Prominent genetic structure across native and introduced ranges of Pluchea indica,a mangrove associate,as revealed by microsatellite markers

阔苞菊(Pluchea indica)是一种红树林伴生植物，以其在原产地的药用特性和部分引入地的入侵性而闻名。本研究旨在评估阔苞菊在其分布范围内遗传变异的地理分布，确定影响其遗传结构的因素，并利用这些信息对阔苞菊在原产地和引入地的保护和管理策略提出建议。 我们以来自阔苞菊原产地(亚洲)和引入地(美国)的31个种群共348个个体的15个核微卫星位点数据对阔苞菊的遗传多样性和种群结构进行了评估。在大尺度范围以及局部区域两种空间尺度上对阔苞菊遗传变异的空间格局进行了探讨，并验证了以下假说：地理距离和自然地理屏障将影响种群结构并在空间尺度上产生不同程度的分化。研究结果表明，与所研究区域内的其它红树林物种的遗传多样性参数相比， 我们发现阔苞菊在种群水平上具有相对较高的遗传多样性以及在物种水平上具有明显的遗传分化。大多数阔苞菊种群显示杂合子缺失， 这主要是由于近交和有限的基因流所导致。在较大空间尺度上进行的种群结构分析显示，该物种自然分布范围内存在两个主要遗传谱系，中国的种群与印度尼西亚、马来西亚、新加坡、泰国、柬埔寨和菲律宾的种群分别属于不同的谱系，而美国的种群可能来自于中国的谱系。 此外，在局部区域范围内也同样检测到种群之间的遗传分化。大部分阔苞菊种群所表现出的遗传瓶颈效应强调了其具有本地灭绝的风险。基于上述研究结果，我们建议采用原位保护策略对阔苞菊进行管理，并开展对优先保护种群的保护行动以维持遗传多样性。     

Phylogeny and life cycle of the zoonotic pathogen Vibrio vulnificus

Vibrio vulnificus is a zoonotic pathogen able to cause diseases in humans and fish that occasionally result in sepsis and death. Most reviews about this pathogen (including those related to its ecology) are clearly biased towards its role as a human pathogen, emphasizing its relationship with oysters as its main reservoir, the role of the known virulence factors as well as the clinic and the epidemiology of the human disease. This review tries to give to the reader a wider vision of the biology of this pathogen covering aspects related to its phylogeny and evolution and filling the gaps in our understanding of the general strategies that V. vulnificus uses to survive outside and inside its two main hosts, the human and the eel, and how its response to specific environmental parameters determines its survival, its death, or the triggering of an infectious process.     

WHO at country level--a little impact,no strategy.

The acid test of WHO''s effect on the world''s health is its impact at country level. Unless it has an impact there, all of its declarations, its debates at the World Health Assembly, its conferences, its pamphlets, its political manouvering in Geneva and the regions, all of these come to nothing. Working as it does through national governments, WHO insists that it has no role in directly managing or delivering health care. Judging WHO''s impact in individual countries is therefore difficult--its approaches are largely indirect, and initiatives may take years to bear fruit. But from the meagre resources that WHO makes available at country level it is clear why its country operations are criticised as the weakest link in an already weak chain of influence from its headquarters in Geneva to the people in its member states. Poorly funded, undertrained, and with no clear strategy to follow, its staff at country level stand little chance of making an impact.     

The functions and mechanisms of the protrusible upper jaws of two species of cyprinid fish

Photographs have been taken of Idus and Gobio feeding. Idus , a primitive cyprinid, protrudes its premaxillae very little when it opens its mouth to take in food, but closes the mouth by further protrusion of the premaxillae. This enables it to close its mouth while keeping its buccal cavity fully expanded. Gobio , a more advanced cyprinid, protrudes its premaxillae strongly as it opens its mouth and is thereby able to apply the mouth closely to a surface from which it is taking food. The mechanisms of the movements are described.     

