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1.
Schumaker KS  Sze H 《Plant physiology》1985,79(4):1111-1117
Two types of ATP-dependent calcium (Ca2+) transport systems were detected in sealed microsomal vesicles from oat roots. Approximately 80% of the total Ca2+ uptake was associated with vesicles of 1.11 grams per cubic centimeter and was insensitive to vanadate or azide, but inhibited by NO3. The remaining 20% was vanadate-sensitive and mostly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, as the transport activity comigrated with an endoplasmic reticulum marker (antimycin A-insensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase), which was shifted from 1.11 to 1.20 grams per cubic centimeter by Mg2+.

Like the tonoplast H+-ATPase activity, vanadate-insensitive Ca2+ accumulation was stimulated by 20 millimolar Cl and inhibited by 10 micromolar 4,4′-diisothiocyano-2,2′-stilbene disulfonic acid or 50 micromolar N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. This Ca2+ transport system had an apparent Km for Mg-ATP of 0.24 millimolar similar to the tonoplast ATPase. The vanadate-insensitive Ca2+ transport was abolished by compounds that eliminated a pH gradient and Ca2+ dissipated a pH gradient (acid inside) generated by the tonoplast-type H+-ATPase. These results provide compelling evidence that a pH gradient generated by the H+-ATPase drives Ca2+ accumulation into right-side-out tonoplast vesicles via a Ca2+/H+ antiport. This transport system was saturable with respect to Ca2+ (Km apparent = 14 micromolar). The Ca2+/H+ antiport operated independently of the H+-ATPase since an artifically imposed pH gradient (acid inside) could also drive Ca2+ accumulation. Ca2+ transport by this system may be one major way in which vacuoles function in Ca2+ homeostasis in the cytoplasm of plant cells.

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2.
Bush DR 《Plant physiology》1989,89(4):1318-1323
Sucrose is the predominant form of photosynthetically reduced carbon transported in most plant species. In the experiments reported here, an active, proton-coupled sucrose transport system has been identified and partially characterized in plasmalemma vesicles isolated from mature sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv Great Western) leaves. The isolated vesicles concentrated sucrose fivefold in the presence of an imposed pH gradient (basic interior). The presence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, a protonophore, prevented sucrose accumulation within the vesicles. ΔpH-dependent sucrose transport exhibited saturation kinetics with an apparent Km of 1.20 ± 0.40 millimolar, suggesting translocation was carrier-mediated. In support of that conclusion, two protein modifiers, diethyl pyrocarbonate and p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid, were found to be potent inhibitors with 50% inactivation achieved at 750 and 30 micromolar, respectively. ΔpH-Dependent sucrose transport was not inhibited by glucose, fructose, raffinose, or maltose suggesting the transport system was specific for sucrose. Transport activity was associated with the plasmalemma because ΔpH-dependent sucrose transport equilibrated on a linear sucrose gradient at 1.17 grams per cubic centimeter and comigrated with a plasmalemma enzyme marker, vanadate-sensitive K+, Mg2+-ATPase. Taken together, these results provide the first In vitro evidence in support of a sucrose-proton symport in the plasmalemma of mature leaf tissue.  相似文献   

3.
The initial rate of quenching of quinacrine fluorescence was used to monitor Mg:ATP-dependent H+-pumping in membrane vesicles from corn (Zea mays L. cv WF9 × MO17) roots and obtain a preparation in which vanadate-sensitive H+-pumping could be observed. Separation of membranes on a linear sucrose density gradient resulted in two distinct peaks of H+-pumping activity: a major one, at density 1.11 grams per cubic centimeter, was sensitive to NO3 and resistant to vanadate, while a minor one, at density 1.17 grams per cubic centimeter, was substantially resistant to NO3 and sensitive to vanadate. A membrane fraction enriched in the vanadate-sensitive H+-pump could be obtained by washing microsomes prepared in the presence of 10% glycerol with 0.25 molar KI. The kinetics of inhibition of H+-pumping by vanadate in this membrane preparation indicated that most of the H+-pumping activity in this fraction is sensitive to inhibition by vanadate, 50% inhibition being reached at about 60 micromolar vanadate. This value is fairly close to that observed for inhibition by vanadate of the ATPase activity in similar experimental conditions (40 micromolar). The inhibitor sensitivity, divalent cation dependence, pH optimum (6.5), and Km for ATP (0.7 millimolar) of the H+-pumping activity match quite closely those reported for the plasma membrane ATPase of corn roots and other plant materials.  相似文献   

