Novel cellulase profile of Trichoderma reesei strains constructed by cbh1 gene replacement with eg3 gene expression cassette

To construct strains of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei with low cellobiohydrolases while high endoglucanase activity, the Pcbh1-eg3-Tcbh1 cassette was constructed and the coding sequence of the cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) gene was replaced with the coding sequence of the eg3 gene by homologous recombination. Disruption of the cbhl gene was confirmed by PCR, Southern dot blot and Western hybridization analysis in two transforments denoted as L 13 and L29. The filter paper-hydrolyzing activity of strain L29 was 60% of the parent strain Rut C30, and the CMCase activity was increased by 33%. This relatively modest increase suggested that the eg3 cDNA under the control of the cbhl promoter was not efficiently transcribed as the wild type cbhl gene. However our results confirmed that homologous recombination could be used to construct strains of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei with novel cellulase profile. Such strains are of interest from the basic science perspective and also have potential industrial applications.     

Isolation and characterisation of a partial peptide synthetase gene from Trichoderma asperellum

Many species of Trichoderma have attracted interest as agents for the biological control of soil borne fungal pathogens of a range of crop plants. Research on the biochemical mechanisms associated with this application has focused on the ability of these fungi to produce enzymes which lyse fungal cell walls, and antifungal antibiotics. An important group of the latter are the non-ribosomal peptides called peptaibols. In this study Trichoderma asperellum, a strain used in biological control in Malaysia, was found to produce the peptaibol, trichotoxin. This type of peptide molecule is synthesised by a peptide synthetase (PES) enzyme template encoded by a peptide synthetase (pes) gene. Using nucleotide sequences amplified from adenylation (A-) domains as probes, to hybridise against a lambda FIXII genomic library from T. asperellum, 25 clones were recovered. These were subsequently identified as representative of four groups based on their encoding properties for specific amino acid incorporation modules in a PES. This was based on analysis of their amino acid sequences which showed up to 86% identity to other PESs including TEX 1.     

棘孢木霉嗜铁素sidA基因敲除及表型分析

明确棘孢木霉菌Trichoderma asperellum嗜铁素合成的关键基因,能够为进一步探索嗜铁素在生防和促生中的作用奠定基础。本研究在对sidA基因进行定位、结构分析和RT-PCR检测的基础上,利用double-joint PCR技术构建基因敲除载体,经聚乙二醇（PEG）介导原生质体转化、潮霉素初筛、PCR和southern blot验证获得突变株,并对其表型进行分析,获得2株性能稳定的敲除突变体?sidA1和?sidA2。与野生型相比,?sidA1和?sidA2的嗜铁素产量在5d时分别下降了38.67%和36.65%;孢子萌发率在12h时分别下降了45.33%和47.47%;产孢量在10d时分别下降了33.01%和41.02%,且突变株在受NaCl、KCl、SDS等胁迫时的抗性较野生型降低。表明sidA基因的缺失降低了嗜铁素产量,抑制了菌体的生长以及对胁迫因子的抗性,sidA基因是影响棘孢木霉嗜铁素产生的关键基因之一。     

Characterization of Cellulase Secretion and Cre1-Mediated Carbon Source Repression in the Potential Lignocellulose-Degrading Strain Trichoderma asperellum T-1

Trichoderma asperellum, a traditional bio-control species, was demonstrated to be an excellent candidate for lignocellulose degradation in this work. Comparing to the representatively industrial strain of Trichoderma reeseiQM6a, T. asperellum T-1 showed more robust growth, stronger spore production, faster secretion of lignocellulose-decomposing enzymes and better pH tolerance. The reducing sugar released by strain T-1 on the second day of fermentation was 87% higher than that of strain QM6a, although the maximum reducing sugar yield and the cellulase production persistence of the strain T-1 were lower. Our experiment found that the cellulase secretion was strongly inhibited by glucose, suggesting the existence of carbon source repression pathway in T. asperellum T-1. The inhibiting effect was enhanced with an increase in glucose concentration and was closely related to mycelium growth. SDS-PAGE and secondary mass-spectrum identification confirmed that the expression of endo-1,4-β-xylanase I in T. asperellum T-1 was down-regulated when glucose was added. The factor Cre1, which plays an important role in the down-regulation of the endo-1,4-β-xylanase I gene, was investigated by bioinformatics methods. The protein structure of Cre1, analyzed using multiple protein sequence alignment, indicates the existence of the Zn-fingers domain. Then, the binding sites of Cre1 on the endo-1,4-β-xylanase I gene promoter were further elucidated. This study is the first report about Cre1-mediated carbon repression in the bio-control strain T. asperellum T-1. All of the above results provided good references for better understanding T. asperellum T-1 and improving its application for lignocellulose degradation.     

The gene task1 is involved in morphological development,mycoparasitism and antibiosis of Trichoderma asperellum

Competitive activity, mycoparasitism and antibiosis of Trichoderma asperellum are considered essential mechanisms in its suppressive activity against soil-borne plant pathogens. The role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase encoding gene task1 on morphological development, mycoparasitic interaction and the production of cell wall degrading enzymes and secondary metabolites were examined in T. asperellum. The Δtask1 mutant had altered growth morphology, lost its ability to parasitise plant pathogens and showed increased expression of several cell wall degrading enzymes during confrontation with Rhizoctonia solani. T. asperellum task1 expression was negatively correlated with cell wall degrading enzyme activities during inducing experiments using pathogen cell wall compounds. In antibiosis assays, task1 deletion caused increased output of 6-pentyl-α-pyrone and inhibition of pathogen growth.     

