LncRNA在蜜蜂级型分化中的功能研究

蜜蜂的级型分化被证实是由蜂王浆中的Royalactin决定,工蜂和蜂王幼虫在级型分化时编码基因的表达差异也被广泛研究.我们发现,在蜜蜂幼虫的级型分化过程中,lncRNA也有着显著的表达差异,因此认为,lncRNA也参与了蜜蜂的级型分化过程.进一步的分析显示,lncRNA可能通过影响上下游基因的转录和功能执行的方式,在蜜蜂早期发育的多细胞组织发育、神经系统发育和转录调控的过程中起到重要的调控作用.     

细胞体外培养时为什么会贴到培养皿壁上

北京市第22中学的生物学教师陈珊问:动物细胞培养时为什么会出现贴壁现象? 答:第1,绝大部分细胞在机体内的环境下是与其他细胞或者细胞外基质结合的,不是孤立存在的.第2,细胞与细胞或者细胞外基质结合的物质基础以及在体外培养中贴壁的物质基础是什么.     

欢迎订阅2008年《生物学教学》杂志

北京市第22中学的生物学教师陈珊问：动物细胞培养时为什么会出现贴壁现象？ 答：第1,绝大部分细胞在机体内的环境下是与其他细胞或者细胞外基质结合的,不是孤立存在的。第2。细胞与细胞或者细胞外基质结合的物质基础以及在体外培养中贴壁的物质基础是什么。[第一段]     

蛋白酶体结构和活性调节机制的研究进展

蛋白酶体负责细胞内绝大多数蛋白质的降解,几乎对生物体所有的生命活动都具有调控作用.蛋白酶体功能异常能够导致很多疾病.近期,研究者们在蛋白酶体的结构分析和活性调节机制等方面的研究都获得了重要的突破.本文综述了有关蛋白酶体结构和活性调控机制,包括转录调控、翻译后修饰、组装机制等的研究进展,这些对蛋白酶体新的认识将为蛋白酶体相关疾病的研究及相应药物的开发带来新的思路.对于目前蛋白酶体抑制剂的研发本文也做了简要的介绍.     

The Philosophy of Education The Problem of Counteraction

The humanistic ideas of cooperative learning, which gained great popularity throughout the twentieth century, have had an enormous influence on the theory and practice of instruction and education. Instruction began to be considered not simply as the transmission and mastery of some particular cultural experience, but as a joint endeavor performed by actual or potential partners (the teachers and the students) directed at fostering the fullest and deepest possible social and personal development of each of the participants. The teacher's task was to help his pupils master, first and foremost, principles of mutual respect, good will, consideration of each other as individuals, how to reconcile differing needs, goals, and means of attaining them, and how to organize mutual aid, collaboration, and creative cooperation. All this was directed at the ultimate goal of instilling and realizing humanistic ideals in diverse areas of human culture.     

Differentiation of Two Types of Basophils In The Adenohypophysis of The Rat and The Mouse

Pituitaries are fixed for 24 hr. in Bouin's fluid containing 0.5% trichloroacetic acid instead of 5% acetic acid, or in a mixture of 9 parts SUSA and 1 part saturated aqueous solution of picric acid. They are embedded in paraffin and horizontal sections are cut at 3-4 μ. The staining method consists of 3 phases: (a) immersion in aldehyde-fuchsin for the selective demonstration of the beta cell granules, (b) staining of the nuclei with Ehrlich's hematoxylin and (c) a rapid one-step counterstain with light green and orange G dissolved in a phosphotungstic-acetic acid mixture for the differentiation of the acidophilic and the delta cell granules.     

左旋多巴的合成与提取

左旋多巴 (L DOPA)是治疗帕金森病的有效药物。L DOPA的生产方法有化学合成、从植物中提取和微生酶物转化等 ,其中利用微生物的酪氨酸酚解酶以邻苯二酚、丙酮酸和氨为底物合成L DOPA被证明是一种最经济且最有前途的方法。应用基因工程技术构建高效菌株。左旋多巴的提取有多种方法 ,其中向反应体系中加入晶种使多巴从反应体系中析出 ,除去菌体和杂质 ,再进行重结晶可得到纯度较高的多巴是一种很好的方法。     

离体工作心脏模型泵功能稳定性的评定指标

离体灌注的工作心脏模型是在心肌代谢及功能研究领域中广泛采用的实验系统。但离体工作心脏模型本质上是不稳定的,心功能在灌注过程中逐渐下降。本文探讨了对该系统稳定性进行数学描述方法,指出用实验系统平均主动脉流量与灌注时程的回归直线可简明地描述这一基本特征,直线下的面积S可作为判定系统稳定性的简单实用的指标。     