4.
Microsomal vesicles from 24-hour-old radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings accumulate Ca2+ upon addition of MgATP. MgATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake co-migrates with the plasma membrane H+-ATPase on a sucrose gradient. Ca2+ uptake is insensitive to oligomycin, inhibited by vanadate (IC50 40 micromolar) and erythrosin B (IC50 0.2 micromolar) and displays a pH optimum between pH 6.6 and 6.9. MgATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake is insensitive to protonophores. These results indicate that Ca2+ transport in these microsomal vesicles is catalyzed by a Mg2+-dependent ATPase localized on the plasma membrane. Ca2+ strongly reduces ΔpH generation by the plasma membrane H+-ATPase and increases MgATP-dependent membrane potential difference (Δψ) generation. These effects of Ca2+ on ΔpH and Δψ generation are drastically reduced by micromolar erythrosin B, indicating that they are primarily a consequence of Ca2+ uptake into plasma membrane vesicles. The Ca2+-induced increase of Δψ is collapsed by permeant anions, which do not affect Ca2+-induced decrease of ΔpH generation by the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. The rate of decay of MgATP-dependent ΔpH, upon inhibition of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase, is accelerated by MgATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake, indicating that the decrease of ΔpH generation induced by Ca2+ reflects the efflux of H+ coupled to Ca2+ uptake into plasma membrane vesicles. It is therefore proposed that Ca2+ transport at the plasma membrane is mediated by a Mg2+-dependent ATPase which catalyzes a nH+/Ca2+ exchange.  相似文献   

5.
Calcium transport into tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cv Castlemart) fruit tonoplast vesicles was studied. Calcium uptake was stimulated approximately 10-fold by MgATP. Two ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport activities could be resolved on the basis of sensitivity to nitrate and affinity for Ca2+. A low affinity Ca2+ uptake system (Km > 200 micromolar) was inhibited by nitrate and ionophores and is thought to represent a tonoplast localized H+/Ca2+ antiport. A high affinity Ca2+ uptake system (Km = 6 micromolar) was not inhibited by nitrate, had reduced sensitivity to ionophores, and appeared to be associated with a population of low density endoplasmic reticulum vesicles that contaminated the tonoplast-enriched membrane fraction. Arrhenius plots of the temperature dependence of Ca2+ transport in tomato membrane vesicles showed a sharp increase in activation energy at temperatures below 10 to 12°C that was not observed in red beet membrane vesicles. This low temperature effect on tonoplast Ca2+/H+ antiport activity could only by partially ascribed to an effect of low temperature on H+-ATPase activity, ATP-dependent H+ transport, passive H+ fluxes, or passive Ca2+ fluxes. These results suggest that low temperature directly affects Ca2+/H+ exchange across the tomato fruit tonoplast, resulting in an apparent change in activation energy for the transport reaction. This could result from a direct effect of temperature on the Ca2+/H+ exchange protein or by an indirect effect of temperature on lipid interactions with the Ca2+/H+ exchange protein.  相似文献   

6.
Membranes from homogenates of growing and of dormant storage roots of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) were centrifuged on linear sucrose gradients. Vanadate-sensitive ATPase activity, a marker for plasma membrane, peaked at 38% to 40% sucrose (1.165-1.175 grams per cubic centimeter) in the case of growing material but moved to as low as 30% sucrose (1.127 grams per cubic centimeter) during dormancy.

