盐胁迫对株高和总生物量的影响较大,而根际通气状况对根系体积、根系生物量、根冠比和矿质元素吸收的影响较大。总体表现为:盐胁迫对茎叶生长的不利影响较大,而根际通气状况对根系生长的不利影响较大。同时,在根际环境通气良好的条件下,不同程度盐胁迫导致的棉花幼苗株高、根系体积、叶面积、根系生物量和总生物量的变化程度远小于根际环境通气不良条件下的变化程度。实验结果表明,根际环境通气良好可以减弱盐胁迫对棉花生长发育的抑制作用,而根际环境通气不良则会加重盐胁迫的不利影响。     

高温胁迫对海岛棉光合生理及棉铃发育的影响

该试验于2018和2019年在新疆阿克苏地区阿瓦提县新疆农业科学院试验基地进行,采用田间搭设增温棚的方式于盛花期进行为期 3 d(H3)、6 d(H6)和 9 d(H9)的增温处理,以大田自然状态为对照(CK),研究花铃期增温对海岛棉光合生理及棉铃发育的影响。结果显示：(1)花铃期不同天数高温胁迫均导致棉铃对位叶蒸腾速率(T_r)、胞间 CO₂浓度(C_i)上升, 净光合速率(P_n)下降。(2)随着高温处理时间的延长,棉铃对位叶PSⅡ 的最大量子效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ 的实际光量子产量(Φ_PSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(qP)、光合电子传递的相对速率(ETR)呈规律性降低趋势,而初始荧光(F_o)、非光化学淬灭(NPQ)呈上升趋势,且H3、H6和 H9 处理较CK差异显著(P<0.05),其中各参数快速上升或下降的阶段大多发生在高温持续3～6 d。(3)随着高温胁迫时间的增加,棉籽、纤维干物质量降低趋势明显;单株结铃数、单铃重、衣分、皮棉产量均呈显著下降趋势;高温还影响了棉铃发育,造成棉铃长度、体积减小。研究表明,在短期高温胁迫下,海岛棉铃对位叶光合能力的显著下降,主要是由非气孔因素导致的;持续高温胁迫导致PSⅡ的开放程度减小,电子传递能力下降,光合作用受到抑制,棉铃发育和产量构成因素均受到负面影响,最终导致产量降低。     

Effect of Mechanical Stress on Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Hypocotyl Growth

Etiolated seedlings of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) weresubjected to mechanical stress by longitudinally compressingthe hypocotyl with approx. 0·05 N force (equivalent to0·025 MPa for a 1·6 mm diameter hypocotyl). Thisrelatively low compressive stress effected an increase in relativegrowth rates (RGR) of the hypocotyl for a period of 1-2 h, followingwhich RGR returned to the pretreatment rate. RGR was also increasedby an equivalent compressive stress treatment (0·025MPa) for 4 h in water or in 10^-10 mol l^-1 IAA. These resultsare discussed in the context of a possible role for mechanicallyinduced stress in the initiation and maintenance of nutationalgrowth movements.Copyright 1994, 1999 Academic Press Helianthus annuus, Sunflower, hypocotyl growth, mechanical stress, seedling growth, nutational growth movements, circumnutation     

Growth Promoting Effect of a Transpiration Suppressant on Cotton

The transpiration suppressant Tag 16 (polyethylene emulsion), which is known to form thin films on leaves, was sprayed on cotton plants grown under varying weather and soil moisture conditions. In hot, dry weather and under restricted water supply 10 and 15% solution of the original Tag 16 promoted extension growth and increased fresh and dry weight of plants. In hot, humid weather three sprays at weekly intervals did not have any effect on plant height, fresh and dry weight, leaf number and flowering.     

苗期土壤渍水对棉花恢复生长及光合生理的影响

以'中棉所41'为试验材料,采用盆栽方法,研究了苗期土壤渍水对棉花恢复生长及光合生理的影响.结果显示:(1)渍水5 d的棉苗经过10 d恢复生长,其根系活力、株高、叶面积、完全展开叶片数与对照差异不显著,但根系总长度仍比对照低11.1%(P<0.05);渍水10 d的棉苗经过10 d恢复生长,其根系活力、株高、叶面积、完全展开叶片数、根系活力均极显著低于对照.(2)渍水5 d棉苗经过10 d恢复生长,其光合速率、气孔导度、光饱和点、CO2饱和点、表观光最子效率、羧化效率以及叶绿素a、b含量与对照差异不显著;渍水10 d的棉莆经过10 d恢复生长,其光合速率、气孔导度、光饱和点、CO2饱和点、表观光量子效率、羧化效率以及叶绿素a、b含量仍显著低于对照.研究表明,棉莆经过5 d或10 d渍水胁迫后,均可以恢复生长,但随着渍水时间延长,恢复生长速度降低;在恢复生长过程中,生理活性恢复快于形态恢复;强光对于渍水后棉苗恢复生长具有明显的抑制效应.     