State‐dependent cooperation in burying beetles: parents adjust their contribution towards care based on both their own and their partner's size

Handicapping experiments on species with biparental care show that a focal parent increases its contribution when its partner is handicapped. Such results are interpreted as evidence for negotiation, whereby each parent adjusts its amount of care to that of its partner. However, it is currently unclear whether the focal parent responds to a change in its handicapped partner's behaviour or state. To address this gap, we conducted an experiment on the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides where we first generated different‐sized males and females by varying the duration of larval development. We then used a 2 × 2 factorial design in which a small or large male was paired with a small or large female. Small females provided less direct care (food provisioning and interactions with larvae) than large females, and both males and females provided less direct care when paired with a small partner. Thus, the focal parent adjusted its contribution towards care based on both its own state and that of its partner. There was also evidence for negotiation between the two parents as the focal parent adjusted its contribution based on the amount of care by its partner. However, there was no evidence that negotiation accounted for how the focal parent responded to its partner's size. Our results have important implications for our understanding of biparental cooperation as they show that each parent adjusts its contribution not only based on the amount of care provided by its partner but also based on its own state and its partner's state.     

世界麦双尾蚜研究进展：分布、

The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), has become a worldwide cereal pest with its dispersion to over 30 countries in this century. According to the natural history of its occurrence around the world, it is postulated RWA originated from western or central Asia. The aphid dispersed gradually to Europe and northern Africa, but its big jump across the ocean to North America is still a mystery. There are two overwintering strategies in RWA. The anholocyclic biotype, often reproducing earlier and more offsprings than the holocyclic one, has greater impact on crops in South Africa and United States. According to the experiments on its thermal response, RWA could withstand temperatures below -20℃, while temperatures above 30℃ would be harmful to its survival. The preference to colder condition may determine its distribution on the world. RWA has made great damages to cereal crops worldwide. It caused loss in crop yield by directly feeding on plant nutrition and disturbing the plant metabolism. But its status as plant virus transporter is open to question. By now, the aphid is still a serious pest in many countries and its invasion to more countries and areas maybe continues. Therefore, the research on its biological characteristics as well as its dispersion apparently needs to be enhanced in the future.     

Water? What's so special about it?

What is so special about water? Why does it have the properties it has, and how might these reasons be relevant to its apparent biological importance? By exploring the structure and dynamics of water, from the isolated molecule and its interactions, through its many crystalline phases and to its so-called anomalous liquid phase, some of its apparently unusual behaviour is rationalized. The way in which it interacts with some relatively simple interfaces is also discussed. As a result of this exploration, a checklist of possible molecular-level reasons for its biological importance is devised.     

Fat taste signal transduction and its possible negative modulator components

The incidence of obesity and its associated diseases including diabetes and various cardiovascular disease continues to escalate. Since the energy homeostasis executes a substantial role in fat-rich food intake and body weight regulation, it grows into a prevalent subject of interest for its strong energy density and high palatability. Over the decade, the notion that the dietary fatty acids convey signaling cues to oro-gustatory system embrace profound ability in understanding its function along with its perception of dietary fats. In this review, recent developments in the field of oleogustus and its downstream signaling mechanism in taste bud cells are analyzed. Notably, we made a brief attempt to expose the possible negative modulator components that had the potential to modulate the distinctive fat signal transduction components and its oro-gustatory mechanism. This review is in-sighted to urge the scientific community to work towards that goal to establish the libraries comprising both chemical and natural fat taste modifiers that adhere to fat taste receptors and alters its gustatory sense to proficiently combat obesity-linked complications.     

2—酮基—L—古龙酸高产融合子15的形态学及生理生化特征的研究

由地衣芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｌｉｃｈｅｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ）Ｈ１９和２—酮基—Ｌ—古龙酸产生菌Ｓ１９的原生质体融合,得到了既能独立生长传代,又能产生２—酮基—Ｌ—古龙酸的１５号融合子。其菌落和菌体形态类似于Ｈ１９亲本,其生理生化特性也大多酷似Ｈ１９亲本而不同于Ｓ１９亲本。但其产生２—酮基—Ｌ—古龙酸的特性、乙醇氧化反应、石蕊牛奶产酸以及精氨酸双水解酶阴性等特点又酷似Ｓ１９亲本而不同于Ｈ１９亲本。其氧化酶反应、初始生长ｐＨ范围、苯丙氨酸和色氨酸脱氨酶反应则不同于双亲本。其菌体的氨基酸组份及含量也与双亲有一定差异。     

Acetylcholinesterase: how is structure related to function?