A band of nitrate-sensitive ATPase was found at sucrose concentrations of 25% to 28% or less (around 1.10 grams per cubic centimeter) for both growing and dormant material. This band showed proton transport into membrane vesicles, as measured by the quenching of fluorescence of acridine orange in the presence of ATP and Mg2+. The vesicles were collected on a 10/23% sucrose step gradient. The phosphate hydrolyzing activity was Mg dependent, relatively substrate specific for ATP (ATP > GTP > UTP > CTP = 0) and increased up to 4-fold by ionophores. The ATPase activity showed a high but variable pH optimum, was stimulated by Cl, but was unaffected by monovalent cations. It was inhibited about 50% by 10 nanomolar mersalyl, 20 micromolar N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 80 micromolar diethylstilbestrol, or 20 millimolar NO3; but was insensitive to molybdate, vanadate, oligomycin, and azide. Proton transport into vesicles from the 10/23% sucrose interface was stimulated by Cl, inhibited by NO3, and showed a high pH optimum and a substrate specificity similar to the ATPase, including some proton transport driven by GTP and UTP.

The low density of the vesicles (1.10 grams per cubic centimeter) plus the properties of H+ transport and ATPase activity are similar to the reported properties of intact vacuoles of red beet and other materials. We conclude that the low density, H+-pumping ATPase of red beets originated from the tonoplast. Tonoplast H+-ATPases with similar properties appear to be widely distributed in higher plants and fungi.

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7.
Chanson A  Taiz L 《Plant physiology》1985,78(2):232-240
Corn (Zea mays L. cv Trojan T929) coleoptile membranes were fractionated on sucrose density gradients, and ATP-dependent proton pumping activity was localized by the techniques of [14C]methylamine uptake and quinacrine fluorescence quenching. Two peaks of proton pumping activity were detected: a light peak (1.07 grams/cubic centimeter) corresponding to the previously characterized tonoplast-type H+-ATPase, and a second peak (1.13 grams/cubic centimeter) which coincided with the Golgi markers, latent UDPase, and glucan synthase I. The second peak was lighter than that of the plasma membrane marker, uridine diphosphoglucose-sterol glucosyltransferase (1.16 grams/cubic centimeter) and was not inhibited by vanadate, an inhibitor of the plasma membrane ATPase. The activity was also better correlated with the Golgi cisternae marker, glucan synthase I, than with latent UDPase, a secretory vesicle marker, but a secretory vesicle location cannot be ruled out. The tonoplast-type and Golgi proton pumps were similar in several respects, including a pH optimum at 7.2, stimulation by chloride, inhibition by diethylstilbestrol and N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), insensitivity to oligomycin and azide, and nucleotide specificity for Mg2+-ATP. However, the Golgi H+ pump was much less sensitive to nitrate and iodide, and more sensitive to the anion channel blockers, 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyano-2,2′-stilbene sulfonic acid (SITS) and 4,4′-diisothiocyano-2,2′-stilbene disulfonic acid (DIDS) than the tonoplast-type H+-pump. The Golgi pump, but not the tonoplast-type pump, was stimulated by valinomycin in the presence of KCl. It is concluded that the Golgi of corn coleoptiles contains a KCl-stimulated H+-ATPase which can acidify the interior of Golgi cisternae and associated vesicles.  相似文献   

8.
The effects of heat shock on the synthesis of α-amylase and on the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurone were studied. Heat shock, imposed by raising the temperature of incubation from 25°C to 40°C for 3 hours, inhibits the accumulation of α-amylase and other proteins in the incubation medium of barley aleurone layers treated with gibberellic acid and Ca2+. When ER is isolated from heat-shocked aleurone layers, less newly synthesized α-amylase is found associated with this membrane system. ER membranes, as indicated by the activities of NADH cytochrome c reductase and ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport, are not destroyed by heat stress, however. Although heat shock did not reduce the activity of ER membrane marker enzymes, it altered the buoyant density of these membranes. Whereas ER from control tissue showed a peak of marker enzyme activity at 27% to 28% sucrose (1.113-1.120 grams per cubic centimeter), ER from heat-shocked tissue peaked at 30% to 32% sucrose (1.127-1.137 grams per cubic centimeter). The synthesis of a group of proteins designated as heat-shock proteins (HSPs) was stimulated by heat shock. These HSPs were localized to different compartments of the aleurone cell. Several proteins ranging from 15 to 30 kilodaltons were found in the ER and the mitochondrial/plasma membrane fractions of heat-shocked cells, but none of the HSPs accumulated in the incubation medium of heat-shocked aleurone layers.  相似文献   