Influence of Mechanical Stress on Auxin-Stimulated Growth of Excised Pea Stem Sections

The auxin to cytokinin ratios are described for promoting growth in the in vitro cultures of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Bragg) and perennial clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Regal Ladinc). Callus growth was induced on somatic tissue with 50:1 auxin to cytokinin (w/w) ratio. A 5:1 ratio served for initiation of cell suspensions from callus and for subsequent growth of callus from cells in suspension. A 1:2 ratio served for regeneration of buds and plantlets from the callus grown from cells. Although (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid was the auxin for suspension and regenerative cultures, (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid was the more effective auxin for initiation of callus on somatic tissue. All cultures were grown with 6-furfurylaminopurine as the cytokinin. The phytohormones strongly influenced the rates of culture growth, but determination of culture type was augmented by dl-alpha tocopherol acetate and iron. Tocopherol and a relatively high complement of iron promoted growth of juvenile cultures, whereas low level of iron and absence of tocopherol favored growth to comparatively more differentiated cultures. Without tocopherol, no callus formed on somatic tissue during the allotted period of incubation. Tocopherol plus a complement of low iron enabled growth of callus on rapidly growing somatic tissue. A high level of iron enabled comparatively more callus growth but suppressed growth of somatic tissue. In suspension cultures tocopherol and a high iron level enhanced dispersion of cells. A low iron complement in the absence of tocopherol induced growth of callus from cells and subsequent regeneration of buds and plantlets from the callus.     

6个棉花品种幼苗对低温胁迫的响应

4 ℃低温条件处理6个不同熟性棉花品种幼苗,测定供试材料叶片中SOD活性、POD活性、超氧阴离子含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、MDA、相对电导率以及根系活体染色等8项指标,比较不同棉花品种苗期抗冷性差异.对测定指标进行综合评价结果显示：4 ℃低温胁迫1 d后,6个品种耐冷性由强到弱依次为中50＞N203＞N52＞K-1＞N181＞N177;4 ℃低温胁迫2 d后,耐冷性顺序为中50＞N177＞N52＞K-1＞N203＞N181;4 ℃低温胁迫3d后N52＞中50＞N203＞K-1＞N177＞N181.各生理指标综合评判结果为早熟品种中50和N52耐受性较强.     

外源水杨酸对NaCl胁迫下棉花幼苗生长生理特性的影响

以‘中棉所41号’(耐盐品种)和‘中棉所49号’(中等耐盐品种)为试验材料,采用水杨酸(SA)浸种+叶面喷施复合处理,通过温室盆栽试验探究了0.60%NaCl胁迫下外源SA对棉花幼苗生长、渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明:(1)NaCl胁迫显著抑制了棉花幼苗的生长,外源SA处理下棉花幼苗的株高、叶面积、干物质质量、根系活力、根冠比均有升高,叶片中丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量增加,叶片和根系中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著提高,且棉花幼苗根系的SOD、POD和CAT活性小于叶片,SA处理对棉花幼苗根系酶活力的提高幅度大于叶片。(2)SA浸种+叶面喷施复合处理对0.60%NaCl胁迫的缓解作用优于单独SA浸种处理,尤以0.05mmol·L~(-1)浸种+0.2mmol·L~(-1)叶面喷施处理最好。(3)两品种比较,SA对‘中棉所49号’的盐胁迫缓解作用大于‘中棉所41号’,且以棉花幼苗根系生长发育的表现最为显著;外源SA使‘中棉所41号’的根系活力提高10.58%~57.56%,‘中棉所49号’提高15.08%~80.48%。研究发现,外源SA能通过调控棉花幼苗的渗透调节和抗氧化能力来减轻细胞膜损伤,提高其耐盐性,但缓解效应在不同耐性品种和处理方式间存在明显差异。     

施加外源物质对盐胁迫下水稻生长发育的影响

水稻是重要的粮食作物之一,属于不耐盐的甜土植物,土壤盐渍化是影响其产量和生长发育的主要因素。消除或缓解盐胁迫是当务之急,目前主要应用传统育种、转基因技术及外源物质缓解盐胁迫。拟从外源物质对盐胁迫下水稻的影响作一综述,旨在为水稻生产及抗性育种提供理论依据和实践方法。     

甘露醇对海水胁迫下小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

本文研究了不同浓度甘露醇(MA)对海水胁迫下冬小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.我们采用不同浓度的甘露醇溶液处理海水胁迫的小麦种子及幼苗,记录小麦种子发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数并在幼苗生长期测定幼苗相关生理指标.结果表明低浓度甘露醇(≤0.5 mmol/L)可提高种子的发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数,高浓度的甘露醇溶液(＞1 mmol/L)对种子的萌发有抑制作用,一定浓度的甘露醇溶液(≤1 mmol/L)可以提高海水胁迫下幼苗的叶绿素含量,降低游离脯氨酸(Pro)和游离丙二醛(MDA)含量,并可通过分析结果观察施加海水胁迫与甘露醇后叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、脯氨酸(Pro)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量随时间在冬小麦幼苗中的积累情况.低浓度的甘露醇对海水胁迫下的冬小麦萌发及幼苗生长具有一定的保护作用,为缓解农业生产中的盐害问题提供了新的思路.本研究为小麦的盐渍化土壤种植提供了新思路,并为甘露醇进一步开发利用于农业提供了一定的理论依据.     

