Chapter 1: The Subject of Our Research: The Developed Form of Play

Grasping and locomotion do not long remain independent actions. Long before they are completely formed, they are incorporated into elementary, concrete (object-oriented) actions. Even in the first year, a child doesn't simply grasp objects in order to hold them, but to shake them, throw them, and bang them together. Object-oriented activity begins with elementary manipulations, soon becoming quite varied in form and assuming a leading role in the child's general mental development.     

Effect of social media use on learning,social interactions,and sleep duration among university students

BackgroundSocial networking sites are widely used by university students. This study investigated the purposes for which social networking sites are used and their effects on learning, social interaction, and sleep duration.Material and methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 300, 17–29-year-old female students at Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Chi-squared (Fisher’s exact test) test was used to analyze the data.ResultsThe results showed that 97% of the students used social media applications. Only 1% of them used social media for academic purposes. Whereas 35% of them used these platforms to chat with others, 43% of them browsed these sites to pass time. Moreover, 57% of them were addicted to social media. Additionally, 52% of them reported that social media use had affected their learning activities, 66% of them felt more drawn toward social media than toward academic activities, and 74% of them spent their free time on social media platforms. The most popular applications (i.e., based on usage) were Snapchat (45%), Instagram (22%), Twitter (18%), and WhatsApp (7%). Further, 46% and 39% of them reported going to bed between 11 pm and 12 am and between 1 am and 2 am, respectively. Finally, 68% of them attributed their delayed bedtime to social media use, and 59% of them reported that social media had affected their social interactions.ConclusionsA majority of the participants reported prolonged use of social networking sites for nonacademic purposes. These habitual behaviors can distract students from their academic work, adversely affect their academic performance, social interactions, and sleep duration, and lead to a sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity, which in turn can render them vulnerable to non-communicable diseases and mental health problems.     

湖南壶瓶山自然保护区鸟类多样性分析

湖南壶瓶山自然保护区拥有鸟类１４３种,隶属１４目３４科,其中国家一级保护动物１种,二级保护动物１６种,湖南省级保护动物２９种。该地的夏候鸟４９种,冬候鸟１４种,留鸟８０种。东洋界鸟类８５种,古北界鸟类３２种,广布性鸟类２６种。壶瓶山鸟类的多样性指数为１．８４５５,均匀性指数为０．８５５０。     

Ought we to sentence people to psychiatric treatment?

In principle, there seem to be three main ways in which society can react when people commit crimes under influence of mental illness. (1) The standard model. We excuse them. If they are dangerous they are detained in the interest of safety of the rest of the citizens. (2) The Swedish model. We hold them responsible for their criminal offence, we convict them, but we do not sentence them to jail. Instead, we sentence them to psychiatric treatment. (3) My model. We sentence them to jail, but offer them (voluntary) psychiatric treatment. The advantages of my model are obvious. We get a clear delineation of roles. We allow the psychiatrist to be just a doctor, not a warden. We liberate psychiatry of the objective of deciding whether people who were mentally ill when they committed criminal offences 'could have acted otherwise' -- a hopeless task. We allow that psychiatrists live up to their professional ethical code (The Hawaii Declaration). We treat psychically ill persons as 'normal', we allow them to repent their crimes, which renders easier their recovery. However, two objections to my model come to mind. First of all, is it not unfair to sentence people to jail who could not help doing what they did? And, secondly, the question of fairness set to one side, is it not inhumane to sentence mentally ill persons to jail? Is it not inhumane to the mentally ill persons themselves, and does it not mean that they will be a burden to other prisoners? In my paper I show that, if our system of criminal punishment takes a civilised form, neither of these objections carries any weight.     

Replication Clamps and Clamp Loaders

To achieve the high degree of processivity required for DNA replication, DNA polymerases associate with ring-shaped sliding clamps that encircle the template DNA and slide freely along it. The closed circular structure of sliding clamps necessitates an enzyme-catalyzed mechanism, which not only opens them for assembly and closes them around DNA, but specifically targets them to sites where DNA synthesis is initiated and orients them correctly for replication. Such a feat is performed by multisubunit complexes known as clamp loaders, which use ATP to open sliding clamp rings and place them around the 3′ end of primer–template (PT) junctions. Here we discuss the structure and composition of sliding clamps and clamp loaders from the three domains of life as well as T4 bacteriophage, and provide our current understanding of the clamp-loading process.During each round of DNA replication, thousands to billions of nucleotides must be faithfully copied in a short period of time. However, by themselves, replicative DNA polymerases are distributive, synthesizing only ten or so nucleotides of complementary DNA before dissociating. To achieve the high degree of processivity required for efficient DNA replication, replicative DNA polymerases associate with ring-shaped sliding clamps that encircle the template DNA and slide freely along it. Such an association effectively tethers the polymerase to DNA, substantially increasing the amount of continuous replication. The closed circular structure of sliding clamps necessitates an enzyme-catalyzed mechanism, which not only opens them for assembly and closes them around DNA, but specifically targets them to sites where DNA synthesis is initiated and orients them correctly for interaction with DNA polymerases. Such a feat is performed by multisubunit complexes known as clamp loaders, which use ATP to open sliding clamp rings and place them around the 3′ end of primer–template (PT) junctions. Here we discuss the structure and composition of sliding clamps and clamp loaders from the three domains of life as well as T4 bacteriophage, and provide our current understanding of the clamp-loading process.     