In accordance with its biological role, termination of neurotransmission at cholinergic synapses by rapid hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase is one of nature's most efficient enzymes. Solution of its three-dimensional structure revealed that its active site is located at the bottom of a deep and narrow gorge. Such an architecture was unanticipated in view of its high turnover number. The present review examines how the highly specialized structure of acetylcholinesterase, with its sequestered active site, contributes to its catalytic efficacy, and discusses how the traffic of substrate and products to and from the active site is controlled.     

脯氨酸代谢与植物抗渗透胁迫的研究进展

脯氨酸被认为是植物和细菌内的一种相容渗透剂,有助于植物和细菌抵御渗透胁迫。本文就近年来有关植物体内脯氨酸合成和代谢、脯氨酸含量受渗透胁迫的影响情况、脯氨酸合成降解有关的酶及其基因、脯氨酸在细胞中的运输和定位、ＡＢＡ与脯氨酸的诱导合成以及脯氨酸和植物抗渗透胁迫关系的研究进展作了简要综述。     

脯氨酸代谢与植物抗渗透胁迫的研究进展

脯氨酸被认为是植物和细菌内的一种相容渗透剂,有助于植物和细菌抵御渗透胁迫。本文就近年来有关植物体内脯氨酸合成和代谢、脯氨酸含量受渗透胁迫的影响情况、脯氨酸合成降解有关的酶及其基因、脯氨酸在细胞中的运输和定位、ABA与脯氨酸的诱导合成以及脯氨酸和植物抗渗透胁迫关系的研究进展作了简要综述。     

外来植物黄顶菊的入侵警报及防控对策

一种菊科外来植物最近出现在我国华北地区的天津市和河北省的衡水与廊坊市。专家鉴定结果证明这是一种我国从未报道过的外来物种Flaveria bidentis。本文拟定了它的中文名称：黄顶菊,并对其原产地、扩散范围以及形态学、生理学、生态学等方面的特征进行了介绍。通过分析其特性,我们认为黄顶菊是一种入侵性极高的一年生杂草,特别是对农牧业生态系统有极大的破坏性。为了防治、控制和根除这种新入侵的有害物种,本文借鉴国内外入侵物种防治的经验提出了一些建议,供有关方面参考,并呼吁各有关人员和部门积极行动起来,调查其入侵途径,分析其可能入侵的区域,评估其入侵性,拟定科学的防控方案。     

甲壳素及其衍生物在医药卫生领域中的应用

甲壳素是自然界储存量仅次于纤维素的第二大天然多糖化合物 ,本文综述了其药理作用、在医药卫生方面的应用研究情况 ,如甲壳素抗感染、抗凝血、抗癌及降血脂等作用及在制剂方面的应用等     

The Role of the Principle of Object-relatedness in the Theory of Activity

The present state of the theory of activity (by which we mean the concept developed by Leont'ev and his school) undoubtedly deserves serious discussion. Such a discussion must not be reduced, as often happens, to a critique of this theory by representatives of other schools and currents in psychology that are based on different theoretical positions (i.e., to a criticism from without), on the one hand, or to an unconditional acceptance of all of its postulates by proponents of this theory, on the other. In my view, the kind of critique of this theory that is most relevant and acutely necessary in terms of both its prospects of development and the extent to which its perceptions accord with other psychological currents is of another sort, namely, a critique from within, by which I mean analysis of its own laws, of the internal logic of development of the theory, and of its internal contradictions, which define its present status and the dynamics of its development. Such an analysis should enable us to stimulate more effectively the internal mechanism of development and self-development of the theory of activity and ensure a transition from a period of stagnation that has produced nothing of note to a progressive evolution of its content and its explanatory power.     

Oligomerization and Phosphorylation Dependent Regulation of ArgBP2 Adaptive Capabilities and Associated Functions

ArgBP2 (Arg-Binding Protein 2/SORBS2) is an adaptor protein involved in cytoskeleton associated signal transduction, thereby regulating cell migration and adhesion. These features are associated with its antitumoral role in pancreatic cancer cells. Tyrosine phosphorylation of ArgBP2, mediated by c-Abl kinase and counterbalanced by PTP-PEST phosphatase, regulates many of its interactions. However, the exact mechanisms of action and of regulation of ArgBP2 remain largely unknown. We found that ArgBP2 has the capacity to form oligomers which are destabilized by tyrosine phosphorylation. We could show that ArgBP2 oligomerization involves the binding of one of its SH3 domains to a specific proline rich cluster. ArgBP2 self-association increases its binding to some of its molecular partners and decreased its affinity for others. Hence, the phosphorylation/oligomerization state of ArgBP2 directly regulates its functions by modulating its adaptive capabilities. Importantly, using a human pancreatic cancer cell model (MiaPaCa-2 cells), we could validate that this property of ArgBP2 is critical for its cytoskeleton associated functions. In conclusions, we describe a new mechanism of regulation of ArgBP2 where tyrosine phosphorylation of the protein interfere with a SH3 mediated self-interaction, thereby controlling its panel of interacting partners and related functions.     