The Politics of Anti-Creationism: The Committees of Correspondence

When the creationism issue rose to the surface in the late 1970s, an organized opposition to the creationist campaign came from an unexpected source. Local groups of rank and file evolution defenders, led by a retired biology teacher, organized a grassroots network of anti-creationism called the Committees of Correspondence. They basically approached the creationism issue as a political rather than a scientific problem and fought the battle on local fronts, where creationists were heavily engaged in legal campaigns to include their ideas in the public schools. Grassroots anti-creationism was, however, eventually replaced by a centralized national operation with an educational emphasis. In this paper, I will document the development of this neglected part of the creation-evolution controversy and discuss related issues, namely the politics of science that became clearly visible in the course of evolutionists' disputes over anti-creation strategies. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

未折叠蛋白响应的激活机制

未折叠蛋白在内质网（endoplasmic reticulum,ER）腔中累积造成ER应激，此时细胞启动未折叠蛋白响应（unfolded protein response,UPR）以恢复蛋白质稳态。目前已知有三种UPR感受器，即IRE1、PERK和ATF6，它们均为ER跨膜蛋白，在ER应激时被激活并启动下游UPR信号通路。虽然UPR感受器最早是在研究细胞如何应对ER应激时发现的，但它们如何感知ER应激至今未得到完满的回答。随着研究的深入，人们发现UPR的功能不仅限于维持蛋白质稳态，而UPR感受器也不是只对未折叠蛋白累积作出响应。本文对UPR的发现及其经典通路作一介绍，着重阐述目前已知的UPR感受器的激活机制，并就UPR和ER应激关系以及该领域存在的问题进行讨论。     

A型流感病毒非结构蛋白的功能及临床应用

NS1蛋白作为A型流感病毒的非结构蛋白,最初的研究着重于它对宿主细胞蛋白质合成的抑制作用方面考虑.随着研究的深入,对其基因的进化、蛋白质的抗原性作了详细的研究,同时发现流感病毒的NS1蛋白与流感病毒所诱导的细胞凋亡之间存在一定的联系,其对凋亡的调节作用与流感病毒感染的细胞是否产生干扰素及其所感染的细胞系直接相关.NS1蛋白能够抑制病毒感染细胞干扰素的产生,在流感病毒拮抗干扰素的抗病毒效应中发挥了重要的作用,许多研究表明,这种干扰素拮抗作用可能与流感病毒的毒力有关.由于传统疫苗的广泛应用,NS1蛋白在临床应用中作为鉴别诊断免疫禽和自然感染禽的检测抗原具有广阔的前景.     

The making of "The Genoma Music."

Both genetic and musical sequences are ordered structures composed of combinations of a small number of elements, of nucleotides and musical notes. In the case of the genome, the emergence of cellular functions makes the order meaningful; in the case of musical sequences, the consequence of order is the production of mysterious esthetical effects in the human mind. Can any musical significance be found in DNA sequence? In this work, we present the technique used to convert DNA sequences into musical sequences. The musical equivalent of the sequence of a number of genes, either of fungal origin, such as Candida albicans or Sacharomyces cerevisiae (SLT2), or belonging to the human genome (genes involved in Alzheimer syndrome, blindness, and deafness such as Connexine 26 gene) has been obtained. Non-coding sequences are also important in life and music. The non-coding alphoid sequence has also been translated into a musical sequence, in this case using Fibonacci golden number basic series as structural helper. The elementary musical sequence derived from DNA sequence has served as an imposing frame in which rhythms, sounds, and melodies have been harmonically inserted. The Genoma Music Project is essentially a creative metaphor of the basic unity between the human mind and the natural ordered structure of life.     