9.
In microsomes from 24-hour-old radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake occurs only in inside-out plasma membrane vesicles (F Rasi-Caldogno, MC Pugliarello, MI De Michelis [1987] Plant Physiol 83: 994-1000). A Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity can be shown in the same microsomes, when assays are performed at pH 7.5. The Ca2+-dependent ATPase is stimulated by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 and is localized at the plasma membrane. Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity and ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake present very similar saturation kinetics with erythrosin B (50% inhibition at about 0.1 micromolar), free Ca2+ (half-maximal rate at about 70 nanomolar), and MgATP (Km 15-20 micromolar). Ca2+ uptake can be sustained by GTP or ITP at about 60% the rate measured in the presence of ATP; only very low Ca2+ uptake is sustained by CTP or UTP and none by ADP. These results indicate that the Ca2+-ATPase described in this paper is the enzyme which drives active transport of Ca2+ at the plasma membrane of higher plants.  相似文献   

10.
The protein(s) that constitute(s) the ATP-driven Ca2+-translocator of plasma membrane enriched vesicles obtained by aqueous two-phase partitioning from leaves of Commelina communis L. has/have been solubilized and reincorporated into tightly sealed liposomes. The reconstituted Ca2+-transport system was studied using ATP-driven 45Ca2+ import into the proteoliposomes as a measure of activity. The detergent, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propane-sulfonate proved to be the most suitable and was used at 10 millimolar concentration, i.e. just above its critical micellar concentration. The presence of additional phospholipid (2 milligrams phosphatidylcholine per milliliter) and ATP (5 millimolar) improved the solubilization and/or reconstitution. The characteristics of the reconstituted system were similar to those of the plasma membrane-bound activity, including the apparent Km for Ca2+ (5.2 micromolar), inhibition by relatively high levels of vanadate (IC50 = 500 micromolar) and lacking response to added calmodulin. The reconstituted transport system was very strongly inhibited by erythrosine B (IC50 = 0.01 micromolar) and had a low apparent Km for ATP (11.4 micromolar). As in the plasma membrane vesicles, the protonophore carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone did not affect Ca2+-transport detectably in the reconstituted system. However, low levels of the Ca2+-ionophore A 23187 instantaneously discharged 90% of the Ca2+ associated with the vesicles, proving that it had been accumulated in the intravesicular volume in soluble, freely exchangeable form. Ca2+-transport in the reconstituted system was thus primary active, through a Ca2+-translocating ATPase. The system reported here may serve as a valuable tool for purifying the Ca2+-ATPase and for studying structural and functional aspects of the purified enzyme.  相似文献   

11.
Summary Plasma membrane vesicles, which are mostly right side-out, were isolated from corn leaves by aqueous two-phase partitioning method. Characteristics of Ca2+ transport were investigated after preparing inside-out vesicles by Triton X-100 treatment.45Ca2+ transport was assayed by membrane filtration technique. Results showed that Ca2+ transport into the plasma membrane vesicles was Mg-ATP dependent. The active Ca2+ transport system had a high affinity for Ca2+(K m (Ca2+)=0.4 m) and ATP(K m (ATP)=3.9 m), and showed pH optimum at 7.5. ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake in the plasma membrane vesicles was stimulated in the presence of Cl or NO 3 . Quenching of quinacrine fluorescence showed that these anions also induced H+ transport into the vesicles. The Ca2+ uptake stimulated by Cl was dependent on the activity of H+ transport into the vesicles. However, carbonylcyanidem-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and VO 4 3– which is known to inhibit the H+ pump associated with the plasma membrane, canceled almost all of the Cl-stimulated Ca2+ uptake. Furthermore, artificially imposed pH gradient (acid inside) caused Ca2+ uptake into the vesicles. These results suggest that the Cl-stimulated Ca2+ uptake is caused by the efflux of H+ from the vesicles by the operation of Ca2+/H+ antiport system in the plasma membrane. In Cl-free medium, H+ transport into the vesicles scarcely occurred and the addition of CCCP caused only a slight inhibition of the active Ca2+ uptake into the vesicles. These results suggest that two Ca2+ transport systems are operating in the plasma membrane from corn leaves, i.e., one is an ATP-dependent active Ca2+ transport system (Ca2+ pump) and the other is a Ca2+/H+ antiport system. Little difference in characteristics of Ca2+ transport was observed between the plasma membranes isolated from etiolated and green corn leaves.  相似文献   