Stress-mediated adaptive response leading to genetic diversity and instability in metabolite contents of high medicinal value: an overview on Podophyllum hexandrum

Podophyllum hexandrum, known for its diversified clinical importance particularly for antineoplastic activity and valuable source for biological protection against high doses of radiation, has its unique position in the plant kingdom. Detailed understanding of mechanism and opportunity of chemical manipulations has amplified the scope of its bioactivity. Podophyllotoxin, the major active principle of this plant, has passed through various structural deviations with the basic aim of making the end product clinically more effective with minimal toxicity. However, over exploitation and limited growth has categorized this plant under endangered species. Depending upon the geographical variations, different species and subspecies of this plant have been explored. Morphological variations and quantitative differences in active principles are the major concern of its unstable medicinal value in whole and semifractionated preparations. The current review has addressed the issues related to the genetic diversity of P. hexandrum, extrinsic and intrinsic stresses responsible for its diversified nature, chemical modifications to enhance its multitasking bioactivity, and efforts for its cultivation and production of important metabolites to avoid collection of wild species due to its critically endangered nature.     

Azadirachtin,a scientific gold mine

Azadirachtin is a highly interesting compound both for its chemical structure, which required 18 years to solve, and its synthesis, which required another 22 years, and for its biological properties as a feeding deterrent for many insects and a growth disruptant for most insects and many other arthropods. Its mode of action, structure–activity relationships, and its biosynthesis still require much research. A valuable natural pesticide, it has very low toxicity for vertebrates, and yet it has still not achieved a prominent place among pesticides and in many countries it is not yet licensed for use. An attempt is made to understand its failure to capture a larger market, 40 years after its discovery.     

通过定点诱变法研究耐热碱性磷酸酯酶的活性位点、耐热性和亲热性

通过对耐热碱性磷酸酯酶ＴＡＰＮＤ２７活性位点Ｓ（６９）两侧的Ｅ（６８）和Ｓ（７０）的定点突变,得到了３个突变子Ｅ６８Ｓ、Ｓ７０Ａ和Ｅ６８ＳＳ７０Ａ。在蛋白纯化的基础上测定了３个变体的一些酶学性质,与ＴＡＰＮＤ２７相比,Ｅ６８Ｓ的比活力上升８倍,Ｔｍ下降了３℃,最适反应温度上升了２０℃;Ｓ７０Ａ的比活力上升了１部,Ｔｍ下降了２℃,最适反应温度上升了５℃;Ｅ６８ＳＳ７０Ａ的比活力下降了５０％,Ｔｍ下降     

Identification of an actin-like protein and of its messenger ribonucleic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We have identified a yeast protein that resembles actins from other eucaryotes in its tight binding to pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I, its copolymerizaton with purified muscle actin, its one-dimensional peptide map, and its apparent polymerization into 7-nm filaments. The yeast actin-like protein yielded a single spot on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, suggesting that a single protein species was present. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the actin-like protein had an apparent molecular weight of 45,000 compared with 42,000 for muscle actin. In an attempt to identify the messenger ribonucleic acid coding for the actin-like protein, yeast polyadenylic acid-rich ribonucleic acid was translated in wheat germ and reticulocyte cell-free protein-synthesizing systems. The actin-like protein was identified among the translation products of the reticulocyte system by its tight binding to deoxyribonuclease I, its comigration with the in vivo-synthesized actin-like protein during sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, an the similarity of its peptide map to that of the in vivo-synthesized protein. A yeast protein synthesized in the wheat-germ system was also found to bind to deoxyribonuclease I and to copolymerize with muscle actin. However, its apparent molecular weight was about 35,000, suggesting that it was a product either of incomplete translation or of proteolytic cleavage of the actin-like protein.