Improved heterologous gene expression in Trichoderma reesei by cellobiohydrolase I gene （cbh1） promoter optimization

To improve heterologous gene expression in Trichoderma reesei, a set of optimal artificial cellobiohydrolase I gene （cbhl） promoters was obtained. The region from -677 to -724 with three potential glucose repressor binding sites was deleted. Then the region from -620 to -820 of the modified cbhl promoter, including the CCAAT box and the Ace2 binding site, was repeatedly inserted into the modified cbhl promoter, obtaining promoters with copy numbers 2, 4, and 6. The results showed that the glucose repression effects were abolished and the expression level of the glucuronidase （gus） reporter gene regulated by these multi-copy promoters was markedly enhanced as the copy number increased simultaneously. The data showed the great promise of using the promoter artificial modification strategy to increase heterologous gene expression in filamentous fungi and provided a set of optional high-expression vectors for gene function investigation and strain modification.     

Enhanced Expression of Endochitinase in Trichoderma harzianum with the cbh1 Promoter of Trichoderma reesei

Production of extracellular endochitinase could be increased 5-fold in the mycoparasite fungus Trichoderma harzianum by using the cellulase promoter cbh1 of Trichoderma reesei, whereas the total endochitinase activity increased 10-fold. The cbh1 promoter was not expressed on glucose and sucrose in T. harzianum and was induced by sophorose and on cellulase-inducing medium. The endogenous endochitinase gene was expressed at a low basal level on glucose and sucrose. No specific induction by crab shell chitin or sophorose was observed.     

Expression of Talaromyces thermophilus lipase gene in Trichoderma reesei by homologous recombination at the cbh1 locus

Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology - CBH1 (cellobiohydrolase) comprises the majority of secreted proteins by Trichoderma reesei. For expression of Talaromyces thermophilus...     

Analysis of Cre1 binding sites in the Trichoderma reesei cbh1 upstream region

Abstract A 1.5-kb XbaI-SacII fragment containing the upstream region of the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I gene ( cbh1 ) has been sequenced. The 1.5-kb fragment contains eight 6-bp sites having an identical or similar sequence to the consensus sequence for binding a catabolite repressor, Aspergillus nidulans CreA. Results of binding assays with the maltose-binding protein: :Cre1(10–131) fusion protein (Cre1 is a catabolite repressor of T. reesei ) and the cbhI upstream region revealed that a 504-bp XbaI-NspV fragment (nucleotide position − 1496 to − 993) bearing three 6-bp sites, Al, A2, and A3, and a 356-bp NspV-MunI fragment (nucleotide position −994 to −639) bearing three 6-bp sites, B1, B2, and B3, were shifted in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. DNase I footprinting experiments showed that the 6-bp sites A2, B1, B2, and B3 were protected from DNase I digestion.     

棘孢木霉（Trichoderma asperellum）几丁质酶基因的克隆与生物信息学分析

几丁质酶作为木霉菌防治植物病虫害的主要因子,在生物防治和环境保护等领域发挥着重要的作用.为了研究棘孢木霉（Trichoderma asperellum）的生防机制并获得与其相关的功能基因,本研究通过RT-PCR、3′-RACE及5′-TAIL- PCR技术克隆了T. asperellum 1个几丁质酶基因Tachi1,对该基因进行了生物信息学分析,并利用毕赤酵母表达系统进行表达验证. Tachi1的DNA序列长1 635 bp,含有3个内含子,包含1 275 bp的开放阅读框,编码424个氨基酸;Tachi1属于糖基水解酶18家族内切几丁质酶,包含SIGGW底物结合位点和FDGIDXDWE活性中心位点,信号肽长度为22个氨基酸,成熟肽分子量为44 kD,二级结构以α-螺旋 、β-折叠和无规则卷曲为结构元件,三级结构为(α/β)8的圆桶形结构. 转Tachi1基因酵母工程菌可高效分泌表达几丁质酶Tachi1,甲醇诱导培养8 d几丁质酶酶活可达9.25 U/mL.     

康氏木霉纤维素酶转录因子ACEII与外切纤维二糖水解酶基因 I（cbh1）启动子的结合分析

ACEI、ACEII和Xyr1是康氏木霉中调控纤维素酶基因表达的转录因子。体外实验已证实ACEI和Xyr1可与cbh1启动子上的287bp序列（-304bp~-18bp）结合从而调控cbh1基因转录,但ACEII是否可与此序列结合仍未清楚。为进一步研究ACEII调控纤维素酶基因表达的机制,利用PCR技术扩增康氏木霉ACEII DNA结合区的基因序列,并使其在大肠杆菌中表达。凝胶迁移率移动试验表明ACEII DNA结合区不能与cbh1启动子的287bp序列结合。提示了康氏木霉cbh1基因在诱导表达时起调控作用的主要是Xyr1,而不是ACEII。这对阐明真菌纤维素酶基因表达调控的分子机制具有重要的意义。