聚乙二醇修饰的成纤维细胞生长因子-21的降血糖作用

成纤维细胞生长因子-21(FGF-21)是FGF家族的一员．现有大量研究表明,FGF-21是除胰岛素以外的一种新的血糖调节因子,有望成为治疗2型糖尿病的新型药物．然而,FGF-21在动物体内稳定性较差,半衰期较短,严重影响了其在临床上的应用．为解决这些问题,本实验采用分子质量为20 ku的单甲氧基聚乙二醇-丙醛(mPEG-ALD)对鼠源FGF-21(mFGF-21)进行N端定点修饰,以改善mFGF-21的性质(如提高体内半衰期、降低免疫原性等)．本文研究了反应pH、反应时间、蛋白质浓度及反应物之间的质量比对mFGF-21与聚乙二醇(PEG)合成反应的影响．采用Capto Q阴离子交换层析或Superdex 75凝胶过滤层析分离纯化聚乙二醇化mFGF-21(PEG-mFGF-21),并最终确定了mFGF-21 聚乙二醇修饰的反应条件和分离PEG-mFGF-21的纯化工艺．随后分别进行了PEG-mFGF-21的理化性质(大小、纯度和体外稳定性)、免疫原性、体内半衰期、体外葡萄糖吸收活性及体内降糖活性的研究．体外稳定性实验结果显示,mFGF-21经PEG修饰后温度稳定性和抗蛋白酶水解稳定性都显著提高．间接ELISA方法检测血清中mFGF-21抗体水平及目标蛋白含量的结果表明,PEG修饰mFGF-21可明显降低其免疫原性,延长体内半衰期．HepG2细胞的葡萄糖吸收实验结果发现,PEG-mFGF-21的细胞活性并没有下降,反而随着刺激细胞时间的延长,经PEG-mFGF-21刺激的细胞葡萄糖吸收显著高于mFGF-21刺激的细胞葡萄糖吸收．2型糖尿病db/db小鼠短期血糖调控实验结果表明,mFGF-21降糖速度快于PEG-mFGF-21,但其持续时间较PEG-mFGF-21短;长期血糖调控实验结果显示,PEG-mFGF-21长期降糖效果优于mFGF-21,作用持续时间长,并且PEG-mFGF-21在停药后控制血糖的能力也高于mFGF-21．综上所述可知,mFGF-21的PEG修饰在不影响其体外生物活性的前提下,能够提高mFGF-21的物理稳定性和抵抗蛋白酶水解的能力、降低免疫原性、增加体内稳定性、延长mFGF-21在动物体内降血糖作用的效果和时间．本实验为FGF-21化学修饰提供了重要的技术平台,对以后FGF-21的临床应用具有非常重要的意义．     

细菌视紫红质光循环中间体M412的动力学初探

采用紫外可见吸收光谱技术和闪光光解技术,初步观察了细菌视紫红质(BR)分子在宽pH范围(2.1～12.3)内的特征吸收峰以及M412的相对浓度和M412的慢成分半衰期的变化,并对其结构和光循环功能进行了讨论.紫外可见吸收光谱实验结果显示:pH=5.0～10.0时,BR最大特征吸收峰值约为568 nm;pH＜5.0时,BR最大特征吸收峰发生红移;pH＞10.0时,BR最大特征吸收峰发生蓝移.闪光动力学光谱结果显示:pH为7.3～9.5时,M412的相对浓度(M0)基本稳定在0.038左右;pH＜7.3时,M0逐渐减小;pH＞9.5时,M0明显上升,在pH=11.8时达到最大值0.1355,随后又快速下降.pH为2.1～7.3时,M412的慢成分半衰期(ts1/2)值在(4.1±1.1)ms左右;pH＞7.3时,ts1/2值急剧延长到40 677.4 ms.推测在高pH条件下,BR分子的光循环有新的路径和机理.     

人类基因组信息量的扩增速率受重组的影响

减数分裂重组是基因组进化的重要驱动力,揭示基因组在与重组有关进化压力下的进化规律是基因组进化研究领域的重要课题．一系列证据表明基因组编码信息量在进化过程中随时间增加．重组率与自然选择效率成正比,因此,在进化过程中基因组信息量的增加速率可能会受到重组率的影响．本文定义表征编码信息量增加速率的信息参数,以人类基因组为研究对象,分析基因组信息量的增加速率与重组率的关系,发现二者显著正相关,表明重组可能是加快基因组信息量增长的重要途径．     

The Ocular Skeleton Through The Eye of Evo-devo

An evolutionary developmental (evo-devo) approach to understanding the evolution, homology and development of structures has proved important for unraveling complex integrated skeletal systems through the use of modules, or modularity. An ocular skeleton, which consists of cartilage and sometimes bone, is present in many vertebrates; however the origin of these two components remains elusive. Using both palaeontological and developmental data, I propose that the vertebrate ocular skeleton is neural crest derived and that a single cranial neural crest module divided early in vertebrate evolution, possibly during the Ordovician, to give rise to an endoskeletal component and an exoskeletal component within the eye. These two components subsequently became uncoupled with respect to timing, placement within the sclera and inductive epithelia, enabling them to evolve independently and to diversify. In some extant groups, these two modules have become reassociated with one another. Furthermore, the data suggests that the endoskeletal component of the ocular skeleton was likely established and therefore evolved before the exoskeletal component. This study provides important insights into the evolution of the ocular skeleton, a region with a long evolutionary history amongst vertebrates. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 9999B: 1-9, 2012. ? 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.