Effect of Water Stress on Photosynthesis and Growth in Two Teak Phenotypes

Two teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) phenotypes differing in their leaf length/breadth ratios were subjected to water stress by withholding water supply for three weeks. Growth rates of whole plants, developing leaves (1^st and 2^nd from shoot apices), and 2^nd and 3^rd internodes were higher in broad leaved (BL) phenotype than in narrow leaved (NL) phenotype before and after imposing water stress treatment. However, the effect of water stress on these parameters was higher in the BL phenotype than in the NL one. Diurnal course of net photosynthetic rate (P _N) of 3^rd or 4^th leaves from shoot apices measured under well-watered conditions was higher for the NL than BL phenotype. P _N, stomatal conductance (g _s), and transpiration rate (E) in both phenotypes were negatively affected by water stress and their decline under water stress was significantly higher in the BL than NL plants.     

苗期低温胁迫对不同棉花品种叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

以早熟、中熟、晚熟三种不同熟性的6个棉花品种幼苗为试材,分析4℃低温胁迫处理对叶肉细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明：4℃低温处理3 d后,中熟品种N177和N181及晚熟品种K-1和N203的细胞器均受到严重破坏,表现为叶绿体受损严重,部分类囊体解体,线粒体膜模糊,失去完整性,细胞核膜基本消失,染色质凝聚,淀粉粒的数量和体积增大,嗜锇颗粒增多;而早熟品种中50和N52受损较轻,叶绿体变化不明显,线粒体结构完整,细胞壁完整。说明早熟品种中50和N52具有与抗冷性相适应的结构特点,其抗冷性较强。     

Effect of Simultaneous Water Deficit Stress and Meloidogyne incognita Infection on Cotton Yield and Fiber Quality

Both water deficit stress and Meloidogyne incognita infection can reduce cotton growth and yield, and drought can affect fiber quality, but the effect of nematodes on fiber quality is not well documented. To determine whether nematode parasitism affects fiber quality and whether the combined effects of nematode and drought stress on yield and quality are additive (independent effects), synergistic, or antagonistic, we conducted a study for 7 yr in a field infested with M. incognita. A split-plot design was used with the main plot factor as one of three irrigation treatments (low [nonirrigated], moderate irrigation, and high irrigation [water-replete]) and the subplot factor as 0 or 56 l/ha 1,3-dichloropropene. We prevented water deficit stress in plots designated as water-replete by supplementing rainfall with irrigation. Plots receiving moderate irrigation received half the water applied to the water-replete treatment. The severity of root galling was greater in nonfumigated plots and in plots receiving the least irrigation, but the amount of irrigation did not influence the effect of fumigation on root galling (no irrigation × fumigation interaction). The weights of lint and seed harvested were reduced in nonfumigated plots and also decreased as the level of irrigation decreased, but fumigation did not influence the effect of irrigation. Nematodes affected fiber quality by increasing micronaire readings but typically had little or no effect on percent lint, fiber length (measured by HVI), uniformity, strength, elongation, length (based on weight or number measured by AFIS), upper quartile length, or short fiber content (based on weight or number). Micronaire also was increased by water deficit stress, but the effects from nematodes and water stress were independent. We conclude that the detrimental effects caused to cotton yield and quality by nematode parasitism and water deficit stress are independent and therefore additive.     

Effect of Water Stress on Photosynthesis and Growth in Two Teak Phenotypes

Two teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) phenotypes differing in their leaf length/breadth ratios were subjected to water stress by withholding water supply for three weeks. Growth rates of whole plants, developing leaves (1^st and 2^nd from shoot apices), and 2^nd and 3^rd internodes were higher in broad leaved (BL) phenotype than in narrow leaved (NL) phenotype before and after imposing water stress treatment. However, the effect of water stress on these parameters was higher in the BL phenotype than in the NL one. Diurnal course of net photosynthetic rate (P _N) of 3^rd or 4^th leaves from shoot apices measured under well-watered conditions was higher for the NL than BL phenotype. P _N, stomatal conductance (g _s), and transpiration rate (E) in both phenotypes were negatively affected by water stress and their decline under water stress was significantly higher in the BL than NL plants. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.