12.
An anion-sensitive ATP-dependent H+ transport in microsomal membranes from Zea mays L. coleoptiles was partially characterized using the pH gradient-dependent decrease of unprotonated neutral red. The following criteria strongly suggest a tonoplast origin of the H+ transport observed: strict dependence on Cl; inhibition by SO42− and NO3; insensitivity against vanadate, molybdate, and azide; reversible inhibition by CaCl2 (H+/Ca2+ antiport); inhibition by diethylstilbestrol. The substrate kinetics revealed simple Michaelis Menten kinetics for ATP in the presence of 1 millimolar MgCl2 with a Km value of 0.56 millimolar (0.38 millimolar for MgATP). AMP and c-AMP did not influence H+ transport significantly. However, ADP was a potent competitive inhibitor with a Ki value of 0.18 millimolar. The same inhibition type was found for membranes prepared from primary roots by the same procedure.  相似文献   

13.
The effects of low temperature on uptake and release of 45Ca2+ were studied with sound, well-coupled mitochondria extracted at room temperature from avocado (Persea americana Mill, cv Fuerte) fruits. Low Ca2+ concentrations (10 micromolar) were employed to simulate physiological conditions. At 25°C, the rate of Ca2+ uptake decreased with time, whereas at 5°C the initial rate, though lower, remained linear. As a consequence total uptake at 5°C was substantially greater than at 25°C for periods greater than 5 min. Preincubation of mitochondria at 5°C enhanced subsequent Ca2+ uptake at 25°C. Ca2+ uptake was inhibited by carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) and by ruthenium red, but neither KCN nor salicylhydroxamic acid separately or together had any major inhibitory effect. Preloaded mitochondria held for 60 min in a Ca-free medium lost little Ca2+ at 25°C and none at 5°C, except in the presence of ruthenium red or CCCP.  相似文献   

14.
The endosperm of 3-day germinated seedlings of Ricinus communis was homogenized in the presence or absence of Mg2+. When the Mg2+ -containing homogenate was fractionated on linear, 20 to 40% sucrose gradients, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) reached equilibrium at a density of 1.146 grams per cubic centimeter. Absence of Mg2+ in the grinding medium resulted in displacement of the ER in the gradient from a density of 1.146 to 1.138 grams per cubic centimeter. At either density, the activities of both malate and citrate synthase were found to overlap the activity of NADH-cytochrome c reductase (an ER marker) in the gradient. Furthermore, this overlap of activities was observed whether the gradients were centrifuged for 3 or 19 hours. An analysis of sedimentation characteristics of the solubilized enzymes revealed that they exist, predominantly, as a 5.2S (s20,w × 10−13) form (malate synthase) and a 6.8S form (citrate synthase) in the glyoxysomes and cytosol. When the two enzymes were released from the ER, they appeared as aggregate forms of 70S and 55S, respectively. These results support the conclusion that the synthases are associated with the ER.  相似文献   

15.
Membrane fractions from mature silver beet (Beta vulgaris) deveined leaf and leaf stem homogenates have associated Ca2+ -dependent protein kinase. The Ca2+ -dependent protein kinase activity is associated with plasma membranes (density 1.14-1.18 grams per cubic centimeter) as determined from copurification on isopycnic centrifugation with plasma membrane markers such as β-glucan synthetase, eosin-5-maleimidelabeling, and specific naphthylphthalamic acid-binding. The Ca2+ -dependent protein kinase is not specifically associated with chloroplasts or mitochondria. The membrane-bound Ca2+ -dependent protein kinases were solubilized with 0.8% (volume/volume) Nonidet P40. The solubilized enzymes were extensively purified by a protocol involving binding to diethylaminoethyl-cellulose (Whatman DE-52), Ca2+ -dependent binding to phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B, gradient elution from diethylaminoethyl-Sephacel (resolving two distinct Ca2+ -dependent protein kinases), and gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA 44. These two membrane-derived enzymes have similar molecular weights but differ in protein substrate specificity, in Km values for ATP, and in Ca2+ -independent activation by unsaturated fatty acids. The membrane-bound enzymes correspond closely in these properties to two Ca2+ -dependent protein kinases present in the soluble phase.  相似文献   