The Lama and the Jumbo‐Jet: Report on a Tibetan meditation‐group in Switzerland

The Huaulu people of Seram (Eastern Indonesia) say that it is taboo for them to eat the animals which they feed. The reason is that sharing food with them implies attributing to them the status of fellow social beings. This status implies in turn a degree of personhood. Persons may not be treated as the ultimate thing: food. The article shows that the principle “if we feed them we do not feed on them” applies differently to domesticated species and to wild ones. If some individuals of a domesticated species are raised by the Huaulu, the whole species becomes taboo to eat. But in the case of wild species the taboo is limited to the individuals which are actually raised. The article also shows that the principle is not the only reason for the taboo on domesticated animals, but a shorthand for a variety of other reasons that have to do with the place of those animals in Huaulu society.     

Progress in the Standardization of Stains Research on the Chemistry of Dyes

One of the services that the Stain Commission has been able to perform for biologists is in assisting them to identify dyes of unknown composition with which desired staining effects have been secured. This enables them both to obtain new supplies of the same dyes and to publish their results in such a form that other biologists may duplicate them.     

Selective membrane protein trafficking: vectorial flow and filter.

Membrane proteins trafficking along cellular pathways encounter molecular filters. These filters can introduce them to new pathways and thus direct them towards new destinations. Many proteins carry molecular signals within their cytoplasmic domains that allow them to be selected by the filters. The detailed characterization of these signals is providing new insights into the pathways themselves and indicating the locations of other, as yet unidentified filters.     

利用改进的DDRT-PCR分离并鉴定水稻细胞缺铁胁迫相关cDNA克隆

利用改进的差异显示PCR(DDRT—PCR)技术从水稻细胞中分离与缺铁胁迫相关的新基因。在分离到的8个差异片段中,通过Northern杂交验证,其中5个为阳性。在这5个阳性片段中有3个是受缺铁胁迫抑制,有2个受缺铁胁迫诱导表达。对这些阳性片段的序列分析表明有3个(IDR2,IDR3,IDR8)为新基因。其中IDR2,IDR8是2个未知基因,IDR3通过GenBank搜索可以找到一些与它同源的已知基因片段。     

Taking strategies to task

In this issue of Neuron, Uka and DeAngelis report a neural signature of the strategy that monkeys' brains developed to solve a visual discrimination task by training them on one version of the task and testing them on another. Extensive training on one version caused decision networks in the animals' brains to ignore certain classes of neurons whose signals would have been useful on the modified version of the task used to test them.     

Socializing with the neighbors: stem cells and their niche

The potential of stem cells in regenerative medicine relies upon removing them from their natural habitat, propagating them in culture, and placing them into a foreign tissue environment. To do so, it is essential to understand how stem cells interact with their microenvironment, the so-called stem cell niche, to establish and maintain their properties. In this review, we examine adult stem cell niches and their impact on stem cell biology.     

华东植物区系成分与日本植物间的联系

华东和日本两地为东亚地区重组成部分,同属于中国－日本森林植物亚区。两地植区物系成具有较高的相似性。两地共有连香树科（Ｃｒｃｉｄｉｐｈｙｌｌａｃｅａｅ）、三尖杉科（Ｃｅｐｈａｌｏｔａｃｅａｅ）、领春木科（Ｅｕｐｔｅｌｅａｃｅａｅ）、旌节花科ǎ樱簦幔悖瑁酰颍幔悖澹幔澹┑榷翘赜锌啤;腿毡玖降毓灿惺粼迹叮福岸嗍簟Ｈ缌迹ǎ茫颍穑簦铮恚澹颍椋幔⑺荆ǎ模椋螅幔睿簦瑁酰螅⑿」炊ǎ拢澹颍悖瑁     

Preparation and properties of Vibrio cholerae antifimbrial antibody

The presence of fimbriae on the Vibrio cholerae strains used was assessed by pellicle formation, haemagglutination activity and electron microscopy. Fimbrial suspensions were prepared by shearing them off the organisms, then separating them from other components by absorbing them on to rabbit red blood cells. Rabbits were then immunized with the fimbrial-red cell suspensions and the antibodies evoked were titrated by haemagglutination inhibition, agglutination, vibriocidal and immobilization techniques.     