16.
A (1→3)-β-glucan synthase has been isolated from petiole tissue of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Enzyme activity is associated with a membrane fraction with a density of 1.03 grams per cubic centimeter when subjected to isopycnic density gradient centrifugation in Percoll. The reaction product was determined to be a linear (1→3)-β-glucan by methylation analysis and by glucanase digestion. (1→3)-β-Glucan synthase activity is markedly stimulated by Ca2+; activation is half-maximal at about 50 micromolar Ca2+ and is nearly saturated at 100 micromolar. Other divalent cations tested, Mg2+, Mn2+, and Sr2+, also stimulate enzyme activity but are less effective. Enzyme activity was also stimulated up to 12-fold by β-glucosides. Sirofluor, the fluorochrome from aniline blue, inhibited enzyme activity 95% when included at 1 millimolar. The enzyme was solubilized in Zwittergent 3-14; 85% of total enzyme activity was solubilized in 0.03% detergent and the optimal detergent-to-protein ratio was 0.3 at 3 milligrams per milliliter protein.  相似文献   

17.
The large inner membrane electrochemical driving force and restricted volume of the matrix confer unique constraints on mitochondrial ion transport. Cation uptake along with anion and water movement induces swelling if not compensated by other processes. For mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, these include activation of countertransporters (Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and Na+/H+ exchanger) coupled to the proton gradient, ultimately maintained by the proton pumps of the respiratory chain, and Ca2+ binding to matrix buffers. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is known to affect both the Ca2+ uptake rate and the buffering reaction, but the role of anion transport in determining mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics is poorly understood. Here we simultaneously monitor extra- and intra-mitochondrial Ca2+ and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) to examine the effects of anion transport on mitochondrial Ca2+ flux and buffering in Pi-depleted guinea pig cardiac mitochondria. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake proceeded slowly in the absence of Pi but matrix free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]mito) still rose to ∼50 μm. Pi (0.001–1 mm) accelerated Ca2+ uptake but decreased [Ca2+]mito by almost 50% while restoring ΔΨm. Pi-dependent effects on Ca2+ were blocked by inhibiting the phosphate carrier. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake rate was also increased by vanadate (Vi), acetate, ATP, or a non-hydrolyzable ATP analog (AMP-PNP), with differential effects on matrix Ca2+ buffering and ΔΨm recovery. Interestingly, ATP or AMP-PNP prevented the effects of Pi on Ca2+ uptake. The results show that anion transport imposes an upper limit on mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and modifies the [Ca2+]mito response in a complex manner.  相似文献   

18.
The maturation of Ca2+ transport in mitochondria isolated from rat liver was examined, from 5 days before birth. The mitochondria used were isolated from liver homogenates by centrifugation at 22000g-min. Ca2+ transport by mitochondria isolated from foetal liver is energy-dependent and Ruthenium Red-sensitive. The transmembrane pH gradient in these mitochondria is higher by about 7mV and the membrane potential lower by about 20mV than in adult mitochondria. The inclusion of 2mm-Pi in the incubation medium enhances the protonmotive force by approx. 30mV. The rate of Ca2+ influx in foetal mitochondria measured in buffered KCl plus succinate is low until about 2–3h after birth, when it increases to about 60% of adult values; approx. 24h later it has reached near-adult values. Higher rates of Ca2+ influx are observed in the presence of 2mm-Pi; 3–5 days before birth the rates are about one-third of adult values and decline slightly as birth approaches. By 2–3h post partum they have reached adult values. The inclusion of 12.5μm-MgATP with the Pi stimulates further the initial rate of Ca2+ influx in foetal mitochondria. The rates observed are constant over the prenatal period examined and are 50–60% of those observed in adult mitochondria. Mitochondria isolated from foetal livers 4–5 days before birth retain the accumulated Ca2+ for about 50min in the presence of 2mm-Pi. In the period 2 days before birth to birth, this ability is largely lost, but by 2–3h after birth Ca2+ retention is similar to that of adult mitochondria. The presence of 12.5μm-MgATP progressively enhances the Ca2+ retention time as development proceeds until 2–3h after birth, when it becomes less sensitive to added MgATP. Glucagon administration to older foetuses in utero enhances both the rate of mitochondrial Ca2+ influx assayed in the presence of 2mm-Pi and the time for which mitochondria retain accumulated Ca2+ in the presence of 12.5μm-MgATP and 2mm-Pi. Its administration to neonatal animals leads to an increase in mitochondrial Ca2+ retention similar to that seen in adult mitochondria. The data provide evidence that the Ruthenium Red-sensitive Ca2+ transporter is potentially as active in foetal mitochondria 5 days before birth as it is in adult mitochondria. They also show that foetal mitochondria have an ability to retain accumulated Ca2+ reminiscent of mitochondria from tumour cells and from hormone-challenged rat liver.  相似文献   

19.
The subcellular localization and biochemical characterization of calcium transport were studied in the unicellular green alga Mesotaenium caldariorum. Membrane fractions prepared by osmotic lysis of Mesotaenium protoplasts exhibit high rates of ATP-dependent calcium uptake. Sucrose gradient centrifugation separates two pools of activity, which display specific activities for calcium transport as high as 15 nanomoles Ca2+ per minute per milligram of protein. Marker enzyme analysis shows that this dual distribution of calcium transport activity is similar to that of vanadate-insensitive ATPase and pyrophosphatase, activities considered to be associated with the tonoplast. Plasma membranes, endoplasmic reticulum vesicles, mitochondrial membranes, and thylakoids band at higher densities than either calcium transport fraction. Both pools of ATP-dependent calcium uptake contain two components which are not separable on sucrose gradients but can be distinguished on the basis of inhibitor sensitivity. One component is inhibited by nigericin or trimethyltin chloride (I50 values of 3 nanomolar and 4 micromolar, respectively), while the other component is vanadate sensitive (I50 of 25 micromolar). These results suggest that direct Ca2+ transport and Ca2+/H+ antiport activities are present in both sucrose gradient fractions.  相似文献   

20.
(1) The effects of calmodulin binding on the rates of Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the red-cell Ca2+ pump, have been tested in membranes stripped of endogenous calmodulin or recombined with purified calmodulin. (2) In Mg2+-containing media, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation rates are accelerated by a large factor (at 0°C), but the steady-state level of phosphoenzyme is unaffected by calmodulin binding (at 0°C and 37°C). In Mg2+-free media, slower rates of phosphoenzyme formation and hydrolysis are observed, but both rates and the steady-state phosphoenzyme level are raised following calmodulin binding. (3) At 37°C and 0°C, the rate of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity is stimulated maximally by 6–7-fold, following calmodulin binding. At 37°C the apparent Ca2+ affinity for sustaining ATP hydrolysis is raised at least 20-fold, Km(Ca) ? 10 μM (—calmodulin) and Km(Ca) < 0.5 μM (+ calmodulin), but at 0°C the apparent Ca2+ affinity is very high in calmodulin-stripped membranes and little or no effect of calmodulin is observed (Km(Ca) ? 3–4 · 10-8 M). (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity in calmodulin activated membranes and at saturating ATP levels, is sharply inhibited by addition of calcium in the range 50–2000 μM. (4) A systematic study of the effects of the nucleotide species MgATP, CaATP and free ATP on (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity in calmodulin-activated membranes reveals: (a) In the 1–10 μmolar concentration range MgATP, CaATP and free ATP appear to sustain (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity equally effectively. (b) In the range 100–2000 μM, MgATP accelerates ATP hydrolysis (Km(MgATP) ? 360 μM), and CaATP is an inhibitor (Ki(CaATP) ? 165 μM), probably competing with MgATP fo the regulatory site. (5) The results suggest that calmodulin binding alters the conformational state of the Ca2+- pump active site, producing a high (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity, high Ca2+ affinity and regulation of activity by MgATP.  相似文献   

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