Ethnography and ethnocide: A case study of the Yanomami

For in the beginning the Indians regarded the Spaniards as angels from Heaven ... This was the first land in the New World to be destroyed and depopulated by the Christians, and here they began their subjection of the women and children, taking them away from the Indians to use them and ill use them... And they committed other acts of force and violence and oppression which made the Indians realize that these men had not come from Heaven.     

Preparation and properties of Vibrio cholerae antifimbrial antibody

The presence of fimbriae on the Vibrio cholerae strains used was assessed by pellicle formation, haemagglutination activity and electron microscopy. Fimbrial suspensions were prepared by shearing them off the organisms, then separating them from other components by absorbing them on to rabbit red blood cells. Rabbits were then immunized with the fimbrial-red cell suspensions and the antibodies evoked were titrated by haemagglutination inhibition, agglutination, vibriocidal and immobilization techniques.     

Ought We to Sentence People to Psychiatric Treatment?

In principle, there seem to be three main ways in which society can react when people commit crimes under influence of mental illness.
(1) The standard model. We excuse them. If they are dangerous they are detained in the interest of safety of the rest of the citizens.
(2) The Swedish model. We hold them responsible for their criminal offence, we convict them, but we do not sentence them to jail. Instead, we sentence them to psychiatric treatment.
(3) My model. We sentence them to jail, but offer them (voluntary) psychiatric treatment.
The advantages of my model are obvious. We get a clear delineation of roles. We allow the psychiatrist to be just a doctor, not a warden. We liberate psychiatry of the objective of deciding whether people who were mentally ill when they committed criminal offences 'could have acted otherwise'— a hopeless task. We allow that psychiatrists live up to their professional ethical code (the Hawaii Declaration). We treat psychically ill persons as 'normal', we allow them to repent their crimes, which renders easier their recovery.
However, two objections to my model come to mind. First of all, is it not unfair to sentence people to jail who could not help doing what they did? And, secondly, the question of fairness set to one side, is it not inhumane to sentence mentally ill persons to jail? Is it not inhumane to the mentally ill persons themselves, and does it not mean that they will be a burden to other prisoners?
In my paper I show that, if our system of criminal punishment takes a civilised form, neither of these objections carries any weight.     

Analysis of the Escherichia coli Tol-Pal and TonB systems by periplasmic production of Tol,TonB, colicin,or phage capsid soluble domains

The aim of this review is to describe an in vivo assay of the interactions taking place in the Tol-Pal or TonB-ExbB-ExbD envelope complexes in the periplasm of Escherichia coli and between them and colicins or g3p protein of filamentous bacteriophages. Domains of colicins or periplasmic soluble domains of Tol or TonB proteins can be artificially addressed to the periplasm of bacteria by fusing them to a signal sequence from an exported protein. These domains interact specifically in the periplasm with the Tol or TonB complexes and disturb their function, which can be directly detected by the appearance of specific tol or tonB phenotypes. This technique can be used to detect new interactions, to characterize them biochemically and to map them or to induce tol or tonB phenotypes to study the functions of these two complexes.     

广西植物标本馆标本数字化信息统计与分析

为更了解广西植物标本馆概况与各类标本构成情况,该文以标本馆信息数据库的标本信息为基础,分别从标本的种类、石山植物标本、采集地、采集年代及采集人等5个方面进行了统计与分析。结果显示,在统计的20万份维管植物标本中,共隶属314科2504属11452种;石山植物标本份数占45.35%,含205科1021属2700种;广西采集的标本份数最多,共100372份占总份数的50.19%;在50年代标本采集量最大,达87997份占总份数的44.00%。并提出了几点建议。     

在系统发育分析中编码空位

空位包含了可用于系统发育分析的进化信息.为了准确地计算系统发育关系,空位包含的信息应该予以考虑.本文讨论了7种最常用的空位编码方法,并举例说明这些方法的编码原理.另外,本文还介绍了一些经验用以帮助研究者在使用现有的系统发育软件时选择空位编码方法.但是,所有的空位编码方法都有其优点和缺点,需要提出新的空位编码方法才能使空位信息在系统发育分析中得以充分地应用.     

Illustration of SSMD, z score, SSMD*, z* score, and t statistic for hit selection in RNAi high-throughput screens

Hit selection is the ultimate goal in many high-throughput screens. Various analytic methods are available for this purpose. Some commonly used ones are z score, z* score, strictly standardized mean difference (SSMD), SSMD*, and t statistic. It is critical to know how to use them correctly because the misusage of them can readily produce misleading results. Here, the author presents basic concepts, elaborates their commonality and difference, describes some common misusage that people should avoid, and uses simulated simple examples to illustrate how to use them correctly.